The
Payne effect is a particular feature of the stress-strain behaviour of
rubberNatural rubber is an elastomer that was originally derived from a milky colloidal suspension, or latex, found in the sap of some plants. The purified form of natural rubber is the chemical polyisoprene, which can also be produced synthetically...
, especially rubber compounds containing
fillerIn general, a filler is something that is used to fill gaps. Specialized meanings of the word "filler" include:* Filler , dietary fiber and other ingredients added to pet foods to provide bulk...
s such as
carbon blackCarbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small amount from vegetable oil. Carbon black is a form of amorphous carbon that has a high surface area to volume ratio, although its surface area to...
. It is named after the British rubber scientist A. R. Payne, who made extensive studies of the effect (e.g. Payne 1962). The effect is sometimes also known as the
Fletcher-Gent effect, after the authors of the first study of the phenomenon (Fletcher & Gent 1953).
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The
Payne effect is a particular feature of the stress-strain behaviour of
rubberNatural rubber is an elastomer that was originally derived from a milky colloidal suspension, or latex, found in the sap of some plants. The purified form of natural rubber is the chemical polyisoprene, which can also be produced synthetically...
, especially rubber compounds containing
fillerIn general, a filler is something that is used to fill gaps. Specialized meanings of the word "filler" include:* Filler , dietary fiber and other ingredients added to pet foods to provide bulk...
s such as
carbon blackCarbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small amount from vegetable oil. Carbon black is a form of amorphous carbon that has a high surface area to volume ratio, although its surface area to...
. It is named after the British rubber scientist A. R. Payne, who made extensive studies of the effect (e.g. Payne 1962). The effect is sometimes also known as the
Fletcher-Gent effect, after the authors of the first study of the phenomenon (Fletcher & Gent 1953). The effect is observed under cyclic loading conditions with small strain amplitudes, and is manifest as a dependence of the
viscoelasticViscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like honey, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain instantaneously when stretched and just...
storage modulus on the amplitude of the applied strain. Above approximately 0.1% strain amplitude, the storage modulus decreases rapidly with increasing amplitude. At sufficiently large strain amplitudes (roughly 20%), the storage modulus approaches a lower bound. In that region where the storage modulus decreases the loss modulus shows a maximum. The Payne effect depends on the filler content of the material and vanishes for unfilled elastomers. Physically, the Payne effect can be attributed to deformation-induced changes in the material's microstructure, i.e. to breakage and recovery of weak physical bonds linking adjacent filler clusters. Since the Payne effect is essential for the frequency and amplitude-dependent dynamic stiffness and damping behaviour of rubber bushings, automotive tyres and other products, constitutive models to represent it have been developed in the past (e.g. Lion et al. 2003). Similar to the Payne effect under small deformations is the
Mullins effectThe Mullins effect is the stress-strain response in filled rubbers which typically depends on the maximum loading previously encountered. The phenomenon, named for British rubber scientist John Mullins, working at MBL Group in Leyland, can be idealized for many purposes as an instantaneous and...
that is observed under large deformations.