Pathogenic bacteria

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Pathogenic bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria

Bacteria

The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
that cause infectious diseases. This article deals with human pathogenic bacteria.

Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial, quite a few bacteria are pathogenic. The most common bacterial disease is tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacterium, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, the gastrointestinal system, bones, joints, and even the...
, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacterial species in the genus Mycobacterium and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis....
, which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an Inflammation illness of the lung. Frequently, it is described as lung parenchyma/alveolus inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid ....
, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus
Streptococcus

Streptococcus is a genus of sphere Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria group. Cell division occurs along a single Coordinate axis in these bacteria, and thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the name — from Greek language st?ept?? streptos, meaning easily bent or twisted,...
and Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas

Pseudomonas is a genus of gamma proteobacteria, belonging to the larger family of pseudomonads.Recently, 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis has redefined the taxonomy of many bacterial species....
, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella
Shigella

Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, Endospore rod-shaped bacterium closely related to Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The causative agent of human shigellosis, Shigella cause disease in primates, but not in other mammals....
, Campylobacter
Campylobacter

The genus Campylobacter, first discovered in 1963, describes Gram-negative, spiral, microaerophilic bacterium. Motile, with either uni- or bi-polar flagella, the organisms have a characteristic spiral/corkscrew appearance and are oxidase-positive....
and Salmonella
Salmonella

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteriaceae that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and the foodborne illness salmonellosis....
.

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Encyclopedia

Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria

Bacteria

Tuberculosis

Pneumonia

Tetanus

Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, Anaerobic organism Clostridium tetani....
, typhoid fever

Typhoid fever

Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Common worldwide, it is transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person....
, diphtheria

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an upper Respiration tract illness characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity....
, syphilis

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The route of transmission of syphilis is almost always through sexual contact, although there are examples of congenital syphilis via transmission from mother to child in utero....
and leprosy

Leprosy

Leprosy , or Hansen's disease , is a Chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Leprosy is primarily a granulomatous disease of the Peripheral nervous system and Mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions are the primary external symptom....
.

History

Koch's postulates

Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease. The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884 and refined and published by Koch in 1890....
, proposed by Robert Koch

Robert Koch

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis , the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Vibrio cholerae and for his development of Koch's postulates....
in 1890, are criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease. A pathogenic cause for a known medical disease may only be discovered many years after, as was the case with Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophile bacterium that inhabits various areas of the stomach and duodenum. It causes a chronic low-level inflammation of the stomach lining and is strongly linked to the development of duodenal and gastric peptic ulcers and stomach cancer bacteria....
and peptic ulcer disease

Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori

This is a timeline of the events relating to the discovery that peptic ulcer disease is caused by H. pylori. In 2005, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery that peptic ulcer disease was primarily caused by Helicobacter pylori, a bacteri...
.

Diseases

Each pathogenic species has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts

Host (biology)

In biology, a host is an organism that harbors a virus or parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter....
.

Conditionally pathogenic

Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive Bacterium. Under the microscope they appear round , and form in grape-like clusters.The Staphylococcus genus include just thirty-three species....
or Streptococcus
Streptococcus

Streptococcus is a genus of sphere Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria group. Cell division occurs along a single Coordinate axis in these bacteria, and thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the name — from Greek language st?ept?? streptos, meaning easily bent or twisted,...
, can cause skin infections, pneumonia

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an Inflammation illness of the lung. Frequently, it is described as lung parenchyma/alveolus inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid ....
, meningitis

Meningitis

Meningitis is a medical condition caused by inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges....
and even overwhelming sepsis

Sepsis

Sepsis, is a serious medicine condition characterized by a whole-body Inflammation state and the presence of a known or suspected infection., a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and death.

Yet these organisms are also part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease at all.

Intracellular

Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as the Rickettsia

Rickettsia

Rickettsia is a genus of Motility, Gram-negative, Endospore, highly pleomorphic Bacterium that can present as cocci , rods or thread-like ....
, which are obligate intracellular parasites able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms. One species of Rickettsia causes typhus

Typhus

Epidemic typhus is a form of typhus so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters. The causative organism is Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by the human body louse ....
, while another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is the most lethal and most frequently reported rickettsial illness in the United States. It has been diagnosed throughout the Americas....
.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia (bacterium)

Chlamydia is a genus of bacteria, several of which are pathogenic. Notably, chlamydia infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections in humans, as well as the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide....
, another phylum of obligate intracellular parasite

Obligate intracellular parasite

Obligate intracellular parasites are Parasite microorganisms that cannot reproduce outside their host cell, forcing the host to assist in the parasite's reproduction....
s, contains species that can cause pneumonia

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an Inflammation illness of the lung. Frequently, it is described as lung parenchyma/alveolus inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid ....
, or urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection

A urinary tract infection is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract. Although urine contains a variety of fluids, salts, and waste products, it usually does not have bacteria in it....
and may be involved in coronary heart disease

Coronary heart disease

Coronary artery disease is the end result of the accumulation of atheroma within the walls of the Coronary circulation that supply the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients....
.

Mycobacterium

Mycobacterium

Mycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy....
and Brucella

Brucella

Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacterium. They are small , non-motile, encapsulated coccobacillus.Brucella is the cause of brucellosis, a true zoonosis disease ....
can exist intracellularly, though they are facultative (not obligate intracellular parasites.)

Opportunistic

Finally, some species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium which can cause disease in animals and humans. It is found in soil, water, and most man-made environments throughout the world....
, Burkholderia cenocepacia
Burkholderia cenocepacia

Burkholderia cenocepacia is a Gram-negative bacteria that is common in the environment and may cause disease in plants. It is an opportunistic pathogen and human infections are common in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease, and are often fatal....
, and Mycobacterium avium
Mycobacterium avium complex

Mycobacterium avium complex is a group of genetically related bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium. It includes Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium , Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominis , and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ....
, are opportunistic pathogens

Opportunistic infection

An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens that usually do not cause disease in a healthy immune system. A Immunodeficiency, however, presents an "opportunity" for the pathogen to infect....
and cause disease mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression

Immunosuppression

Immunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immuno-suppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions....
or cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis is a Genetic disorder affecting the exocrine glands of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure....
.

Treatment

Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotic

Antibiotic

In common usage, an antibiotic is a substance or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics belong to the group of antimicrobial compounds used to treat infections caused by microorganisms, including fungus and protozoa....
s, which are classified as bacteriocidal

Bacteriocide

A bactericide or bacteriocide is a substance that kills bacterium and, preferably, nothing else. Bactericides are either disinfectants, antiseptics or antibiotics....
if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits

Enzyme inhibitor

Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their enzyme activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolism imbalance, many drugs are enzyme inhibitors....
a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. For example, the antibiotics, chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae, isolated by David Gottlieb, and introduced into clinical practice in 1949....
and tetracyclin inhibit the bacterial ribosome

Ribosome

Ribosomes are complexes of RNA and protein that are found in all cell s. Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, the three domains of life on Earth, have significantly different structure and RNA....
, but not the structurally-different eukaryotic ribosome, and so exhibit selective toxicity. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming

Intensive farming

Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is an agricultural production system characterized by the high inputs of Capital , Labour , or heavy usage of technologies such as pesticides and chemical fertilizers relative to land area....
to promote animal growth. Both uses may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of antibiotics. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves via natural selection acting upon random mutation, but it can also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population....
in bacterial populations. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic

Antiseptic

Antiseptics are antimicrobials that are applied to living biological tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction....
measures such as sterilizating the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized

Sterilization (microbiology)

Sterilization refers to any process that effectively kills or eliminates transmissible agents from a surface, equipment, article of food or medication, or biological culture medium....
to prevent contamination and infection by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach

Bleach

A bleach is a chemical that removes colors or whitens, often via oxidation. Common chemical bleaches include household "chlorine bleach", a solution of approximately 3?6% sodium hypochlorite , and "oxygen bleach", which contains hydrogen peroxide or a peroxide-releasing compound such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium persulfat...
are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection. Most bacteria in food are killed by cooking to temperatures above 60 °C (140 °F).

Basic laboratory characteristics

The following Genus

Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
es contain the most important human pathogenic bacteria species:

Clinically most important human pathogenic bacteria genuses and species
Genus	Important species	Gram staining Gram staining Gram staining is an empiricism method of differentiating bacterium species into two large groups based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls....	Shape	Capsulation	Bonding tendency	Motility	Respiration	Growth medium Growth medium A growth medium or culture medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or Cell s , or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens ....	Intra/Extracellular
Bordetella Bordetella 'Bordetella' is a genus of small , Gram-negative coccobacilli of the phylum proteobacteria. Bordetella species, with the exception of B....	Bordetella pertussis Bordetella pertussis *Bordetella pertussis* is a Gram-negative, Aerobic_organism coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough....	Gram-negative	Small coccobacilli	Encapsulated	singly or in pairs		aerobic	Regan-Lowe agar	extracellular
Borrelia Borrelia *Borrelia* is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. It causes borreliosis, a zoonotic, vector transmitted primarily by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species....	Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia burgdorferi *Borrelia burgdorferi* is species of bacteria of the Spirochaete class of the genus Borrelia. B. burgdorferi is predominant in North America, but also exists in Europe, and is the agent of Lyme disease....	Gram-negative, but stains poorly			Long, slender, flexible, spiral- or corkscrew-shaped rods	highly motile	(difficult to culture)	extracellular
Brucella Brucella *Brucella* is a genus of Gram-negative bacterium. They are small , non-motile, encapsulated coccobacillus.Brucella is the cause of brucellosis, a true zoonosis disease ....	Brucella abortus Brucella canis Brucella canis Related to the crippling Brucella abortus, *Brucella canis* affects dogsthrough feeding, close contact, bodily fluids, and contaminated products.... Brucella melitensis Brucella melitensis *Brucella melitensis* is one of the species of bacteria that cause brucellosis, a disease affecting sheep, cattle, and sometimes humans. It is primarily considered to be associated with caprine brucellosis, but is also found in sheep.... Brucella suis	Gram-negative	Small coccobacilli	Unencapsulated	singly or in pairs		aerobic	Blood agar	intracellular
Campylobacter Campylobacter The genus *Campylobacter*, first discovered in 1963, describes Gram-negative, spiral, microaerophilic bacterium. Motile, with either uni- or bi-polar flagella, the organisms have a characteristic spiral/corkscrew appearance and are oxidase-positive....	Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter jejuni *Campylobacter jejuni* is a species of curved, rod-shaped, non-spore forming, Gram-negative microaerophilic, bacteria commonly found in animal feces....	Gram-negative	Curved, spiral, or S-shaped with single, polar flagellum			characteristic darting motion	microaerophilic	Blood agar inhibiting other fecal flora	extracellular
Chlamydia Chlamydia (bacterium) *Chlamydia* is a genus of bacteria, several of which are pathogenic. Notably, chlamydia infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections in humans, as well as the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide....	Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydia trachomatis 'Chlamydia trachomatis', an Obligate intracellular parasite human pathogen, is one of three bacterial species in the genus Chlamydia . C....	(not Gram-stained)	Small, round, ovoid				motile	Facultative or strictly aerobic	Obligate intracellular
Clostridium Clostridium *Clostridium* is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, belonging to the Firmicutes. They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores....	Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum *Clostridium botulinum* is a Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria that produces the neurotoxin botulin, which causes the flaccid muscular paralysis seen in botulism.... Clostridium difficile Clostridium difficile *Clostridium difficile* , also known as "CDF/cdf", or "C. diff", is a species of Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Clostridium. Clostridia are Anaerobic organism, endospore-forming rods .... Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens *Clostridium perfringens* is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium, Endospore bacterium of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens is ubiquitous in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the Intestine of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil.... Clostridium tetani Clostridium tetani *Clostridium tetani* is a rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium of the genus Clostridium. Like other Clostridium species, it is Gram-positive, and its appearance on a gram stain resembles tennis rackets or drumsticks....	Gram-positive	Large, blunt-ended rods		mostly motile	Obligate aerobic	Anaerobic blood agar	extracellular
Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic or Facultative anaerobic organism, non-motile, non-sporulated, rod-shaped actinobacteria. Most do not cause disease, but are part of normal human skin Flora ....	Corynebacterium diphtheriae Corynebacterium diphtheriae *Corynebacterium diphtheriae* is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-L?ffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by Germany Bacteriology Edwin Klebs and Friedrich L?ffler ....	Gram-positive (unevenly)	Small, slender, pleomorphic rods	unencapsulated	clumps looking lika Chinese characters or a picket fence Picket fence A picket fence is a variety of fence that has been used mostly for domestic boundaries. It is particularly popular in the United States, where the style has been used since the First Period, and remains popular in current times....	nonmotile	Mostly facultative anaerobic	Aerobically on Tinsdale agar	extracellular
Enterococcus Enterococcus *Enterococcus* is a genus of lactic acid bacteria of the Phylum Firmicutes. Members of this genus were classified as Group D Streptococcus until 1984 when genomic DNA analysis indicated that a separate genus classification would be appropriate....	Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecalis *Enterococcus faecalis* ? formerly classified as part of the Group D Streptococcus system ? is a Gram-positive commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals.... Enterococcus faecum	Gram-positive	Round to ovoid		pairs or chains		6.5% NaCl Sodium chloride Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula SodiumChlorine.... , bile-esculin agar	extracellular
Escherichia Escherichia *Escherichia* is a genus of Gram-negative, non-Endospore forming, Facultative anaerobic organism, rod-shaped bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae....	Escherichia coli Escherichia coli 'Escherichia coli' , is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in the lower gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Most E....	Gram-negative	Short rods				Facultative anaerobic	MacConkey agar MacConkey agar MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture Selective medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and staining them for lactose industrial fermentation....	extracellular
Francisella Francisella *Francisella* is a genus of pathogenic, Gram-negative bacterium. They are small coccobacillus or bacillus, non-motile organisms, which are also facultative intracellular parasites of macrophages....	Francisella tularensis Francisella tularensis 'Francisella tularensis' is a pathogenic species of gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of tularemia or rabbit fever. Due to its ease of spread by aerosol and its high virulence, F....	Gram-negative	Small, pleomorphic coccobacillus				strictly aerobic	(rarely cultured)	Facultative intracellular
Haemophilus Haemophilus *Haemophilus* is a genus of Gram-negative, pleomorphic, coccobacillus bacteria belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family. While Haemophilus bacteria are typically small coccobacilli, they are categorized as pleomorphic bacteria because of the wide range of shapes they occasionally assume....	Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae *Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus* or *Bacillus influenzae*, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic....	Gram-negative	Ranging from small coccobacillus to long, slender filaments					Chocolate agar Chocolate agar Chocolate agar - is a non-selective, enriched growth medium. It is a variant of the blood agar plate. It contains red blood cells, which have been lysed by heating very slowly to 56 ?C.... with hemin Hemin Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin.It is used in the management of porphyria attacks, particularly in acute intermittent porphyria.It is sometimes distinguished from "Hematin", which is hemoglobin with iron in ferric state.... and NAD⁺	extracellular
Helicobacter Helicobacter *Helicobacter* is a genus of Gram-negative bacterium possessing a characteristic helix shape. They were initially considered to be members of the Campylobacter genus, but since 1989 they have been grouped in their own genus....	Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori *Helicobacter pylori* is a Gram-negative, microaerophile bacterium that inhabits various areas of the stomach and duodenum. It causes a chronic low-level inflammation of the stomach lining and is strongly linked to the development of duodenal and gastric peptic ulcers and stomach cancer bacteria....	Gram-negative	Curved or spiral rods pultiple polar flagella			rapid, corkscrew motility		Medium containing antibiotics against other fecal flora	extracellular
Legionella Legionella *Legionella* is a Gram negative bacterium, including species that cause legionellosis or Legionnaires' disease, most notably Legionella pneumophila....	Legionella pneumophila Legionella pneumophila *Legionella pneumophila* is a thin, Wiktionary:pleomorphism, flagellatedGram-negative bacterium of the genus Legionella. L. pneumophila is the primary human pathogen in this group and is the causative agent of legionellosis or Legionnaires' disease....	Gram-negative, but stains poorly	Slender rod in nature, cocobacillary in laboratory. monotrichious flagella	unencapsulated		motile		Specialized medium	facultative intracellular
Leptospira Leptospira *Leptospira* is a genus of spirochaete bacteria, including a small number of pathogenic and saprophytic species. Leptospira was first observed in 1907 in kidney tissue slices of a leptospirosis victim who was described as having died of "yellow fever."...	Leptospira interrogans Leptospira interrogans Leptospira interrogans is a species of Leptospira.It can cause Leptospirosis....	Gram-negative, but stains poorly	Long, very slender, flexible, spiral- or corkscrew-shaped rods			highly motile		Specialized medium	extracellular
Listeria Listeria *Listeria* is a bacterial genus containing six species. Named after the English surgeon, Joseph Lister, Listeria species are Gram-positive bacilli and are typified by Listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis....	Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes, one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens with 20 percent of clinical infections resulting in death, is the causative agent of Listeriosis....	Gram-positive, darkly	Slender, short rods		diplobacilli or short chains	Distinct tumbling motility in liquid medium		enriched medium	intracellular
Mycobacterium Mycobacterium *Mycobacterium* is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy....	Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium leprae *Mycobacterium leprae, also known as Hansen?s bacillus, mostly found in warm tropical countries, is the bacterium that causes leprosy .... Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis* is a pathogenic bacterial species in the genus Mycobacterium and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis....	(none)	Long, slender rods			nonmotile	aerobic	M. tuberculosis: Lowenstein-Jensen agar M. leprae: (none)	extracellular
Mycoplasma Mycoplasma *Mycoplasma* is a genus of bacterium which lack a cell wall. Without a cell wall, they are unaffected by many common antibiotics such as penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis....	Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* is a very small bacterium in the class Mollicutes....	(none)	Plastic, pleomorphic		singly or in pairs			(rarely cultured)	extracellular
Neisseria Neisseria *Neisseria* is a genus of Gram bacterium included among the proteobacteria, a large group of Gram-negative forms. Neisseria are Diplococcus that resemble coffee beans when viewed microscopically....	Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria gonorrhoeae *Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as Gonococci* , or Gonococcus , is a species of Gram-negative kidney bean-shaped diplococci bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea.... Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria meningitidis *Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus*, is the bacterium that causes meningitis, an infection of the membrane that covers the brain....	Gram-negative	Kidney bean-shaped		diplococci		aerobic	Thayer-Martin agar Thayer-Martin agar Thayer-Martin agar is a Mueller-Hinton agar with 5% chocolate sheep blood and antibiotics. It is used for culturing and primarily isolating Neisseria bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, as the medium inhibits the growth of most other microorganisms....	Gonococcus: facultative intracellular N. meningitidis: extracellular
Pseudomonas Pseudomonas *Pseudomonas* is a genus of gamma proteobacteria, belonging to the larger family of pseudomonads.Recently, 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis has redefined the taxonomy of many bacterial species....	Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* is a common bacterium which can cause disease in animals and humans. It is found in soil, water, and most man-made environments throughout the world....	Gram-negative	rods	encapsulated		motile	Obligate aerobic	MacConkey agar MacConkey agar MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture Selective medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and staining them for lactose industrial fermentation....	extracellular
Rickettsia Rickettsia *Rickettsia* is a genus of Motility, Gram-negative, Endospore, highly pleomorphic Bacterium that can present as cocci , rods or thread-like ....	Rickettsia rickettsii Rickettsia rickettsii *Rickettsia ricketsii* is native to the New World and causes the malady known as Rocky Mountain spotted fever . RMSF is transmitted by the bite of an infected tick while feeding on warm-blooded animals, including humans....	Gram-negative, but stains poorly	Small, rod-like coccobacillary					(rarely cultured)	Obligate intracellular
Salmonella Salmonella *Salmonella* is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteriaceae that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and the foodborne illness salmonellosis....	Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium	Gram-negative					Facultative anaerobic	MacConkey agar MacConkey agar MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture Selective medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and staining them for lactose industrial fermentation....	acellular
Shigella Shigella *Shigella* is a genus of Gram-negative, Endospore rod-shaped bacterium closely related to Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The causative agent of human shigellosis, Shigella cause disease in primates, but not in other mammals....	Shigella sonnei Shigella sonnei Shigella sonnei is a species of Shigella.Together with Shigella flexneri, it is responsible for 90% of shigellosis.Antibiotic resistance has been reported....	Gram-negative	rods				Facultative anaerobic	Hektoen agar	extracellular
Staphylococcus Staphylococcus *Staphylococcus* is a genus of Gram-positive Bacterium. Under the microscope they appear round , and form in grape-like clusters.The Staphylococcus genus include just thirty-three species....	Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus *Staphylococcus aureus* is the most common cause of staph infections. It is a spherical Bacteria, frequently found in the nose and skin of a person.... Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus epidermidis *Staphylococcus epidermidis* is one of thirty three known species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is part of our normal flora and consequently found on the skin.... Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus saprophyticus *Staphylococcus saprophyticus* is a coagulase-negative species of Staphylococcus bacteria. S. saprophyticus is often implicated in urinary tract infections....	Gram-positive, darkly	Round cocci		in bunches like grapes		Facultative anaerobic	enriched medium (broth and/or blood)	extracellular
Streptococcus Streptococcus *Streptococcus* is a genus of sphere Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria group. Cell division occurs along a single Coordinate axis in these bacteria, and thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the name — from Greek language st?ept?? streptos, meaning easily bent or twisted,...	Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus agalactiae *Streptococcus agalactiae* is a beta-hemolytic gram-positive streptococcus.... Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae *Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, Hemolysis diplococcus aerotolerant anaerobe and a member of the genus Streptococcus*.... Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pyogenes 'Streptococcus pyogenes' is a coccus gram-positive bacteria that grows in long chains and is the cause of Group A streptococcal infections. S....	Gram-positive	ovoid to spherical		pairs or chains	nonmotile	Facultative anaerobic	blood agar	extracellular
Treponema Treponema *Treponema* is a bacterial genus.The major species is Treponema pallidum.The species Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens have been reclassified into Serpula....	Treponema pallidum Treponema pallidum *Treponema pallidum* is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium....	Gram-negative, but stains poorly	Long, slender, flexible, spiral- or corkscrew-shaped rods			highly motile		none	extracellular
Vibrio Vibrio *Vibrio* is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a curved rod shape. Typically found in Seawater, Vibrio are Facultative anaerobic organism that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores....	Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholerae *Vibrio cholerae* is a motile gram negative curved-rod shaped bacterium with a polar flagellum that causes cholera in humans. V. cholerae and other species of the genus Vibrio belong to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria....	Gram-negative	Short, curved, rod-shaped with single polar flagellum			rapidly motile	Facultative anaerobic	blood- or MacConkey agar MacConkey agar MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture Selective medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and staining them for lactose industrial fermentation.... . Stimulated by NaCl	extracellular
Yersinia Yersinia *Yersinia* is a genus of bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia are Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria, a few micrometers long and fractions of a micrometer in diameter, and are facultative anaerobes....	Yersinia pestis Yersinia pestis *Yersinia pestis* is a Gram-negative bacillus bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a facultative anaerobe that can infect humans and other animals....	Gram-negative, stains bipolarly	Small rods	encapsulated		nonmotile		MacConkey MacConkey agar MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture Selective medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and staining them for lactose industrial fermentation.... or CIN agar	extracellular

Clinical characteristics

This is a further description of the species presented in the previous section, containing the main examples of transmission

Transmission (medicine)

In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group.The microorganisms that cause disease may be transmitted from one person to another by one or more of the following means:...
, diseases, treatment, prevention and laboratory diagnosis, which all can differ substantially among the species of the same genus.

Species of human pathogenic bacteria
Species	Transmission Transmission (medicine) In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group.The microorganisms that cause disease may be transmitted from one person to another by one or more of the following means:...	Diseases	Treatment	Prevention	laboratory diagnosis
Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis is a very large bacterium compared to others. It is a Gram-positive spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium, with a width of 1-1.2?m and a length of 3-5?m....	Contact with sheep, goats and horses Inhalation or skin penetration through abrasions of spor-contaminated dust	Cutaneous anthrax Pulmonary anthrax Gastrointestinal anthrax	In early infection: Penicillin Penicillin Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. They are Beta-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.... Doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent used to treat severe and life threatening bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin is commonly referred to as a fluoroquinolone drug and is a member of the quinolone class of antibacterials....	Anthrax vaccine Anthrax vaccine Anthrax vaccines are vaccines against the infectious disease anthrax. Anthrax is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, that most commonly occurs in wild and domestic mammals.... autoclaving of instruments	Large, grayish, nonhemolytic colonies with irregular borders on blood agar Direct immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence is the labeling of antibody or antigens with Fluorescence dyes. This technique is often used to visualize the subcellular distribution of biomolecules of interest....
Bordetella pertussis Bordetella pertussis *Bordetella pertussis* is a Gram-negative, Aerobic_organism coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough....	Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.	Whooping cough Complications: Secondary bacterial pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia associated with bacterial infection....	Macrolide Macrolide The macrolides are a group of Medication whose activity stems from the presence of a macrolide ring, a large macrocycle lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached.... antibiotics Azithromycin Azithromycin Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics.Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics, and is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered.... Erythromycin Erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins.... Clarithromycin Clarithromycin Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia , skin and skin structure infections, and, in HIV and AIDS patients to prevent, and to treat, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex ....	Pertussis vaccine, DTP DTP DTP is an acronym which can be used to refer to: ...	Direct immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence is the labeling of antibody or antigens with Fluorescence dyes. This technique is often used to visualize the subcellular distribution of biomolecules of interest.... PCR amplification
Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia burgdorferi *Borrelia burgdorferi* is species of bacteria of the Spirochaete class of the genus Borrelia. B. burgdorferi is predominant in North America, but also exists in Europe, and is the agent of Lyme disease....	Ixodes Ixodes *Ixodes* is a genus of hard-bodied ticks . It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans . Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi responsible for causing Lyme disease.... ticks reservoir in deer, mice and other rodents	Lyme disease Lyme disease Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is an emerging infectious disease caused by at least three species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia....	Early stages: cephalosporins amoxicillin Amoxicillin Amoxicillin or amoxycillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms.... doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... If arthritic symptoms have appeared: Longer courses of antibiotics	Lyme vaccine wearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks insect repellent Insect repellent An insect repellent is a substance applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects from landing or climbing on that surface....	Microscopy using Giemsa Giemsa stain Giemsa stain, named after Gustav Giemsa, an early malariologist, is used for the histopathological diagnosis of malaria and other parasites.... or Wright stain PCR Polymerase chain reaction The polymerase chain reaction is a technique widely used in molecular biology. It derives its name from one of its key components, a DNA polymerase used to amplify a piece of DNA by in vitro enzyme DNA replication.... serology Serology Serology is the scientific study of Blood plasma. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of Antibody in the serum.... (low precision rate)
Brucella abortus Brucella canis Brucella canis Related to the crippling Brucella abortus, *Brucella canis* affects dogsthrough feeding, close contact, bodily fluids, and contaminated products.... Brucella melitensis Brucella melitensis *Brucella melitensis* is one of the species of bacteria that cause brucellosis, a disease affecting sheep, cattle, and sometimes humans. It is primarily considered to be associated with caprine brucellosis, but is also found in sheep.... Brucella suis	Direct contact with infected animal Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products	Brucellosis Brucellosis Brucellosis, also called undulant fever, or Malta fever, is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of Sterilization_ milk or meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions....	Combination therapy of: doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... streptomycin Streptomycin Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis.... or gentamicin Gentamicin Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used to treat many types of bacteriuml infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria....	-	Culture (difficult and time consuming) Agglutination Agglutination (biology) Agglutination is the clumping of particles. The word agglutination comes from the Latin language agglutinare, meaning "to glue to."This occurs in biology in three main examples:... serology Serology Serology is the scientific study of Blood plasma. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of Antibody in the serum....
Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter jejuni *Campylobacter jejuni* is a species of curved, rod-shaped, non-spore forming, Gram-negative microaerophilic, bacteria commonly found in animal feces....	Fecal/oral from animals (mammals and fowl) Contaminated meat (especially poultry) Contaminated water	Acute enteritis	Symptomatically by fluid and electrolyte replacement Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent used to treat severe and life threatening bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin is commonly referred to as a fluoroquinolone drug and is a member of the quinolone class of antibacterials.... in severe cases	No available vaccine Good hygiene Avoiding contaminated water Pasteurizing milk and milk products Cooking meat (especially poultry)	Finding campylobacter in feces
Chlamydia pneumoniae	Respiratory droplets	Community-acquired respiratory infection	Doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... Erythromycin Erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins....	None	None for routine use
Chlamydia psittaci	Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots)	Psittacosis Psittacosis In medicine , psittacosis — also known as parrot disease, parrot fever, and ornithosis — is a zoonosis infectious diseases caused by a bacterium called Chlamydophila psittaci and contracted not only from parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels and budgerigars, but also from pigeons, sparrows, ducks, Chickens, gu...	Tetracycline Tetracycline Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections.... Doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... Erythromycin Erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins.... (less efficient)	-	Rise in antibody titer Complement fixation indirect immunofluorescence
Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydia trachomatis 'Chlamydia trachomatis', an Obligate intracellular parasite human pathogen, is one of three bacterial species in the genus Chlamydia . C....	Sexual (NGU, LGV) Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma) Passage through birth canal (ICN)	Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) Trachoma Trachoma Trachoma is an infectious eye disease, and the leading cause of the world's infectious blindness. Globally, 84 million people suffer from active infection and nearly 8 million people are visually impaired as a result of this disease.... Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn (ICN) Lymphogranuloma venereum Lymphogranuloma venereum Lymphogranuloma venereum is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the invasive Biovar L1, L2, or L3 of Chlamydia trachomatis.LGV was first described by Wallace in 1833 and again by Durand, Nicolas, and Favre in 1913.... (LGV)	Azithromycin Azithromycin Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics.Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics, and is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered.... Erythromycin Erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins.... Tetracyclines Doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin....	No vaccine Erythromycin or silver nitrate in newborn's eyes Safe sex Safe sex Safe sex is the practice of sexual activity in a manner that reduces the risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases . Conversely, unsafe sex is the practice of sexual intercourse without regard for prevention of STDs....	Cellular cytoplasmic inclusions by immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence is the labeling of antibody or antigens with Fluorescence dyes. This technique is often used to visualize the subcellular distribution of biomolecules of interest.... DNA hybridization DNA hybridization Hybridization is the process, discovered by Alexander Rich, of combining complementary, single-stranded nucleic acids into a single molecule. Nucleotides will bind to their complement under normal conditions, so two perfectly complementary strands will bind to each other readily.... ELISA ELISA Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, also called ELISA, Enzyme ImmunoAssay or EIA, is a biochemistry technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample.... for lipopolysaccharides
Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum *Clostridium botulinum* is a Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria that produces the neurotoxin botulin, which causes the flaccid muscular paralysis seen in botulism....	Spores from soil and aquatic sediments contaminating vegetables, meat and fish	Botulism Botulism Botulism also known as "Botulinus Intoxication," is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by botulin toxin. The toxin is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum....	Antitoxin Antitoxin An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacterium. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms.... (horse antiserum Antiserum Antiserum is blood serum containing polyclonal response antibodies. Antiserum is used to pass on passive immunity to many diseases. Passive antibody transfusion from a previous human survivor is the only effective treatment for Ebola infection.... )	Proper food preservation techniques	Mouse inoculation detects toxin from food, intestinal contents or serum Culture in standard aerobic culture
Clostridium difficile Clostridium difficile *Clostridium difficile* , also known as "CDF/cdf", or "C. diff", is a species of Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Clostridium. Clostridia are Anaerobic organism, endospore-forming rods ....	Spores both indoors and outdoors Human flora, overgrowing when other flora is depleted	Pseudomembranous colitis Pseudomembranous colitis Pseudomembranous colitis is an infection of the colon often, but not always, caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile. Still, the expression "C....	Discontinuing predisposing antibiotic Fluid and electrolyte replacement Vancomycin Vancomycin Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacterium. It has traditionally been reserved as a drug of last resort, used only after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of vancomycin-resistant organisms means that it is increasingly being... or metronidazole Metronidazole Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic medication used mainly in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms, particularly anaerobe bacterium and protozoa.... if severe	None	ELISA ELISA Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, also called ELISA, Enzyme ImmunoAssay or EIA, is a biochemistry technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample.... for Toxin ELISA Clostridium difficile *Clostridium difficile* , also known as "CDF/cdf", or "C. diff", is a species of Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Clostridium. Clostridia are Anaerobic organism, endospore-forming rods .... for toxin A or B Endoscopy Endoscopy Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope.... for pseudomembrane
Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens *Clostridium perfringens* is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium, Endospore bacterium of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens is ubiquitous in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the Intestine of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil....	Spores in soil Human flora in vagina and GI tract	Gas gangrene Gas gangrene Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within biological tissues in gangrene. It is a deadly form of gangrene usually caused by Clostridium bacteria.... Acute food poisoning Food poisoning Food poisoning refers to the presentation of acute illness due to the ingestion of food. It can lead to infectious diarrhea.The term usually includes:... Anaerobic cellulitis	Gas gangrene: Debridement Debridement Debridement is the medical removal of a patient's dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining healthy tissue.... or amputation Amputation Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by Physical trauma or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as cancer or gangrene.... Hyperbaric medicine High doses of penicillin G or doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... Food poisoning: Self-limiting; Supportive care is sufficient	Appropriate food handling	Microscopically Blood agar culture, forming double-zone ß-hemolysis Sugar fermentation Organic acid production
Clostridium tetani Clostridium tetani *Clostridium tetani* is a rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium of the genus Clostridium. Like other Clostridium species, it is Gram-positive, and its appearance on a gram stain resembles tennis rackets or drumsticks....	Spores in soil infecting puncture wounds, severe burns or surgery	Tetanus Tetanus Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, Anaerobic organism Clostridium tetani....	Tetanus immune globulin Horse antitoxin, alternatively Sedatives Muscle relaxants Mechanical ventilation Mechanical ventilation In medicine, mechanical ventilation is a method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous respiration .Mechanical ventilation is typically used after an invasive intubation, a procedure wherein an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy tube is inserted into the airway....	DPT vaccine DPT vaccine DPT, is a mixture of three vaccines, to immunize against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus.DTP vaccine may be distinguished as "DTwP" and "DTaP", "DTPa" or "TDaP", with "wP" referring to "whole cell pertussis" and "aP" or "Pa" referring to "acellular pertussis"....	(difficult)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Corynebacterium diphtheriae *Corynebacterium diphtheriae* is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-L?ffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by Germany Bacteriology Edwin Klebs and Friedrich L?ffler ....	Respiratory droplets Part of human flora	Diphtheria Diphtheria Diphtheria is an upper Respiration tract illness characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity....	Horse serum antitoxin Erythromycin Erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins.... Penicillin Penicillin Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. They are Beta-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms....	DPT vaccine DPT vaccine DPT, is a mixture of three vaccines, to immunize against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus.DTP vaccine may be distinguished as "DTwP" and "DTaP", "DTPa" or "TDaP", with "wP" referring to "whole cell pertussis" and "aP" or "Pa" referring to "acellular pertussis"....	(no rapid) Culture on Tinsdale agar, followed by immunologic precipitin Precipitin A precipitin is an antibody which can precipitate out of a solution.... reaction
Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecalis *Enterococcus faecalis* ? formerly classified as part of the Group D Streptococcus system ? is a Gram-positive commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals.... and Enterococcus faecum	Part of human flora, opportunistic Opportunistic infection An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens that usually do not cause disease in a healthy immune system. A Immunodeficiency, however, presents an "opportunity" for the pathogen to infect.... or entering through GI tract or urinary system wounds	Nosocomial infections	Penicillin and an aminoglycoside Aminoglycoside An aminoglycoside is a molecule composed of a glycoside group and an amino group.Several aminoglycosides function as antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacterium.... Vancomycin Vancomycin Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacterium. It has traditionally been reserved as a drug of last resort, used only after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of vancomycin-resistant organisms means that it is increasingly being... Quinupristin Quinupristin Quinupristin is a streptogramin antibiotic derived from pristinamycin. The combination quinupristin/dalfopristin, in a weight-to-weight ratio of 30% quinupristin to 70% dalfopristin, is used to treat infections by staphylococcus and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.... and dalfopristin Dalfopristin Dalfopristin is a streptogramin antibiotic derived from pristinamycin. The combination quinupristin/dalfopristin, in a weight-to-weight ratio of 30% quinupristin to 70% dalfopristin, is used to treat infections by staphylococcus and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus....	No vaccine Hand washing and other nosocomial prevention	Culture in 6.5% NaCl Sodium chloride Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula SodiumChlorine.... Can hydrolyze esculin in presence of bile
Escherichia coli Escherichia coli 'Escherichia coli' , is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in the lower gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Most E.... (generally)	Part of gut flora Gut flora The gut flora are the microorganisms that normally live in the digestive tract of animals. Though widely known as the "intestinal microflora", this is technically a misnomer since the word root "flora" pertains to plants and biota refers to microbial life such as bacteria other than plants.... , spreading extraintestinally or proliferating in the GI tract	Urinary tract infections (UTI) Diarrhea Meningitis in infants	UTI: (resistance-tests are required first) Co-trimoxazole Co-trimoxazole Co-trimoxazole is a Sulfonamide Antiseptic combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, in the ratio of 1 to 5, used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections.... Fluoroquinolone, e.g. ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent used to treat severe and life threatening bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin is commonly referred to as a fluoroquinolone drug and is a member of the quinolone class of antibacterials.... Meningitis: Cephalosporin Cephalosporin The cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotic originally derived from Acremonium, which was previously known as "Cephalosporium".... (e.g. cefotaxime Cefotaxime Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.... ) and gentamicin Gentamicin Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used to treat many types of bacteriuml infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria.... combination Diarrhea: Antibiotics above shorten duration Electrolyte and fluid replacement	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Food and water preparation Cooking ground beef and pasteurizing milk against O157:H7 Hand washing and disinfection	Culture on MacConkey agar MacConkey agar MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture Selective medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and staining them for lactose industrial fermentation.... and study carbohydrate fermentation patterns: Lactose fermentation (most E. coli strains) Gas production in glucose fermentation Mannitol fermentation
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli is a type of Escherichia coli and the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea in the developing world, as well as the most common cause of Traveler's diarrhea.... (ETEC)	Fecal-oral through food and water Direct physical contact	Traveller's diarrhea
Enteropathogenic E. coli	Vertical Transmission (medicine) In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group.The microorganisms that cause disease may be transmitted from one person to another by one or more of the following means:... , in utero or at birth	Diarrhea in infants
E. coli O157:H7 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an enterohemorrhagic strain of the Bacteria Escherichia coli and a cause of foodborne illness. Infection often leads to bloody diarrhea, and occasionally to kidney failure, especially in young children and elderly people....	Reservoir in cattle	Hemorrhagic colitis Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Hemolytic-uremic syndrome In medicine, hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a disease characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure and a low platelet count .It was first defined as a syndrome in 1955....
Francisella tularensis Francisella tularensis 'Francisella tularensis' is a pathogenic species of gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of tularemia or rabbit fever. Due to its ease of spread by aerosol and its high virulence, F....	vector Vector (biology) In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one Host to another, serving as a transmission .... -borne by anthropods Infected wild or domestic animals, birds or house pets	Tularemia Tularemia Tularemia is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. A gram-negative, motility coccobacillus, the bacterium has several subspecies with varying degrees of virulence....	Streptomycin Streptomycin Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis.... Gentamicin Gentamicin Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used to treat many types of bacteriuml infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria....	Avoiding insect vectors Precautions when handling wild animals or animal products	(rarely cultured) Serology
Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae *Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus* or *Bacillus influenzae*, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic....	Droplet contact Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory tract	Bacterial meningitis Upper respiratory tract infection Upper respiratory tract infection Upper respiratory tract infections, , are the illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, Paranasal sinus, pharynx or larynx.... s Pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonia is an Inflammation illness of the lung. Frequently, it is described as lung parenchyma/alveolus inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid .... , bronchitis Bronchitis Bronchitis is an inflammation of the large bronchus in the lungs. It can progress to pneumonia. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses or bacteria and may last several days or weeks....	Meningitis: (resistance-tests are required first) Third generation cephalosporin Cephalosporin The cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotic originally derived from Acremonium, which was previously known as "Cephalosporium".... , e.g. cefotaxime Cefotaxime Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.... or ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.... Ampicillin Ampicillin Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic antibiotic that has been used extensively to treat bacterium infections since 1961. It is considered part of the aminopenicillin family and is roughly equivalent to amoxicillin in terms of spectrum and level of activity.... and sulbactam Sulbactam Sulbactam is a molecule which is given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics to inhibit beta-lactamase, an enzyme produced by bacteria that destroys the antibiotics.... combination	Hib vaccine Hib vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine is a conjugate vaccine developed for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria.... to infants Rifampin prophylactically	Culture on chocolate agar Chocolate agar Chocolate agar - is a non-selective, enriched growth medium. It is a variant of the blood agar plate. It contains red blood cells, which have been lysed by heating very slowly to 56 ?C.... with hemin Hemin Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin.It is used in the management of porphyria attacks, particularly in acute intermittent porphyria.It is sometimes distinguished from "Hematin", which is hemoglobin with iron in ferric state.... (factor X) and NAD⁺ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD+, is a coenzyme found in all living cell s. The compound is a dinucleotide, since it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups: with one nucleotide containing an adenine base, and the other containing nicotinamide.... (factor V) Quellung reaction Quellung reaction The Quellung reaction is a biochemical reaction in which antibody bind to the capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae and thus allow them to be visualized under a microscope.... Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence is the labeling of antibody or antigens with Fluorescence dyes. This technique is often used to visualize the subcellular distribution of biomolecules of interest.... staining of capsule Detection of capsular antigen in CSF Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain.... or other body fluids
Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori *Helicobacter pylori* is a Gram-negative, microaerophile bacterium that inhabits various areas of the stomach and duodenum. It causes a chronic low-level inflammation of the stomach lining and is strongly linked to the development of duodenal and gastric peptic ulcers and stomach cancer bacteria....	Colonizing stomach Unclear person-to-person transmission	Peptic ulcer Peptic ulcer A peptic ulcer, also known as ulcus pepticum, PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is an ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful.... Risk factor for gastric carcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma B-cell lymphoma The B-cell lymphomas are types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma affecting B cells. It develops more frequently in immunocompromised individuals ...	Tetracycline Tetracycline Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections.... , metronidazole Metronidazole Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic medication used mainly in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms, particularly anaerobe bacterium and protozoa.... and bismuth salt combination	(No vaccine or preventive drug)	Microscopically Corkscrew movement Urease Urease Urease is an enzyme that catalysis the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. The reaction occurs as follows:In 1926 James Sumner showed that urease is a protein.... -positivity by radioactively labeled urea Serology by ELISA ELISA Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, also called ELISA, Enzyme ImmunoAssay or EIA, is a biochemistry technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample....
Legionella pneumophila Legionella pneumophila *Legionella pneumophila* is a thin, Wiktionary:pleomorphism, flagellatedGram-negative bacterium of the genus Legionella. L. pneumophila is the primary human pathogen in this group and is the causative agent of legionellosis or Legionnaires' disease....	Droplet contact, from e.g. cooling tower Cooling tower Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the Wet-bulb temperature or rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the Dry-bulb temperature.... s, humidifiers, air conditioners and water distribution systems	Legionnaire's Disease Pontiac fever	Macrolide Macrolide The macrolides are a group of Medication whose activity stems from the presence of a macrolide ring, a large macrocycle lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached.... s, e.g. erythromycin Erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins.... or azithromycin Azithromycin Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics.Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics, and is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered.... Fluoroquinolones	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Heating water	Culture from respiratory secretions on buffered charcoal yeast extract Yeast extract Yeast extract is the common name for various forms of processed yeast products that are used as food additives or flavourings. They are often used in the same way that monosodium glutamate is used, and, like MSG, often contain free glutamic acids.... enriched with L-cysteine Cysteine Cysteine is an a-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that humans can synthesize it.... , iron and a-ketoglutarate Serology, including direct immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay for antigen in urine Hybridization to ribosomal RNA using DNA probe
Leptospira interrogans Leptospira interrogans Leptospira interrogans is a species of Leptospira.It can cause Leptospirosis....	Food and water contaminated by e.g. urine from wild or domestic animals. Leptospira survives for weeks in stagnant water.	Leptospirosis Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is a infectious disease zoonotic disease caused by spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira that affects humans and a wide range of animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles....	Penicillin G Tetracycline Tetracycline Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections.... , e.g. doxyxycline	(no vaccine) Doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... Prevention of exposure Rodent control	Dark-field microscopy on fresh blood smear (but doesn't stain well) Serologic agglutionation tests
Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes, one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens with 20 percent of clinical infections resulting in death, is the causative agent of Listeriosis....	Dairy products, ground meats, poultry Vertical Transmission (medicine) In medicine, transmission is the passing of a disease from an infected individual or group to a previously uninfected individual or group.The microorganisms that cause disease may be transmitted from one person to another by one or more of the following means:... to newborn or fetus	Listeriosis Listeriosis Listeriosis is a list of infectious diseases caused by a gram-positive, Motility bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes. Listeriosis is relatively rare and occurs primarily in newborn infants, elderly patients, and patients who are immunocompromised....	Ampicillin Ampicillin Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic antibiotic that has been used extensively to treat bacterium infections since 1961. It is considered part of the aminopenicillin family and is roughly equivalent to amoxicillin in terms of spectrum and level of activity.... Co-trimoxazole Co-trimoxazole Co-trimoxazole is a Sulfonamide Antiseptic combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, in the ratio of 1 to 5, used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections....	(no vaccine) Proper food preparation and handling	Isolation from e.g. blood and CSF Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain.... Beta-hemolysis and catalase production on blood agar Microschopy for morphology and motility
Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium leprae *Mycobacterium leprae, also known as Hansen?s bacillus*, mostly found in warm tropical countries, is the bacterium that causes leprosy ....	Prolonged human-human contact, e.g. through exudates from skin lesions to abrasion of other person	Leprosy Leprosy Leprosy , or Hansen's disease , is a Chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Leprosy is primarily a granulomatous disease of the Peripheral nervous system and Mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions are the primary external symptom.... (Hansen's disease)	Tuberculoid form: Dapsone Dapsone Dapsone is a pharmacology medication most commonly used in combination with rifampicin and clofazimine as multidrug therapy for the treatment of Mycobacterium leprae infections .... and rifampin Lepromatous form: Clofazimine Clofazimine Clofazimine is a fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used in combination with rifampicin and dapsone as multidrug therapy for the treatment of leprosy....	BCG vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Bacillus Calmette-Gu?rin is a vaccination against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially cultured in an artificial medium for years.... shows some effects	Tuberculoid form: Hard to isolate (diagnosis on clinical findings and histology of biopsies) Lepromatous form: Acid-fast Acid-fast Acid-fastness is a physical property of some bacterium referring to their resistance to decolorization by acids during staining procedures.Acid-fast organisms are difficult to characterize using standard microbiological techniques , though they can be stained using concentrated dyes, particularly when the staining process is combined with... staining from e.g. skin scrapings
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* is a pathogenic bacterial species in the genus Mycobacterium and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis....	Droplet contact	Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacterium, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, the gastrointestinal system, bones, joints, and even the...	Isoniazid Isoniazid Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line antituberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. Isoniazid is never used on its own to treat active tuberculosis because resistance quickly develops.... , ethambutol Ethambutol Ethambutol is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other Tuberculosis treatment, such as isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin.... , streptomycin Streptomycin Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis.... , and/or pyrazinamide Pyrazinamide Pyrazinamide is a drug used to treat tuberculosis. The drug is largely bacteriostatic, but can be bacteriocidal on actively replicating tuberculosis bacteria.... combination	BCG vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Bacillus Calmette-Gu?rin is a vaccination against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially cultured in an artificial medium for years.... Isoniazid Isoniazid Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line antituberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. Isoniazid is never used on its own to treat active tuberculosis because resistance quickly develops....	Ziehl-Neelsen stain showing acid-fast Acid-fast Acid-fastness is a physical property of some bacterium referring to their resistance to decolorization by acids during staining procedures.Acid-fast organisms are difficult to characterize using standard microbiological techniques , though they can be stained using concentrated dyes, particularly when the staining process is combined with... bacteria Hybridization probe Hybridization probe In molecular biology, a hybridization probe is a fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length , which is used to detect in DNA or RNA samples the presence of nucleotide sequences that are Complementarity to the sequence in the probe.... s for DNA, succeeded by PCR Polymerase chain reaction The polymerase chain reaction is a technique widely used in molecular biology. It derives its name from one of its key components, a DNA polymerase used to amplify a piece of DNA by in vitro enzyme DNA replication.... Culture on Lowenstein-Jensen agar
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* is a very small bacterium in the class Mollicutes....	Human flora Droplet contact	Mycoplasma pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia is a form of bacterial pneumonia which is caused by bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus....	Doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... and erythromycin Erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins....		(difficult to culture) Serologic tests, e.g. complement fixation test DNA probes on sputum specimens
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria gonorrhoeae *Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as Gonococci* , or Gonococcus , is a species of Gram-negative kidney bean-shaped diplococci bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea....	Sexually transmitted Sexually transmitted disease A sexually transmitted disease , also known as sexually transmitted infection or venereal disease , is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans or animals by means of sexual contact, including sexual intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex.... vertical Vertical transmission Vertical transmission, also known as Mother-to-child transmission refers to transmission of an infection, such as HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C, from mother to child during the perinatal period, the period immediately before and after birth.... in birth	Gonorrhea Gonorrhea Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is a common sexually transmitted infection. In the US, its incidence is second only to Chlamydia infection.... Ophthalmia neonatorum Ophthalmia neonatorum Neonatal conjunctivitis also known as ophthalmia neonatorum, is a form of conjunctivitis contracted by newborns during Childbirth. The baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal from a mother infected with either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis.... Septic arthritis Septic arthritis Septic arthritis is the purulent invasion of a joint by an infectious agent which produces arthritis....	Uncomplicated gonorrhea: Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.... Tetracycline Tetracycline Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections.... , e.g. doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... if also chlamydia is suspected Spectinomycin Spectinomycin Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic produced by the bacteria Streptomyces spectabilis.There was a disruption in the supply in 2001.... for resistance or patient allergy to cephalosporin Ophthalmia neonatorum: Tetracycline Tetracycline Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections.... or erythromycin Erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins.... into eyes	(No vaccine) Safe sex Safe sex Safe sex is the practice of sexual activity in a manner that reduces the risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases . Conversely, unsafe sex is the practice of sexual intercourse without regard for prevention of STDs.... Tetracycline Tetracycline Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections.... or erythromycin Erythromycin Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins.... into eyes of newborn at risk	Gram-negative diplococci in neutrophils from urethral exudates Oxidase test Oxidase test The oxidase test is a test used in microbiology to determine if a bacterium produces certain cytochrome c oxidases. It uses disks impregnated with a reagent such as Wurster's blue or N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine , which is also a redox indicator.... on culture on Thayer-Martin agar Thayer-Martin agar Thayer-Martin agar is a Mueller-Hinton agar with 5% chocolate sheep blood and antibiotics. It is used for culturing and primarily isolating Neisseria bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, as the medium inhibits the growth of most other microorganisms.... under increased oxygen tension Fermentation of glucose but not maltose
Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria meningitidis *Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus*, is the bacterium that causes meningitis, an infection of the membrane that covers the brain....	Respiratory droplets	Meningococcal disease including meningitis Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is a disease of the adrenal glands most commonly caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. The infection leads to massive hemorrhage into one or both adrenal glands....	Penicillin G Cefotaxime Cefotaxime Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.... Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria....	NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 is the commercial name of the Meningococcal meningitis polysaccharide serogroups A,C,Y and W-135 vaccine. The product is specially designed and formulated to be used in developing countries for protecting populations during Meningitis disease epidemics. Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial infection caused by the b... vaccine Rifampin	Microscopy showing gram-negative diplococci, often with PMNs Culture on chocolate agar Chocolate agar Chocolate agar - is a non-selective, enriched growth medium. It is a variant of the blood agar plate. It contains red blood cells, which have been lysed by heating very slowly to 56 ?C.... , giving positive oxidase test Oxidase test The oxidase test is a test used in microbiology to determine if a bacterium produces certain cytochrome c oxidases. It uses disks impregnated with a reagent such as Wurster's blue or N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine , which is also a redox indicator.... and fermentation of glucose and maltose in 5% CO₂ in air
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* is a common bacterium which can cause disease in animals and humans. It is found in soil, water, and most man-made environments throughout the world....	Infects damaged tissues or people with reduced immunity.	Pseudomonas infection Pseudomonas infection Pseudomonas infection refers to a disease caused by one of the species of the genus Pseudomonas.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen, most commonly affecting immunocompromised patients, such as those with cystic fibrosis or AIDS.... Localized to eye, ear, skin, urinary, respiratory or gastrointestinal tract or CNS, or systemic with bacteremia, secondary pneumonia bone and joint infections, endocarditis, skin, soft tissue or CNS infections.	Aminoglycoside Aminoglycoside An aminoglycoside is a molecule composed of a glycoside group and an amino group.Several aminoglycosides function as antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacterium.... and anti-pseudomonal ß-lactam Beta-lactam \|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\|}A beta-lactam ring or penam is a lactam with a heteroatomic ring structure, consisting of three carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom ....	(no vaccine) Topical silver sulfadiazine Silver sulfadiazine Silver sulfadiazine is a sulfa derivative topical antibacterial used primarily as a topical burn cream on second- and third-degree burn . The cream is kept applied to the burned skin at all times, for the duration of the healing period or until a skin grafting is applied.... for burn wounds	Colourless colonies on MacConkey agar MacConkey agar MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture Selective medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and staining them for lactose industrial fermentation.... . Production of pyocyanine Pyocyanine Pyocyanin is a virulence factor produced by the Gram negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The substance allows P. aeruginosa to kill cells, disrupts cilia actions, inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, and alter phagocytic function.... and fluorescein Fluorescein Fluorescein is a fluorophore commonly used in microscopy, in a type of dye laser as the gain medium, in forensics and serology to detect latent blood stains, and in dye tracing.... Positive oxidase test Oxidase test The oxidase test is a test used in microbiology to determine if a bacterium produces certain cytochrome c oxidases. It uses disks impregnated with a reagent such as Wurster's blue or N,N-Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine , which is also a redox indicator.... . No lactose fermentation.
Rickettsia rickettsii Rickettsia rickettsii *Rickettsia ricketsii* is native to the New World and causes the malady known as Rocky Mountain spotted fever . RMSF is transmitted by the bite of an infected tick while feeding on warm-blooded animals, including humans....	Bite of infected wood Dermacentor variabilis *Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick* or wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia .... or dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille, is found world-wide, but more commonly in warmer climates. This species is unusual among ticks in that its entire life cycle can be completed indoors.Lord CC....	Rocky mountain spotted fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever is the most lethal and most frequently reported rickettsial illness in the United States. It has been diagnosed throughout the Americas....	Doxycycline Doxycycline Doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Doxycycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed in the early 1960s by Pfizer and marketed under the brand name Vibramycin.... Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae, isolated by David Gottlieb, and introduced into clinical practice in 1949....	(no preventive drug or approved vaccine) Vector control, such as clothing Prompt removal of attached ticks	Serology Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence is the labeling of antibody or antigens with Fluorescence dyes. This technique is often used to visualize the subcellular distribution of biomolecules of interest.... against Rickettsia antigens
Salmonella typhi	Human-human Fecal-oral through food or water	Typhoid fever Typhoid fever Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Common worldwide, it is transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person.... type salmonellosis Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an infection with Salmonella bacteria. Most persons infected with salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain; 12 to 72 hours after infection.... (dysentery, colitis)	Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.... Fluoroquinolones, e.g. ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent used to treat severe and life threatening bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin is commonly referred to as a fluoroquinolone drug and is a member of the quinolone class of antibacterials....	Ty21a Ty21a Ty21a is a vaccine that protects against typhoid. It is one of two vaccine currently recommended by the World Health Organization. The vaccine offers between 33 and 78% protection.... and ViCPS Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine is one of two vaccines recommended by the World Health Organisation for the prevention of typhoid . It was first licensed in the US in 1994 and in made from the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from the Ty2 Salmonella Typhi strain.... vaccines Hygiene and food preparation	Isolation from blood, feces, bone marrow, urine or rose spots on skin Colorless, non-lactose fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar MacConkey agar MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture Selective medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and staining them for lactose industrial fermentation.... Serology for antibodies against O antigen
Salmonella typhimurium	Fecal-oral Food contaminated by fowl (e.g. eggs), pets and other animals	Salmonellosis Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an infection with Salmonella bacteria. Most persons infected with salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain; 12 to 72 hours after infection.... with gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, involving both the stomach and the small intestine and resulting in acute diarrhea.... and enterocolitis Enterocolitis Enterocolitis is an inflammation of the Colon and small intestine. However, most conditions are categorized as one or the other of the following:...	Fluid and electrolyte replacement for severe diarrhea Antibiotics (in immunocompromised to prevent systemic spread)	(No vaccine or preventive drug) Proper sewage disposal Food preparation Good personal hygiene	Colourless colonies on MacConkey agar MacConkey agar MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture Selective medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and staining them for lactose industrial fermentation....
Shigella sonnei Shigella sonnei Shigella sonnei is a species of Shigella.Together with Shigella flexneri, it is responsible for 90% of shigellosis.Antibiotic resistance has been reported....	Fecal-oral Flies Contaminated food or water	Bacillary dysentery/Shigellosis Shigellosis Shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery in its most severe manifestation, is a foodborne illness caused by infection by bacterium of the genus Shigella....	Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent used to treat severe and life threatening bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin is commonly referred to as a fluoroquinolone drug and is a member of the quinolone class of antibacterials.... or azithromycin Azithromycin Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics.Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics, and is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered....	Protection of water and food supplies Vaccines are in trial stage	Culture on Hektoen agar or other media for intestinal pathogens
Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus *Staphylococcus aureus* is the most common cause of staph infections. It is a spherical Bacteria, frequently found in the nose and skin of a person....	Human flora on mucosae Mucous membrane The mucous membranes are linings of mostly germ layer origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organ .... in e.g. anterior nares and vagina, entering through wound	Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infection Staphylococcal infection Staphylococcus can cause a wide variety of infections in humans and other animals through either toxin production or invasion.Staphylococcal toxins are a common cause of Foodborne illness, as it can grow in improperly-stored food.... s: Localized skin infections Diffuse skin infection (Impetigo Impetigo Impetigo is a superficial bacterial skin infection most common among children 2 to 6 years old. People who play close contact sports such as rugby football, American football and wrestling are also susceptible, regardless of age.... ) Deep, localized infections Acute infective endocarditis Infective endocarditis Infective endocarditis is a form of endocarditis caused by infectious agents. The agents are usually bacterial, but other organisms can also be responsible.... Septicemia Necrotizing pneumonia Toxinoses	Incision and drainage of localized lesions Nafcillin Nafcillin Nafcillin sodium is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.There is evidence that it induces cytochrome P-450 enzymes.... and oxacillin Oxacillin Oxacillin sodium is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class.... Vancomycin Vancomycin Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacterium. It has traditionally been reserved as a drug of last resort, used only after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of vancomycin-resistant organisms means that it is increasingly being... for Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a Bacteria responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It may also be referred to as multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ....	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Barrier precautions, washing hands and fomite Fomite A fomite is any wiktionary:inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms and hence transferring them from one individual to another.... disinfection in hospitals	Microscopy showing strongly positive Gram stained Gram staining Gram staining is an empiricism method of differentiating bacterium species into two large groups based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.... cells in grape-like clusters Positive Catalase test Catalase Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms which are exposed to oxygen, where it functions to catalyst the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.... and coagulase test Culture on enriched media producing deep yellow, hemolytic colonies
Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus epidermidis *Staphylococcus epidermidis* is one of thirty three known species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is part of our normal flora and consequently found on the skin....	Human flora in skin and anterior nares	Infections of implanted prostheses Prosthesis In medicine, a prosthesis is an artificial extension that replaces a missing body part. It is part of the field of biomechatronics, the science of fusing mechanical devices with human muscle, skeleton, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control lost by trauma, disease, or defect.... , e.g. heart valves and catheters	Vancomycin Vancomycin Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacterium. It has traditionally been reserved as a drug of last resort, used only after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of vancomycin-resistant organisms means that it is increasingly being...	None	Microscopy showing strongly positive Gram stained Gram staining Gram staining is an empiricism method of differentiating bacterium species into two large groups based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.... cells in grape-like clusters Positive Catalase test Catalase Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms which are exposed to oxygen, where it functions to catalyst the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.... but negative coagulase test Novobiocin Novobiocin 'Novobiocin', also known as 'albamycin' or 'cathomycin', is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S.... -sensitivity (S. epidermidis) Novobiocin Novobiocin 'Novobiocin', also known as 'albamycin' or 'cathomycin', is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S.... -resistance (S. saprophyticus) Culture on enriched media producing white, nonhemolytic colonies
Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus saprophyticus *Staphylococcus saprophyticus* is a coagulase-negative species of Staphylococcus bacteria. S. saprophyticus is often implicated in urinary tract infections....	Part of normal vaginal flora	Cystitis Cystitis Cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. The condition more often affects women, but can affect either sex and all age groups.... in women	Penicillin G	None
Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus agalactiae *Streptococcus agalactiae* is a beta-hemolytic gram-positive streptococcus....	Human flora in vagina Vagina The vagina is a fibromuscular cylinder tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles.... or urethra Urethra In anatomy, the urethra is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen.... l mucous membranes, rectum Rectum The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the Gastrointestinal tract in others, terminating in the anus.... Vertical transmission Vertical transmission Vertical transmission, also known as Mother-to-child transmission refers to transmission of an infection, such as HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C, from mother to child during the perinatal period, the period immediately before and after birth.... by birth Sexual Sexually transmitted disease A sexually transmitted disease , also known as sexually transmitted infection or venereal disease , is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans or animals by means of sexual contact, including sexual intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex....	Meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is a medical condition caused by inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.... and septicemia in neonates Endometritis Endometritis Endometritis refers to inflammation of the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. Pathology have traditionally classified endometritis as either Acute or chronic : acute endometritis is characterized by the presence of microabscesses or neutrophils within the endometrial glands, while chronic endometritis is distinguished by variable n... in postpartum women Opportunistic infection Opportunistic infection An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens that usually do not cause disease in a healthy immune system. A Immunodeficiency, however, presents an "opportunity" for the pathogen to infect.... s with septicemia and pneumonia	Penicillin G Ampicillin Ampicillin Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic antibiotic that has been used extensively to treat bacterium infections since 1961. It is considered part of the aminopenicillin family and is roughly equivalent to amoxicillin in terms of spectrum and level of activity.... Aminoglycoside Aminoglycoside An aminoglycoside is a molecule composed of a glycoside group and an amino group.Several aminoglycosides function as antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacterium.... in case of lethal infection	None	Culture showing large colonies with ß-hemolysis Hemolysis (microbiology) Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells. The ability of bacterial colonies to induce hemolysis when grown on blood agar is used to classify certain microorganisms.... Negative catalase test Hydrolyzes sodium hippurate
Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae *Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, Hemolysis diplococcus aerotolerant anaerobe and a member of the genus Streptococcus*....	Respiratory droplets Often human flora in nasopharynx (spreading in immunocompromised)	Acute bacterial pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia associated with bacterial infection.... & meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is a medical condition caused by inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.... in adults Otitis media Otitis media Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear, or middle ear infection .Otitis media occurs in the area between the ear drum and the inner ear, including a duct known as the Eustachian tube.... and sinusitis Sinusitis Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may or may not be as a result of infection, from bacterial, fungus, virus, allergy or autoimmunity issues.... in children	Penicillin G Vancomycin Vancomycin Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacterium. It has traditionally been reserved as a drug of last resort, used only after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of vancomycin-resistant organisms means that it is increasingly being... for resistant strains	23-serotype vaccine for adults (PPV Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine , also known as Pneumovax, is a vaccine used to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae infections such as pneumonia and septicaemia.... ) Heptavalent conjugated vaccine for children (PCV)	Microscopy showing gram-positive Gram-positive Gram-positive Bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. This is in contrast to Gram-negative bacteria, which cannot retain the crystal violet stain, instead taking up the counterstain and appearing red or pink.... , encapsulated lancet-shaped diplococci a-hemolysis Hemolysis (microbiology) Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells. The ability of bacterial colonies to induce hemolysis when grown on blood agar is used to classify certain microorganisms.... on blood agar, bile-soluble, optochin-sensitive Positive Quellung reaction Quellung reaction The Quellung reaction is a biochemical reaction in which antibody bind to the capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae and thus allow them to be visualized under a microscope....
Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pyogenes 'Streptococcus pyogenes' is a coccus gram-positive bacteria that grows in long chains and is the cause of Group A streptococcal infections. S....	Respiratory droplets Direct physical contact with impetigo Impetigo Impetigo is a superficial bacterial skin infection most common among children 2 to 6 years old. People who play close contact sports such as rugby football, American football and wrestling are also susceptible, regardless of age.... lesions	Streptococcal pharyngitis Scarlet fever Scarlet fever Scarlet fever is a disease caused by an exotoxin released by Streptococcus pyogenes. The term Scarlatina may be used interchangeably with Scarlet Fever, though it is commonly used to indicate the less acute form of Scarlet Fever that is often seen since the beginning of the twentieth century.... Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease disease which may develop two to three weeks after a Group A streptococcal infection . It is believed to be caused by antibody cross-reactivity and can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain.... Impetigo Impetigo Impetigo is a superficial bacterial skin infection most common among children 2 to 6 years old. People who play close contact sports such as rugby football, American football and wrestling are also susceptible, regardless of age.... and erysipelas Erysipelas Erysipelas is an acute streptococcus bacterial infection of the dermis, resulting in inflammation and characteristically extending into underlying fat tissue.... Puerperal fever Puerperal fever Puerperal fever , also called childbed fever, can develop into puerperal sepsis, which is a serious form of septicaemia contracted by a woman during or shortly after childbirth, miscarriage or abortion.... Necrotizing fasciitis Necrotizing fasciitis Necrotizing fasciitis , commonly known as flesh-eating disease or flesh-eating bacteria, is a Rare disease infection of the deeper layers of skin and Subcutiss, easily spreading across the fascial plane within the subcutaneous tissue....	Penicillin G Macrolide Macrolide The macrolides are a group of Medication whose activity stems from the presence of a macrolide ring, a large macrocycle lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached.... , e.g. clarithromycin Clarithromycin Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia , skin and skin structure infections, and, in HIV and AIDS patients to prevent, and to treat, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex .... or azithromycin Azithromycin Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics.Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics, and is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered.... in penicillin allergy Drainage and debridement Debridement Debridement is the medical removal of a patient's dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining healthy tissue.... for Necrotizing fasciitis	No vaccine Rapid antibiotic treatment helps prevent rheumatic fever	Culture on sheep agar forming small, opalescent Opalescence Opalescence is a type of dichroism seen in highly colloid with little Opacity . The material appears yellowish-red in transmitted light and blue in the scattered light perpendicular to the transmitted light.... surrounded by large zone of ß-hemolysis Hemolysis (microbiology) Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells. The ability of bacterial colonies to induce hemolysis when grown on blood agar is used to classify certain microorganisms.... Serology for ASO Anti-streptolysin O Anti-streptolysin O is the antibody produced against an antigen produced by Lancefield group A streptococcus. The enzyme is called streptolysin O, wherein the O stands for oxygen-labile; the other antigen being oxygen stable streptolysin-S.... Very bacitracin Bacitracin Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy, isolation of which was first reported in 1945.... -sensitive
Treponema pallidum Treponema pallidum *Treponema pallidum* is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium....		Syphillis
Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholerae *Vibrio cholerae* is a motile gram negative curved-rod shaped bacterium with a polar flagellum that causes cholera in humans. V. cholerae and other species of the genus Vibrio belong to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria....
Yersinia pestis Yersinia pestis *Yersinia pestis* is a Gram-negative bacillus bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a facultative anaerobe that can infect humans and other animals....		Plague Plague Plague may refer to:...

Pathogenic bacteria

History

Diseases

Conditionally pathogenic

Intracellular

Opportunistic

Treatment

Basic laboratory characteristics

Clinical characteristics

See also