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Panticapaeum (Greek
Ancient greek language

#REDIRECT Ancient Greek...
: ?a?t???pa???, Pantikápaion), present-day Kerch
Kerch

Kerch is a city on the Kerch Peninsula of eastern Crimea, is an important industrial, transport and tourist centre of Ukraine. The name comes from Old East Slavic ??????? which means throat, alluding to a narrow strait in front of the town ....
: an important Greek
Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
 city and port in Taurica
Taurica

Taurica also known as Tauris, Taurida, Tauric Chersonese, and Chersonesus Taurica was the name of Crimea in Classical antiquity....
 (Tauric Chersonese), situated on a hill (Mt. Mithridates
Mithridates

Mithridates or Mithradates is the Hellenistic form of an Iranian theophoric name, meaning "given by the deity Mithra". It may refer to:...
) on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, founded by Milesians
Miletus

Miletus was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia , near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander....
 in the late 7th–early 6th century BC.

In the 5th–4th centuries BC, the city became the residence first of the Archaeanactids
Archaeanactids

Archaeanactids : a Ancient Greek dynasty of the Kingdom of Bosporan Kingdom, ruled in 480?438 BC....
 and then of the Spartocids
Spartocids

Spartocids : a Ancient Greek dynasty of the Kingdom of Bosporan Kingdom, ruled in 438?110 BC.The following genealogy is based upon Ferdinand Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch, , , p. 400:...
, dynasties of Greek
Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
 kings of Bosporus
Bosporan Kingdom

The Bosporan Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus was an ancient state, located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus ....
, and was hence itself sometimes called Bosporus.






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Panticapaeum (Greek
Ancient greek language

#REDIRECT Ancient Greek...
: ?a?t???pa???, Pantikápaion), present-day Kerch
Kerch

Kerch is a city on the Kerch Peninsula of eastern Crimea, is an important industrial, transport and tourist centre of Ukraine. The name comes from Old East Slavic ??????? which means throat, alluding to a narrow strait in front of the town ....
: an important Greek
Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
 city and port in Taurica
Taurica

Taurica also known as Tauris, Taurida, Tauric Chersonese, and Chersonesus Taurica was the name of Crimea in Classical antiquity....
 (Tauric Chersonese), situated on a hill (Mt. Mithridates
Mithridates

Mithridates or Mithradates is the Hellenistic form of an Iranian theophoric name, meaning "given by the deity Mithra". It may refer to:...
) on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, founded by Milesians
Miletus

Miletus was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia , near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander....
 in the late 7th–early 6th century BC.

In the 5th–4th centuries BC, the city became the residence first of the Archaeanactids
Archaeanactids

Archaeanactids : a Ancient Greek dynasty of the Kingdom of Bosporan Kingdom, ruled in 480?438 BC....
 and then of the Spartocids
Spartocids

Spartocids : a Ancient Greek dynasty of the Kingdom of Bosporan Kingdom, ruled in 438?110 BC.The following genealogy is based upon Ferdinand Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch, , , p. 400:...
, dynasties of Greek
Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
 kings of Bosporus
Bosporan Kingdom

The Bosporan Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus was an ancient state, located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus ....
, and was hence itself sometimes called Bosporus. Its economic decline in the 4th–3rd centuries BC was the result of the Sarmatian
Sarmatians

The Sarmatians, Sarmat? or Sauromat? were a people of Ancient Iranian peoples origin. Mentioned by Classics authors, they migrated from Central Asia to the Ural Mountains around fifth century B.C....
 conquest of the steppes and the growing competition of Egyptian
Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an Ancient history civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile in what is now the modern nation of Egypt....
 grain. The last of the Spartocids
Spartocids

Spartocids : a Ancient Greek dynasty of the Kingdom of Bosporan Kingdom, ruled in 438?110 BC.The following genealogy is based upon Ferdinand Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch, , , p. 400:...
, Paerisades V, apparently left his realm to Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus
Pontus

Pontus or Pontos is a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day northeastern Turkey. The name was applied to the coastal region in Antiquity by the Greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea: Pontos Euxeinos , or simply Pontos....
.

This transition was arranged by one of Mithridates's generals, a certain Diophantus
Diophantus (general)

Diophantus , son of Asclepiodorus, of Sinope, was a general in the service of Mithridates VI of Pontus. Diophantus was active in Mithridates' campaigns in the Bosporan Kingdom and elsewhere around the Black Sea, although their chronology is disputed....
, who earlier was sent to Taurica to help local Greek cities against Palacus
Palacus

Palacus or Palakus was the king of Lesser Scythia who succeeded his father, Skilurus. Resuming the latter's war against Mithridates the Great, he attempted to besiege Chersonesos but was defeated by Pontic forces under Diophantus ....
 of Lesser Scythia. The takeover didn't go smoothly: Paerisades was murdered by Scythians led by Saumacus, Diophantus
Diophantus (general)

Diophantus , son of Asclepiodorus, of Sinope, was a general in the service of Mithridates VI of Pontus. Diophantus was active in Mithridates' campaigns in the Bosporan Kingdom and elsewhere around the Black Sea, although their chronology is disputed....
 escaped to return later with reinforcements and to suppress the revolt (c. 110 BC).

Half of a century later, Mithridates himself took his life in Panticapaeum, when, after his defeat in a war
Third Mithridatic War

The Third Mithridatic War was the last and longest of three Mithridatic Wars fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic. The Romans won the war, and Mithridates committed suicide, ending the menace of Pontus and conquering the Kingdom of Armenian kingdom....
 against Rome
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
, his own son and heir Pharnaces
Pharnaces II of Pontus

Pharnaces II was the son of the great Mithridates VI of Pontus, a famed enemy of the Roman Republic....
 and citizens of Panticapaeum turned against him. In 63 BC the city was partly destroyed by an earthquake. Raids by the Goths
Goths

The Goths were East Germanic tribes who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, invasion the Roman Empire and later adopted Arian Christianity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy....
 and the Huns
Huns

The Huns were a confederation of Central Asian Eurasian nomads or semi-nomads, who had established an empire in Eurasia. The Huns may have stimulated the Migration Period, a contributing factor in the collapse of the Roman Empire....
 furthered its decline, and it was incorporated into the Byzantine
Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are conventional names used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople....
 state under Justin I
Justin I

Flavius Iustinus , known in English as Justin I, was a List of Byzantine Emperors , who rose through the ranks of the army of the Byzantine Empire and ultimately became its emperor, in spite of the fact he was illiterate and almost seventy years old at the time of accession....
 in the early 6th century AD.

Pantikapey
During the first centuries of the city's existence, imported Greek articles predominated: pottery
Pottery

Pottery is the ceramic ware made by potters. Major types of pottery include earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. The places where such wares are made are called potteries....
 (see Kerch Style
Kerch Style

.The Kerch Style is an archaeological term describing vases from the final phase of Attica Red-figure pottery pottery production. Their exact chronology remains problematic, they are generally assumed to have been prodiced roughly between 375 and 330/20 BC....
), terracottas, and metal objects, probably from workshops in Rhodes
Rhodes

Rhodes is a Greece List of islands of Greece approximately southwest of Turkey in eastern Aegean Sea. It is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 117,007 of which 53,709 resided in the Rhodes capital city of the island....
, Corinth
Corinth

Corinth, or Korinth Corinth is now the capital of the Prefectures of Greece of Corinthia. The city is surrounded by the coastal townlets of Lechaio, Isthmia, Kechries, and the inland townlets of Examilia and the archaeological site....
, Samos
Samos Island

Samos is a Greece island in the North Aegean sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the Ionian coast of Turkey....
, and Athens
Athens

Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
. Local production, imitated from the models, was carried on at the same time. Athens manufactured a special type of bowl for the city, known as Kerch
Kerch

Kerch is a city on the Kerch Peninsula of eastern Crimea, is an important industrial, transport and tourist centre of Ukraine. The name comes from Old East Slavic ??????? which means throat, alluding to a narrow strait in front of the town ....
 ware. Local potters imitated the Hellenistic bowls known as the Gnathia style as well as relief wares—Megarian
Megara

Megara is an ancient city in Attica, Greece. It lies in the northern section of the Isthmus of Corinth opposite the island of Salamis Island, which belonged to Megara in archaic times, before being taken by Athens....
 bowls. The city minted silver coins from the mid 6th century BC and from the 1st century BC gold and bronze coins. The Hermitage
Hermitage Museum

The State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest museums in the world, with 3 million works of art , and one of the oldest art gallery and museums of human history and culture in the world....
 and Kerch
Kerch

Kerch is a city on the Kerch Peninsula of eastern Crimea, is an important industrial, transport and tourist centre of Ukraine. The name comes from Old East Slavic ??????? which means throat, alluding to a narrow strait in front of the town ....
 Museums contain material from the site, which is still being excavated.

Bibliography

  • Noonan, Thomas S.
    Thomas Schaub Noonan

    Thomas Schaub Noonan was an United States of America historian, Slavicist and anthropology who specialized in early Russian history and Eurasian nomad cultures....
     "The Origins of the Greek Colony at Panticapaeum", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 77, No. 1. (1973), pp. 77–81.


See also

  • List of traditional Greek place names
    List of traditional Greek place names

    This is a list of Greek place names. That is, a list of the toponym as they exist in the Greek language. This list includes:* Places involved in the history of Greek culture, including but not limited to:...


External links

  • , general of the Pontic king Mithridates VI