Parbaking
Encyclopedia
Parbaking is a cooking
technique in which a bread
or dough
product is partially baked and then rapidly frozen for storage. The raw dough is baked as if normal, but halted at about 80% of the normal cooking time, when it is rapidly cooled and frozen. The partial cooking kills the yeast
in the bread mixture, and sets the internal structure of the protein
s and starch
es (the spongy texture of the bread), so that it is now essentially cooked inside, but not so far as to have generated "crust" or other externally desirable qualities that are difficult to preserve once fully cooked.
The parbaked loaf of semi-cooked bread is now in a form that is relatively stable against aging, and highly suitable for transportation and storage until needed. Kept in a sealed container (which prevents moisture loss in addition to the frozen state of the bread), it appears as a risen loaf of bread, with much of the firmness of a finished loaf, but without a browned or golden crust (in the case of a normally light colored bread), and does not age or become stale like a fully baked loaf of bread.
When the final bread product is desired, the parbaked loaf is "finished off" by baking at normal temperatures for an additional 10 to 15 minutes (depending on the specific tested instructions). The final product is then, in many cases, indistinguishable from a normally baked product.
The advent of parbaking can result in significant cost savings (and thus competitive advantages) for the multiple parties involved. The source bakery benefits from being able to efficiently market to a much larger audience, because its range is no longer limited by the bread's expiration. More varieties of bread can be produced for this larger market, because of the certainty that it will be consumed eventually even if the consumer demand for the specialty bread is only at a low rate (because the product is not wasted if unconsumed). Also, commercial buyers of the bread can buy larger quantities without fear of expiration before purchase by consumers.
Supermarket
s (secondary distributors) in the process also benefit, because the parbaking technique allows them to reduce the need for skilled bakers on their store premises. Because only a finishing bake is necessary, simple instructions and baking times are easy for untrained store personnel to accomplish without difficulty. Instead of a fully dedicated baking facility with specialized tools and kitchens, only a simple oven is now needed. In addition, only that bread which is anticipated to be sold needs to be baked. As bread sells out through the day, more can be baked, and only if needed. Since most of the baking process occurs at the source bakery, the source bakery can ensure that their branded product will reach consumers in peak quality. Parbaking has enabled the creation of national bakery brands distributed in either supermarkets or at branded retail shops; examples include PAUL
and Brioches la Boulangere in France
;, Au Bon Pain, and Signature Breads in the United States
; and Tim Hortons
in Canada
.
Finally, the consumer benefits, because an essentially freshly baked bread is now available in markets where it may not have previously been available due to geography/other factors. Thus small towns without specialty bakeries can benefit from the choice newly made available. For example, fresh bread can be advertised to supermarket shoppers, baked within about 15 minutes of ordering, and these consumers can be introduced to a much greater variety of bread because of the willingness of the store to stock special breads, beyond the standard generic white bread, that might have been risky to carry previously.
One issue of interest is that the parbaking technique on the other hand, upsets the dynamic of the local "artisanal" producer if one already exists in a neighborhood, for example. If parbaked bread is introduced to consumers previously accustomed to such local products, and the new parbaked product is equally palatable, and available at lower cost (due to efficiencies achieved by mass distribution), the local producer may be at a disadvantage.
Cooking
Cooking is the process of preparing food by use of heat. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the world, reflecting unique environmental, economic, and cultural traditions. Cooks themselves also vary widely in skill and training...
technique in which a bread
Bread
Bread is a staple food prepared by cooking a dough of flour and water and often additional ingredients. Doughs are usually baked, but in some cuisines breads are steamed , fried , or baked on an unoiled frying pan . It may be leavened or unleavened...
or dough
Dough
Dough is a paste made out of any cereals or leguminous crops by mixing flour with a small amount of water and/or other liquid. This process is a precursor to making a wide variety of foodstuffs, particularly breads and bread-based items , flatbreads, noodles, pastry, and similar items)...
product is partially baked and then rapidly frozen for storage. The raw dough is baked as if normal, but halted at about 80% of the normal cooking time, when it is rapidly cooled and frozen. The partial cooking kills the yeast
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with 1,500 species currently described estimated to be only 1% of all fungal species. Most reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by an asymmetric division process called budding...
in the bread mixture, and sets the internal structure of the protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
s and starch
Starch
Starch or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store...
es (the spongy texture of the bread), so that it is now essentially cooked inside, but not so far as to have generated "crust" or other externally desirable qualities that are difficult to preserve once fully cooked.
The parbaked loaf of semi-cooked bread is now in a form that is relatively stable against aging, and highly suitable for transportation and storage until needed. Kept in a sealed container (which prevents moisture loss in addition to the frozen state of the bread), it appears as a risen loaf of bread, with much of the firmness of a finished loaf, but without a browned or golden crust (in the case of a normally light colored bread), and does not age or become stale like a fully baked loaf of bread.
When the final bread product is desired, the parbaked loaf is "finished off" by baking at normal temperatures for an additional 10 to 15 minutes (depending on the specific tested instructions). The final product is then, in many cases, indistinguishable from a normally baked product.
A revolution for costs and supply of bread
The simple technique of parbaking has resulted in an interesting shift in the economics, i.e. supply and demand, of freshly baked bread. The critical aspect of the technique is that it allows manufacturers of bread to prepare, and then distribute bread to a market far beyond their previous geographic limitations. In the past, the roughly one day expiration period of fresh baked bread limited the reach of small bakeries to a local market (significant transport times would waste too much of the bread's useful life). However, with a parbaked product that is essentially ageless until final baking, a bakery with formerly limited local appeal due to geography could now supply many different faraway outlets with breads ready for baking on demand.The advent of parbaking can result in significant cost savings (and thus competitive advantages) for the multiple parties involved. The source bakery benefits from being able to efficiently market to a much larger audience, because its range is no longer limited by the bread's expiration. More varieties of bread can be produced for this larger market, because of the certainty that it will be consumed eventually even if the consumer demand for the specialty bread is only at a low rate (because the product is not wasted if unconsumed). Also, commercial buyers of the bread can buy larger quantities without fear of expiration before purchase by consumers.
Supermarket
Supermarket
A supermarket, a form of grocery store, is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments...
s (secondary distributors) in the process also benefit, because the parbaking technique allows them to reduce the need for skilled bakers on their store premises. Because only a finishing bake is necessary, simple instructions and baking times are easy for untrained store personnel to accomplish without difficulty. Instead of a fully dedicated baking facility with specialized tools and kitchens, only a simple oven is now needed. In addition, only that bread which is anticipated to be sold needs to be baked. As bread sells out through the day, more can be baked, and only if needed. Since most of the baking process occurs at the source bakery, the source bakery can ensure that their branded product will reach consumers in peak quality. Parbaking has enabled the creation of national bakery brands distributed in either supermarkets or at branded retail shops; examples include PAUL
Paul
Paul may refer to:*Paul , a given name or surname -Christianity:*Paul the Apostle Paul may refer to:*Paul (name), a given name or surname (includes a list of people with that name)-Christianity:*Paul the Apostle Paul may refer to:*Paul (name), a given name or surname (includes a list of people with...
and Brioches la Boulangere in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
;, Au Bon Pain, and Signature Breads in the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
; and Tim Hortons
Tim Hortons
Tim Hortons Inc. is a Canadian fast casual restaurant known for its coffee and doughnuts. It is also Canada's largest fast food service with over 3000 stores nationwide. It was founded in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario, by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton and Jim Charade, after an initial venture in...
in Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
.
Finally, the consumer benefits, because an essentially freshly baked bread is now available in markets where it may not have previously been available due to geography/other factors. Thus small towns without specialty bakeries can benefit from the choice newly made available. For example, fresh bread can be advertised to supermarket shoppers, baked within about 15 minutes of ordering, and these consumers can be introduced to a much greater variety of bread because of the willingness of the store to stock special breads, beyond the standard generic white bread, that might have been risky to carry previously.
One issue of interest is that the parbaking technique on the other hand, upsets the dynamic of the local "artisanal" producer if one already exists in a neighborhood, for example. If parbaked bread is introduced to consumers previously accustomed to such local products, and the new parbaked product is equally palatable, and available at lower cost (due to efficiencies achieved by mass distribution), the local producer may be at a disadvantage.