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Pediatric surgery (AE
American English

PhonologyIn many ways, compared to English language in England, North American English is conservative in its phonology. Some distinctive accents can be found on the East Coast of the United States , partly because these areas were in contact with England, and imitated prestigious varieties of English English at a time when those varieties we...
) or paediatric surgery (BE
British English

British English or UK English is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere....
) is a subspecialty of surgery
Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
 involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Many pediatric surgeons practice at children's hospital
Children's hospital

A children's hospital is a hospital which offers its services exclusively to child. The number of children's hospitals proliferated in the 20th century, as pediatric medical and surgical specialties separated from internal medicine and adult surgical specialties....
s.

Pediatric surgeons have completed a general surgery
General surgery

This page is about the surgical specialty. For the goregrind band, see General Surgery General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal organs, e.g....
 residency (medicine)
Residency (medicine)

Residency is a stage of graduate Medical education. A resident physician or resident is a person who has received a medical degree and who practices medicine under the supervision of fully licensed physicians, usually in a hospital or clinic....
, then complete 2 years (or more according countries) of subspecialty fellowship training. After completion of specialty training in pediatric surgery, the surgeon is then eligible for certification by the American Board of Surgery
American Board of Surgery

The American Board of Surgery is an independent, non-profit organization based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania founded for the purpose of certifying surgeons who have met a defined standard of education, training and knowledge....
 in the United States.






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Pediatric surgery (AE
American English

PhonologyIn many ways, compared to English language in England, North American English is conservative in its phonology. Some distinctive accents can be found on the East Coast of the United States , partly because these areas were in contact with England, and imitated prestigious varieties of English English at a time when those varieties we...
) or paediatric surgery (BE
British English

British English or UK English is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere....
) is a subspecialty of surgery
Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
 involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Many pediatric surgeons practice at children's hospital
Children's hospital

A children's hospital is a hospital which offers its services exclusively to child. The number of children's hospitals proliferated in the 20th century, as pediatric medical and surgical specialties separated from internal medicine and adult surgical specialties....
s.

Pediatric surgeons have completed a general surgery
General surgery

This page is about the surgical specialty. For the goregrind band, see General Surgery General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal organs, e.g....
 residency (medicine)
Residency (medicine)

Residency is a stage of graduate Medical education. A resident physician or resident is a person who has received a medical degree and who practices medicine under the supervision of fully licensed physicians, usually in a hospital or clinic....
, then complete 2 years (or more according countries) of subspecialty fellowship training. After completion of specialty training in pediatric surgery, the surgeon is then eligible for certification by the American Board of Surgery
American Board of Surgery

The American Board of Surgery is an independent, non-profit organization based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania founded for the purpose of certifying surgeons who have met a defined standard of education, training and knowledge....
 in the United States. In Canada it leads to eligibility for Certification by and Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

The 'Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada', is a national, private, Non-profit organization established in 1929 by a special Act of Parliament of Canada to oversee the medical education of specialists in Canada....
. In Australia and New Zealand it leads to eligibility for Fellowship of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
Royal Australasian College of Surgeons

The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons is the body responsible for training and examining surgeons in New Zealand and Australia. The head office of the College is in Melbourne, Australia....
.

In order to become a pediatric surgeon in Mexico, two years of residency in Pediatrics are required, before one can start four years of pediatric surgery.

Pediatric surgery arose in the middle of the 20th century as the surgical care of birth defects required novel techniques and methods and became more commonly based at children's hospitals. One of the sites of this innovation was Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

The 'Children's Hospital of Philadelphia' is one of the largest and oldest children's hospitals in the world. CHOP has been ranked as the best children's hospital in the United States by U.S....
. Beginning in the 1940s under the surgical leadership of C. Everett Koop
C. Everett Koop

Charles Everett Koop is an American pediatric surgeon and public health administrator. He was a Vice Admiral in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, and served as thirteenth Surgeon General of the United States under President Ronald Reagan from 1982 to 1989....
, newer techniques for endotracheal anesthesia
Anesthesia

Anesthesia, or anaesthesia , has traditionally meant the condition of having sensation blocked or temporarily taken away. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience....
 of infants allowed surgical repair of previously untreatable birth defects. By the late 1970s, the infant death rate from several major congenital malformation syndrome
Syndrome

In medicine and psychology, the term syndrome refers to the association of several clinically recognizable features, sign , symptoms , phenomena or characteristics that often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others....
s had been reduced to near zero.

Subspecialties of pediatric surgery itself include: neonatal
Neonatology

Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn infant....
 surgery and fetal surgery
Fetal surgery

"Fetal surgery" covers a broad range of surgical techniques used in treatment of birth defectss where the fetus is operated on while still in the pregnant uterus....
.

Other areas of surgery also have pediatric specialties of their own that require further training: pediatric cardiothoracic surgery, pediatric transplant surgery, pediatric neurosurgery, and pediatric urological surgery.

Common pediatric diseases that may require pediatric surgery include
  • congenital malformations
    Congenital disorder

    Congenital disorder involves defects in or damage to a developing fetus. It may be the result of Genetics abnormalities, the intrauterine environment, errors of morphogenesis, or a chromosomal abnormality....
    : lymphangioma
    Lymphangioma

    Lymphangioma is a lymphatic malformation, a benign proliferation of lymph vessels, forming a yellowish tumor on the skin, composed of a mass of dilated lymph vessels....
    , cleft lip and palate,esophageal atresia
    Esophageal atresia

    Esophageal atresia is a congenital medical condition which affects the alimentary tract. It causes the esophagus to end in a blind-ended pouch rather than connecting normally to the stomach....
     and tracheoesophageal fistula
    Tracheoesophageal fistula

    A 'tracheoesophageal fistula' is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the Vertebrate trachea. TEF is a common congenital abnormality, but when occurring late in life is usually the sequela of surgical procedures such as a laryngectomy....
    , hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, intestinal atresia
    Atresia

    Atresia is a condition in which a body orifice or passage in the body is abnormally closed or absent.Examples of atresia include:* Imperforate anus - malformation of the opening between the rectum and anus....
    , necrotizing enterocolitis
    Necrotizing enterocolitis

    Necrotizing enterocolitis is a medical condition primarily seen in premature birth infants, where portions of the bowel undergo necrosis ....
    , meconium plugs, Hirschsprung's disease
    Hirschsprung's disease

    Hirschsprung's disease, or congenital aganglionic megacolon, involves an enlargement of the colon , caused by bowel obstruction resulting from an ganglion section of bowel that starts at the anus and progresses upwards....
    , imperforate anus
    Imperforate anus

    An imperforate anus or anal atresia is a birth defect in which the rectum is malformed. Its cause is unknown....
    , undescended testes
    Cryptorchidism

    Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, or "descend," during fetal development from an abdomen position, through the inguinal canal, into the ipsilateral scrotum....
    ,...
  • abdominal wall defects: omphalocele
    Omphalocele

    An omphalocele is a type of abdominal wall defect in which the intestines, liver, and occasionally other Organ s remain outside of the abdomen in a sac because of a defect in the development of the Abdomen#Muscles of the abdominal wall....
    , gastroschisis
    Gastroschisis

    Gastroschisis is a type of inherited congenital abdominal wall defect in which the intestines and sometimes other organs develop outside the fetal abdomen through an opening in the abdominal wall....
    , hernia
    Hernia

    A hernia is a wiktionary:protrusion of a Biological tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the muscle tissue or the biological membrane by which it is normally contained....
    s,...
  • chest
    Chest

    The chest is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals sometimes referred to as the thorax....
     wall deformities: pectus excavatum
    Pectus excavatum

    Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital deformity of the anterior wall of the chest, in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally....
  • childhood tumors: like neuroblastoma
    Neuroblastoma

    Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid cancer in childhood and the most common cancer in infancy, with an annual incidence of about 650 new cases per year in the US....
    , Wilms' tumor
    Wilms' tumor

    Wilms' tumor or nephroblastoma is a tumor of the kidneys that typically occurs in children, rarely in adults.Its common name is an eponym, referring to Dr....
    , rhabdomyosarcoma
    Rhabdomyosarcoma

    A rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer, specifically a sarcoma , in which the cancer cells are thought to arise from skeletal muscle progenitors....
    , ATRT, liver tumor
    Liver cancer

    Hepatic tumors are tumors or growths on or in the liver . These growths can be benign or malignant . They may be discovered on medical imaging , or may be present in patients as an abdominal mass, hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, jaundice, or some other liver dysfunction....
    s, teratoma
    Teratoma

    A teratoma is a kind of tumor . Definitive diagnosis of a teratoma is based on its histology: a teratoma is a tumor with biological tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of all three germ layers....
    s,...
  • Separation of conjoined twins
    Conjoined twins

    Conjoined twins are whose bodies are joined in utero. A rare phenomenon, the occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 50,000 births to 1 in 200,000 births, with a somewhat higher incidence in Southwest Asia and Africa....


External links

  • - Internet discussion list of pediatric surgeons in English, Spanish and Portuguese - memberships of non brazilian surgeons are allowed.
  • - Collection of images and videos depicting diseases and treatments used in Pediatric Surgery (Portuguese and English). Contributions are welcome.
  • - collection of videos of several origins and languages of complete or near-complete procedures. Contributions can be suggested to the site administrator.