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Periodic table group

 

 
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Periodic table group
 
 
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In chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
, a group (also known as a family) is a vertical column in the periodic table
Periodic table

The periodic table of the chemical elements is a table method of displaying the chemical elements. Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869....
 of the chemical element
Chemical element

A chemical element is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its atomic nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical Chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons....
s. The name family is derived from the fact that the elements share similar characteristics and traits, just as members of any human family would. There are 18 groups in the standard periodic table.

The modern explanation of the pattern of the periodic table is that the elements in a group have similar configurations of the outermost electron shell
Electron shell

File:Periodic Table of Elements showing Electron Shells.svgAn electron shell may be crudely thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom Atomic nucleus....
s of their atoms: as most chemical properties are dominated by the orbital location of the outermost electron.






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In chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
, a group (also known as a family) is a vertical column in the periodic table
Periodic table

The periodic table of the chemical elements is a table method of displaying the chemical elements. Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869....
 of the chemical element
Chemical element

A chemical element is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its atomic nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical Chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons....
s. The name family is derived from the fact that the elements share similar characteristics and traits, just as members of any human family would. There are 18 groups in the standard periodic table.

The modern explanation of the pattern of the periodic table is that the elements in a group have similar configurations of the outermost electron shell
Electron shell

File:Periodic Table of Elements showing Electron Shells.svgAn electron shell may be crudely thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom Atomic nucleus....
s of their atoms: as most chemical properties are dominated by the orbital location of the outermost electron. There are three ways of numbering the groups of the periodic table, one using Hindu-Arabic numerals and the other two using Roman numerals
Roman numerals

Roman numerals are a numeral system of ancient Rome based on letters of the alphabet, which are combined to signify the sum of their values. The system is decimal but not directly Positional notation and does not include a zero....
. The Roman numeral names are the original traditional names of the groups; the Arabic numeral names are those recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is a non-governmental organization established in 1919 for the advancing of chemistry. Its members are national chemistry societies....
 (IUPAC) to replace the old names in an attempt to reduce the confusion generated by the two older, but mutually confusing, schemes.

There is considerable confusion surrounding the two old systems in use (old IUPAC and CAS
Chemical Abstracts Service

Chemical Abstracts Service is a division of the American Chemical Society, and produces Chemical Abstracts, and related products. It is located in Columbus, Ohio, United States of America....
) that combined the use of Roman numerals with letters. In the old IUPAC system the letters A and B were designated to the left (A) and right (B) part of the table, while in the CAS system the letters A and B were designated to main group elements (A) and transition elements (B). The old IUPAC system was frequently used in Europe while the CAS was most common in America. The new IUPAC scheme was developed to replace both systems as they confusingly used the same names to mean different things. The IUPAC proposal was first circulated in 1985 for public comments, and was later included as part of the 1990 edition of their Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry.

The periodic table groups are as follows (in the brackets are shown the old systems: European and American):

  • Group 1 (IA,IA): the alkali metal
    Alkali metal

    The alkali metals are a chemical series of chemical elements comprising Periodic table group of the periodic table: lithium , sodium , potassium , rubidium , caesium , and francium ....
    s or lithium family
  • Group 2 (IIA,IIA): the alkaline earth metal
    Alkaline earth metal

    The alkaline earth metals are a chemical series of chemical element comprising Periodic table group of the periodic table: beryllium , magnesium , calcium , strontium , barium and radium ....
    s or beryllium family
  • Group 3
    Group 3 element

    |-| Period 5 element |||-||| Group number of lanthanides and actinides|-||||-||||-| Period 6 element || *Lanthanides|-| Period 7 element || **Actinides...
     (IIIA,IIIB): the scandium family
  • Group 4
    Group 4 element

    In modern IUPAC nomenclature, Group 4 of the periodic table contains the following chemical elements:* titanium * zirconium * hafnium * rutherfordium ....
     (IVA,IVB): the titanium family
  • Group 5
    Group 5 element

    A Group 5 element is one in the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table, which consists of vanadium , niobium , tantalum , and dubnium ....
     (VA,VB): the vanadium family
  • Group 6
    Group 6 element

    A Group 6 element is one in the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table, which consists of the transition metals chromium , molybdenum , tungsten , and seaborgium ....
     (VIA,VIB): the chromium family
  • Group 7
    Group 7 element

    A Group 7 element is one in the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table, which consists of the transition metals manganese , technetium , rhenium , and bohrium ....
     (VIIA,VIIB): the manganese family
  • Group 8
    Group 8 element

    A Group 8 element is one in the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table, which consists of the transition metals iron , ruthenium , osmium and hassium ....
     (VIII, VIIIB): the iron family
  • Group 9
    Group 9 element

    In modern IUPAC nomenclature, Group 9 of the periodic table contains the Chemical element cobalt , rhodium , iridium , and meitnerium . These are all d-block transition metals....
     (VIII, VIIIB): the cobalt family
  • Group 10
    Group 10 element

    A Group 10 element is one in the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group 10 in the periodic table, which consists of the transition metals nickel , palladium , platinum , and darmstadtium ....
     (VIII, VIIIB): the nickel family
  • Group 11
    Group 11 element

    A Group 11 element is one in the chemical series of Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table, consisting of transition metals which are the traditional coinage metals of copper , silver , and gold ....
     (IB,IB): the coinage metals (not an IUPAC-recommended name) or copper family
  • Group 12
    Group 12 element

    A group 12 element is one of the Chemical element in periodic table group in the periodic table, consisting of zinc , cadmium and Mercury ....
     (IIB,IIB): the zinc family
  • Group 13 (IIIB,IIIA): the boron family
  • Group 14 (IVB,IVA): the carbon family
  • Group 15 (VB,VA): the pnictogens or nitrogen family
  • Group 16 (VIB,VIA): the chalcogen
    Chalcogen

    The chalcogens are the Chemical element in periodic table group 16 of the periodic table. It is sometimes known as the oxygen family. It consists of the chemical element oxygen , sulfur , selenium , tellurium , the radioactive element polonium , and the synthetic element ununhexium ....
    s or oxygen family
  • Group 17 (VIIB,VIIA): the halogen
    Halogen

    |}The halogens or halogen elements are a chemical series of nonmetal chemical element from Periodic table group International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry of the periodic table, comprising fluorine, F; chlorine, Cl; bromine, Br; iodine, I; and astatine, At....
    s or fluorine family
  • Group 18 (Group 0): the noble gas
    Noble gas

    |}The noble gases are a group of chemical elements with very similar properties: under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases, with a very low chemical reactivity....
    es or helium family/neon family