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Party-list proportional representation

 
Party List Proportional Representation

 
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Party-list proportional representation
 
 
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Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting system
Voting system

A voting system allows voters to choose between options, often in an election where candidates are selected for public administration. Voting can be also used to award prizes, to select between different plans of action, or by a computer program to find a solution to a problem....
s emphasizing proportional representation
Proportional representation

Proportional representation , sometimes referred to as full representation, is a category of voting systems aimed at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive ....
 (PR) in multiple-winner election
Election

An election is a decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office. This is the usual mechanism by which modern Representative democracy fills offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional government and local government....
s (e.g. elections to parliament
Parliament

A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom....
). They can also be used as part of mixed additional member system
Additional Member System

The Additional Member System is a branch of voting systems in which some representatives are elected from geographic constituencies and others are elected under proportional representation from a wider area, usually by party-list proportional representation....
s.

In these systems, parties make lists of candidates to be elected, and seats get allocated to each party in proportion to the number of votes the party receives.






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Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting system
Voting system

A voting system allows voters to choose between options, often in an election where candidates are selected for public administration. Voting can be also used to award prizes, to select between different plans of action, or by a computer program to find a solution to a problem....
s emphasizing proportional representation
Proportional representation

Proportional representation , sometimes referred to as full representation, is a category of voting systems aimed at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive ....
 (PR) in multiple-winner election
Election

An election is a decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office. This is the usual mechanism by which modern Representative democracy fills offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional government and local government....
s (e.g. elections to parliament
Parliament

A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom....
). They can also be used as part of mixed additional member system
Additional Member System

The Additional Member System is a branch of voting systems in which some representatives are elected from geographic constituencies and others are elected under proportional representation from a wider area, usually by party-list proportional representation....
s.

In these systems, parties make lists of candidates to be elected, and seats get allocated to each party in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may vote directly for the party, as in Hong Kong
Hong Kong

Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located in Southern China in East Asia, bordering the province of Guangdong to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east, west and south....
 and Israel
Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
, or they may vote for candidates and that vote will pool to the party, as in Turkey
Turkey

Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in southwest Asia and Thrace in the Balkans region of Southern Europe....
 and Finland
Finland

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
.

The order in which a party's list candidates get elected may be pre-determined by some method internal to the party (a closed list
Closed list

Closed list describes the variant of party-list proportional representation where voters can only vote for political party as a whole and thus have no influence on the party-supplied order in which party candidates are elected....
 system) or it may be determined by the voters at large (an open list
Open list

Open list describes any variant of party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected....
 system).

There are many variations on seat allocation within party-list proportional representation. The three most common are:
  • The D'Hondt method
    D'Hondt method

    The D'Hondt method is a highest averages method for allocating seats in party-list proportional representation. The method is named after Belgium mathematician Victor D'Hondt....
     (or Jefferson's method), used in Croatia
    Croatia

    Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a Central European country at the crossroads of Pannonian Plain, Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea....
    , Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
    , Portugal
    Portugal

    Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
    , Israel
    Israel

    Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
    , Austria
    Austria

    Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
    , Finland
    Finland

    Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
     and Poland
    Poland

    Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
    , among other places;
  • The Sainte-Laguë method
    Sainte-Laguë method

    The Sainte-Lagu? method of the highest average is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with Party-list proportional representation voting systems....
     (or Webster's method), used in many Scandinavia
    Scandinavia

    Scandinavia is a historical and geographical subregion in northern Europe that includes the Scandinavian Peninsula. It consists of the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; some authorities also include Finland and some might even include Iceland....
    n countries, New Zealand
    New Zealand

    New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous Islands of New Zealand, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands....
    , and the German state of Bremen
    Bremen (state)

    The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen is the smallest of Germany's 16 States of Germany . A more informal name, but used in some official contexts, is Land Bremen ....
    ;
  • The largest remainder (LR) method
    Largest remainder method

    The largest remainder method is one way of Apportionment for representative assemblies with Party-list proportional representation voting systems....
    s, including the Hamilton method.
List proportional representation may also be combined in various hybrids, e.g. using the additional member system
Additional Member System

The Additional Member System is a branch of voting systems in which some representatives are elected from geographic constituencies and others are elected under proportional representation from a wider area, usually by party-list proportional representation....
.

The unmodified Sainte-Laguë method and the LR-Hare method rank as the most proportional followed by LR-Droop; single transferable vote
Single transferable vote

The Single transferable vote is a voting system of preferential voting designed to minimize wasted votes and provide proportional representation while ensuring that votes are explicitly expressed for individual candidates rather than for party lists....
; modified Sainte-Laguë, D'Hondt and largest remainder Imperiali
Imperiali quota

The Imperiali quota is a formula used to calculate the minimum number, or Quota Share, of votes required to capture a seat in some forms of Single Transferable Vote or largest remainder method party-list proportional representation voting systems....
. While the allocation formula is important, equally important is the district magnitude (number of seats in a constituency). The higher the district magnitude, the more proportional an electoral system becomes.

See also

  • List of democracy and elections-related topics
    List of democracy and elections-related topics

    Democracy * Democracy* History of democracy* Democracy * List of types of democracy** Anticipatory democracy** Athenian democracy** Consensus democracy...
  • List MP
    List MP

    A list MP is a Member of Parliament who is elected from a party list rather than from a geographical constituency. Their presence in Parliament is owed to the number of votes that their party won, not to votes received by the MP personally....
  • Ley de lemas
    Ley de Lemas

    |||}The ley de lemas is the Spanish language name of the double simultaneous voting system which is, or has been, used in elections in Argentina, Uruguay and Honduras....
  • Legislative Council of Hong Kong
    Legislative Council of Hong Kong

    The Legislative Council is the unicameral legislature of Hong Kong....


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