Paraphasia
Encyclopedia
Paraphasia is a feature of aphasia
in which one loses the ability of speaking correctly, substitutes one word for another, and changes words and sentences in an inappropriate way. It often develops after a stroke or brain injury. The patient's speech is fluent but is error-prone, e.g. 'treen' instead of 'train'.
Paraphasia can be further sub-divided into 3 categories: Literal/phonological paraphasia, neologistic paraphasias and verbal paraphasias. In literal/phonological paraphasia, more than half of the spoken word is said correctly. An example could be saying pun instead of spun. Neologistic refers to a spoken word that is said less than half correct. Occasionally the word is not said correctly at all, for example Balenti for Banana. This sometimes occurs in the speech of patients with schizophrenia
. The last is verbal paraphasia where another word is substituted for the target word. A common example is saying dog instead of cat.
While low-frequency paraphasic errors can occur in normal speech, paraphasias (particularly phonological paraphasias) are considerably more common in Wernicke's aphasia and in Sensory Transcortical Aphasia
.
Perseverative paraphasia - previous response persists, interferes with retrieval of new responses. For an example please see the experimental case study D.L.A published by Dennis in 1976
Aphasia
Aphasia is an impairment of language ability. This class of language disorder ranges from having difficulty remembering words to being completely unable to speak, read, or write....
in which one loses the ability of speaking correctly, substitutes one word for another, and changes words and sentences in an inappropriate way. It often develops after a stroke or brain injury. The patient's speech is fluent but is error-prone, e.g. 'treen' instead of 'train'.
Paraphasia can be further sub-divided into 3 categories: Literal/phonological paraphasia, neologistic paraphasias and verbal paraphasias. In literal/phonological paraphasia, more than half of the spoken word is said correctly. An example could be saying pun instead of spun. Neologistic refers to a spoken word that is said less than half correct. Occasionally the word is not said correctly at all, for example Balenti for Banana. This sometimes occurs in the speech of patients with schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social...
. The last is verbal paraphasia where another word is substituted for the target word. A common example is saying dog instead of cat.
While low-frequency paraphasic errors can occur in normal speech, paraphasias (particularly phonological paraphasias) are considerably more common in Wernicke's aphasia and in Sensory Transcortical Aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia is caused by lesions in the inferior left temporal lobe of the brain located near Wernicke's area, and is usually due to minor hemorrhage or contusion in the temporal lobe, or infarcts of the left posterior cerebral artery...
.
- Phonemic paraphasia, also literal paraphasia - Mispronunciation, syllables out of sequence. e.g. "I slipped on the lice (ice) and broke my arm."
- Verbal paraphasia - Substitution of words
- Semantic paraphasia - The substituted word is related to the intended word. e.g. "I spent the whole day working on the television, I mean, computer."
- Remote paraphasia - The substituted word is, at most, distantly related to the intended word. e.g. "You forgot your musketeer, I mean, umbrella."
- Neologistic paraphasia - More severe mispronunciation, in which less than half the word is said correctly.
Perseverative paraphasia - previous response persists, interferes with retrieval of new responses. For an example please see the experimental case study D.L.A published by Dennis in 1976
See also
- AphasiaAphasiaAphasia is an impairment of language ability. This class of language disorder ranges from having difficulty remembering words to being completely unable to speak, read, or write....
- Wernicke's aphasia
- Dysphasia
- Speech disfluency
- Language disorderLanguage disorderLanguage disorders or language impairments are disorders that involve the processing of linguistic information. Problems that may be experienced can involve grammar , semantics , or other aspects of language...
- MalapropismMalapropismA malapropism is an act of misusing or the habitual misuse of similar sounding words, especially with humorous results. An example is Yogi Berra's statement: "Texas has a lot of electrical votes," rather than "electoral votes".-Etymology:...
Sources
- http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA336/336unit5.html
- http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paraphasia
- "I Can't Come Up with the Right Word..." by William Barr, Ph.D., ABPP
- "Semantic paraphasia" as described by Hugh W. Buckingham, Jr. and Deborah M. Rekart - Journal of Communication Disorders. Volume 12, Issue 3, 1979, Pages 197-209.
- ScienceDaily - 'Weapons Of Mass Production', I Mean, 'Mass Destruction!' How The Brain Prevents Verbal Errors, Nov 5, 2008
- Science Daily - Area Of Brain Key To Choosing Words Identified, Dec 30, 2008