Partition Sejm

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Partition Sejm

The Partition Sejm was a Sejm

Sejm

The Sejm is the lower house of the Poland parliament.Before the 20th century, the term "Sejm" referred to the entire three-Chambers of parliament Polish parliament, comprising the lower house , the upper house and the monarch....
lasting from 1773 to 1776 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous countries in 16th and 17th-century Europe, formed by a Union of Lublin of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1569....
, convened by its three neighbours (Russian Empire

Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
, Prussia

Prussia

Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
and Austria

Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
) in order to legalize their First Partition of Poland

First Partition of Poland

The First Partition of Poland or First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1772 as the first of partitions of Poland that ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795....
.

Russia was represented by Otto von Stackelberg

Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (ambassador)

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The Partition Sejm was a Sejm

Sejm

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
, Prussia

Prussia

Austria

First Partition of Poland

Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (ambassador)

Graf Otto Magnus von Stackelberg was a diplomat of the Russian Empire, Russian envoy in Madrid from 1767 to 1771, ambassador in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1772 to 1790 and in Sweden from 1791 to 1793....
, Prussia by Gedeon Benoit and Austria by Karl Reviczky.

The Sejm begun on 17 April. The Sejm took place in Warsaw

Warsaw

Warsaw is the Capital and World's largest cities of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from both the Baltic Sea coast and the Carpathian Mountains....
and the first 60 deputies and 9 senators declared it a confederated sejm

Confederated sejm

Confederated sejm was a form of sejm in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. After 1764, sejms were frequently confederated....
(with decisions decided by the majority) to prevent liberum veto
Liberum veto

Liberum veto was a parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It allowed any member of the Sejm to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify all legislation already passed at it by shouting Nie pozwalam! ....
being used to stop it. The marshals of the Sejm were for the Crown of PolandAdam Poninski

Adam Poninski (1732-1798)

Adam Poninski His son, Adam Poninski , became a military general....
, a Polish noble in Russian service, and for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was an Eastern and Central European state from the 12th /13th century until the 18th century. It was founded by Lithuanians, at the time one of the Lithuanian mythology Baltic tribes, whose initial lands covered Auk?taitija, the eastern part of present day Lithuania....
, Michal Hieronim Radziwill

Michal Hieronim Radziwill

Prince Michal Hieronim Radziwill was a Lithuanian Nobility, Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, awarded on September 7, 1773.Ordynat of Kleck, Olyka and Niasvizh, Great Sword-bearer of Lithuania since 1771, castellan of Vilnius since 1775, voivode of Vilnius Voivodship since 1790, Starost grabowski, komorowski, kraszewicki, and mikszta...
. Through some deputies tried to protest (notably, Tadeusz Rejtan

Tadeusz Rejtan

Tadeusz Rejtan was a Poland nobleman. He was a member of the confederation of Bar and a member of the Polish Sejm from the constituency of Nowogr?dek ....
(who stole the marshal's cane), Samuel Korsak and Stanislaw Bohuszewicz), the Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented.

On September 18, 1773, the Committee formally signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the occupied territories. The Sejm on 30 September 1773 accepted the partition treaty (notable supporters of the partition, in addition to Poninski, included Michal Hieronim Radziwill and the Bishops Andrzej Mlodziejowski

Andrzej Mlodziejowski

Andrzej Stanislaw Kostka Mlodziejowski of Slepowron Coat of Arms was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman, politician and priest. Bishop of Przemysl , bishop of Poznan , Deputy Chancellor of the Crown , Great Chancellor of the Crown ....
, Ignacy Jakub Massalski

Ignacy Jakub Massalski

Prince Ignacy Masalski was a Poland-Lithuania szlachcic.Ignacy was Bishop of Vilnius and one of the initiators of the Commission for National Education....
, and primate of Poland Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski

Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski

Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski was a Polish priest and politician. Bishop of Kujawy and archbishop of Gniezno . He was one of the Polish nobles in Russian service and supported their position, including presiding over the Partition Sejm in 1773-1775....
, who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland

Senate of Poland

The Senate is the upper house of the Poland parliament. It consists of 100 senators elected by universal ballot and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate ....
).

Those of the senators who protested were threatened by the Russians (represented by the ambassador, Otto von Stackelberg

Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (ambassador)

Graf Otto Magnus von Stackelberg was a diplomat of the Russian Empire, Russian envoy in Madrid from 1767 to 1771, ambassador in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1772 to 1790 and in Sweden from 1791 to 1793....
) who declared that in the face of refusal the whole capital of Warsaw will be destroyed by them, other threats included executions, confiscation of estates, and increase of partitioned territory and some were even arrested by the Russians and exiled to Siberia.

The Sejm authorized the Russians to confiscate lands of the recently abolished jesuits as well as take some of the royal lands (królewszczyzny).

The Sejm also introduced other reforms, some of which were seen later as progressive: Permanent Council

Permanent Council

The Permanent Council was the highest administrative authority in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1775 and 1789 and the first modern government in Europe....
, a proto-government, was created, as well as Commission of National Education (first ministry of education in the world). The fiscal policy

Fiscal policy

In economics, fiscal policy is the use of government spending and revenue collection to influence the economy.Fiscal policy can be contrasted with the other main type of economic policy, monetary policy, which attempts to stabilize the economy by controlling interest rates and the supply of money....
was also reformed, with one tax

Tax

To tax is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon an individual or Legal person by a state or the functional equivalent of a state.Taxes are also imposed by many subnational entity....
being introduced and tariffs being reintroduced. Military was reformed, with hetman

Hetman

Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander used in 15th to 18th century Poland, Ukraine and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth....
s being held more accountable to the Sejm. Szlachta

Szlachta

Szlachta refers to the nobility social class in the Kingdom of Poland , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the increasingly polonized territories under their control ....
was officially allowed to deal with trade

Trade

Tradeis the willing exchange of goods, Service , or both. Trade is also called commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter , the direct exchange of goods and services....
and craft

Craft

A craft is a skill, especially involving practical The Arts. It may refer to a trade or particular art.The terms is often used as part of a longer word ....
s (previously it conferred a risk of losing the noble status); and some reforms limited the severity of serfdom

Serfdom

Serfdom is the socio-economic status of unfree peasants under feudalism, and specifically relates to Manorialism. It was a condition of Debt bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe....
.

The Sejm ended on 11 April 1775.

External links

WIEM Encyklopedia
Interia Encyklopedia
PWN Encyklopedia