- For the warmed alcoholic beverage, see Hot toddy
-Variations:Although there are many variations, essential ingredients are:*a hot beverage which may be tea, coffee, cocoa, water, apple cider, etc.*an alcoholic spirit such as brandy, rum, or whisky.*usually a sweetener, such as honey, sugar or syrup....
.
Palm wine also called
Palm Toddy or simply
Toddy is an
alcoholic beverageAn alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains ethanol . Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits....
created from the
sapSap may refer to:* Plant sap, the fluid transported in xylem cells or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant* A simpleton or fool* Sap, another word for a blackjack, an easily concealed club-like weapon...
of various species of palm tree such as the
PalmyraBorassus is a genus of six species of fan palms, native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia and New Guinea. They are tall palms, capable of growing up to 30 m high. The leaves are long, fan-shaped, 2 to 3 m in length...
, and
coconut palmsThe Coconut Palm is a member of the family Arecaceae . It is the only species in the genus Cocos, and is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m long, pinnae 60–90 cm long; old leaves break away cleanly leaving the trunk smooth. The term coconut refers to the seed of the...
. This drink is common in various parts of
AsiaAsia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.6% of the earth's total surface area and with approximately 4 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population.Asia is traditionally defined as part of the...
and
AfricaAfrica is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area. With a billion people in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14.8% of the...
, and goes by various names, such as
"emu" and
"oguro" in
NigeriaNigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger...
,
nsafufuo in
GhanaThe Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa which borders Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south...
,
kallu in
South IndiaSouth India, also known as the Dravida in the Indian anthem, is the area encompassing India's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Pondicherry, occupying 19.31% of area...
,
tuak in
North SumatraNorth Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. Its capital is Medan. It is the most populous Indonesian province outside of Java.- Geography and population :...
,
IndonesiaThe Republic of Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With an estimated population of around 237 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, with the world's largest population of Muslims.Indonesia is a republic, with an...
,
goribon (Rungus) in
SabahSabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo . It is the second largest state in Malaysia after Sarawak, which it borders on its south-west. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
,
BorneoBorneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Administratively, this island is divided among Indonesia , Malaysia and Brunei . Indonesians refer to the island as Kalimantan...
, and
tuba in the
PhilippinesThe Philippines officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
,
BorneoBorneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Administratively, this island is divided among Indonesia , Malaysia and Brunei . Indonesians refer to the island as Kalimantan...
and
MexicoThe United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
. Toddy is also consumed in
Sri LankaSri Lanka , officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is an island country in South Asia, located about off the southern coast of India...
and
MyanmarBurma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia or Indochina. The country is bordered by China on the northeast, Laos on the east, Thailand on the southeast, Bangladesh on the west, India on the northwest and the Bay of Bengal to the...
. Production of palm wine has contributed to the endangered status of some palm species such as the Chilean wine palm,
Jubaea chilensis.
Tapping
The sap is extracted and collected by a tapper. Typically the sap is collected from the cut flower of the palm tree. A container is fastened to the flower stump to collect the sap. The white liquid that initially collects tends to be very sweet and non-
alcoholAn alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains ethanol . Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits....
ic before it is
fermentedFermentation in food processing typically is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination thereof, under anaerobic conditions. A more restricted definition of fermentation is the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol...
. An alternate method is the felling of the entire tree. Where this is practiced, a fire is sometimes lit at the cut end to facilitate the collection of sap. Palm wine tapping is mentioned in the novel
Things Fall ApartThings Fall Apartis a 1958 English-language novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. It is a staple book in schools throughout Africa and widely read and studied in English-speaking countries around the world. It is seen as the archetypal modern African novel in English, and one of the first African...
, by the
NigeriaNigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger...
n writer
Chinua AchebeChinua Achebe , born Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe on 16 November 1930, is a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor and critic. He is best known for his first novel, Things Fall Apart , which is the most widely read book in modern African literature.Raised by Christian parents in the Igbo village of Ogidi...
and is central to the plot of the groundbreaking novel The Palm Wine Drinkard by Nigerian author
Amos TutuolaAmos Tutuola was a Nigerian writer famous for his books based in part on Yoruba folk-tales.- Early history :Tutuola was born in Abeokuta, Nigeria, in 1920, where his parents Charles and Esther were Yoruba Christian cocoa farmers. When about 7 years old, he became a servant for F.O...
.
In parts of India, the unfermented sap is called "Neera" ("Padaneer" in Tamil Nadu) and is refrigerated, stored and distributed by semi-government agencies. A little
limeLime is a general term for calcium-containing inorganic materials, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides predominate. Strictly speaking, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. It is also the name for a single mineral of the CaO composition, occurring very rarely...
is added to the sap to prevent it from fermenting. Neera is said to contain many nutrients including potash. Palm toddy also forms the base for a drink popular in
GoaGoa is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located on the west coast of India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast.Panaji is...
, known as Goan
FennyFenny is an Indian liquor made from either coconut or the juice of the cashew apple. Fenny originated in Goa. The popular brands of fenny are 'Cashyo' , 'Reals' , and 'Big Boss'...
. Palm sap begins fermenting immediately after collection, due to natural
yeastYeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1,500 species currently described; they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans. Most reproduce asexually by budding, although a few do so by binary fission...
s in the air (often spurred by residual yeast left in the collecting container). Within two hours, fermentation yields an aromatic
wineWine is an alcoholic beverage typically made of fermented grape juice. The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients. Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast. Yeast consumes...
of up to 4% alcohol content, mildly
intoxicatingIntoxication is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. It can also refer to the effects caused by the ingestion of poison or by the overconsumption of normally harmless substances.Some types of intoxication:*A mechanism of disease....
and sweet. The wine may be allowed to ferment longer, up to a day, to yield a stronger, more sour and acidic taste, which some people prefer. Longer fermentation produces
vinegarVinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid. It also may come in a diluted form. The acetic acid concentration typically ranges from 4 to 8 percent by volume for table vinegar and higher concentrations for pickling...
instead of stronger wine. Tamil Sangam literature contains many references to Toddy (Kallu) and
TirukkuṛaḷThirukkural is a classic of couplets or Kurals or aphorisms celebrated by Tamils. It was authored by Thiruvalluvar, and is considered to be the first work to focus on ethics, in Shramana literature of India. However it begins with salutation to Adi Bhagwan. Thirukkural expounds various aspects...
contains a chapter on "Abhorrence of Toddy".
In Africa, the sap used to create palm wine is most often taken from wild date palms such as the
Silver date palmPhoenix sylvestris also known as Silver Date Palm or Sugar Date Palm, is a species of flowering plant in the palm family native to southern Pakistan and most of India. Growing in plains and scrubland to 1300 m, the fruit from this palm species is used to make wine and jelly...
(
Phoenix sylvestris), the
palmyraBorassus is a genus of six species of fan palms, native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia and New Guinea. They are tall palms, capable of growing up to 30 m high. The leaves are long, fan-shaped, 2 to 3 m in length...
, and the
JaggeryJaggery , guṛ , hakuru , panela , and rapadura , is a traditional unrefined non-centrifugal sugar consumed in Asia, Africa and South America. It is made for direct consumption...
palm (
Caryota urensCaryota urens is a species of flowering plant in the palm family from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and India where they grow in fields and rain-forest clearings. The epithet urens is Latin for 'stinging' alluding to the chemicals in the fruit. They are commonly called solitary fishtail palm, toddy palm,...
), or from
oilPalm oil is an edible plant oil derived from the pulp of the fruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis.Palm oil is naturally reddish because it contains a high amount of beta-carotene . Palm oil is one of the few vegetable oils relatively high in saturated fats...
palm such as the African Oil Palm (
Elaeis guineense) or from
Raffia palmThe Raffia palms are a genus of twenty species of palms native to tropical regions of Africa, especially Madagascar, with one species also occurring in Central and South America. They grow up to 16 m tall and are remarkable for their compound pinnate leaves, the longest in the plant kingdom;...
s ,
Kithul palms, or
NipaNipa may refer to:*Nipa Palm, Nypa fruticans*Nipa grass, Distichlis palmeri*Nipah virus, a Henipavirus*National Income and Product Accounts*National Institute of Public Administration...
palms. In India and South Asia,
coconutThe Coconut Palm is a member of the family Arecaceae . It is the only species in the genus Cocos, and is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m long, pinnae 60–90 cm long; old leaves break away cleanly leaving the trunk smooth. The term coconut refers to the seed of the...
palms and Palmyra palms such as the
ArecaceaeArecaceae or Palmae , the palm family, is a family of flowering plants, the only family in the monocot order Arecales...
and
BorassusBorassus is a genus of six species of fan palms, native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia and New Guinea. They are tall palms, capable of growing up to 30 m high. The leaves are long, fan-shaped, 2 to 3 m in length...
are preferred. In
Southern AfricaSouthern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. Within the region are numerous territories, including the Republic of South Africa ; nowadays, the simpler term South Africa is generally reserved for the country in English.-UN...
, palm wine (Ubusulu) is produced in Maputaland, an area in the south of
MozambiqueMozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. It was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498...
between the Lobombo mountains and the
Indian OceanThe Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by South Asia ; on the west by Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean...
. It is mainly produced from the lala palm (
HyphaeneHyphaene is a genus of eight species of palms which includes the Doum palm . They are unusual among palms in having regular naturally branched trunks; most other palms are single-stemmed from the ground.-References:*...
coriacea) by cutting the stem and collecting the sap. In part of central and western
Democratic Republic of the CongoThe Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country located in Central Africa, with a small length of Atlantic coastline. It is the third largest country in Africa...
, palm wine is called "malafu". There are four types of palm wine in the central and southern DRC. From the oil palm comes "ngasi", "dibondo" comes from the
raffia palmThe Raffia palms are a genus of twenty species of palms native to tropical regions of Africa, especially Madagascar, with one species also occurring in Central and South America. They grow up to 16 m tall and are remarkable for their compound pinnate leaves, the longest in the plant kingdom;...
, "cocoti" from the coconut palm, and "mahusu" from a short palm which grows in the savannah areas of western
BandunduBandundu, formerly known as Banningville or Banningstad, is a city in Mai-Ndombe Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located around 260 kilometres from Kinshasa. As of 2009 it had an estimated population of 133,080....
and
KasaiThe Kasai region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is divided administratively into Kasai-Occidental and Kasai-Oriental. It shares its name with the Kasai River....
provinces.
In
TuvaluTuvalu , formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Samoa and Fiji. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls...
, the process of making toddy can clearly be seen with tapped Palm trees that line
Funafuti International AirportFunafuti International Airport is an airport located in Funafuti, capital of the island nation of Tuvalu.-History:Funafuti Airport was built by United States Navy Seebee construction battalions in 1943 during World War II. The military airfield included an airstrip, control tower, facilities and...
.
In some areas of India, palm wine is
evaporatedEvaporation is the vaporization of a liquid and the reverse, of condensation. A type of phase transition, it is the process by which molecules in a liquid state spontaneously become gaseous . Generally, evaporation can be seen by the gradual disappearance of a liquid from a substance when exposed...
to produce the unrefined sugar called
jaggeryJaggery , guṛ , hakuru , panela , and rapadura , is a traditional unrefined non-centrifugal sugar consumed in Asia, Africa and South America. It is made for direct consumption...
.
Distilled
Palm wine may be
distilledDistillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction....
to create a stronger drink, which goes by different names depending on the region (e.g.
arrackArrack is an alcoholic beverage that is distilled mainly in South Asia and South East Asia from fermented fruit, grain, sugarcane, or the sap of coconut palms...
,
village gin,
charayam, and
country whiskey). Throughout Nigeria, this is commonly called
"ogogoroOgogoro is a west African alcoholic drink, usually brewed locally. It is most popular in Nigeria, where it is known as the country's homebrew...
". In parts of southern
GhanaThe Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa which borders Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south...
distilled palm wine is called "akpeteshi" or "burukutu". In Togo it is called "sodabe".
Social role
In India, palm wine or toddy is served as either
neeraNeera, also called Sweet Toddy or Palm Nectar is a sap extracted from Inflorescence of various species of Toddy palms. It is sweet, oyster white, and translucent like water. It is widely consumed in India, Srilanka, Africa, Malaysia, Thailand, MyanmarNeera is a non-alcoholic, and unfermented beverage...
or Padaneer (a sweet, non-alcoholic beverage derived from fresh sap) or
kallu (a sour beverage made from fermented sap, but not as strong as wine). Kallu is usually drunk soon after fermentation by the end of day, as it becomes more sour and acidic day by day. The drink, like
vinegarVinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid. It also may come in a diluted form. The acetic acid concentration typically ranges from 4 to 8 percent by volume for table vinegar and higher concentrations for pickling...
in taste, is considered to be short lived
shelf lifeShelf life is the length of time that food, drink, medicine and other perishable items are given before they are considered unsuitable for sale or consumption...
. However, it may be refrigerated to extend its life.
In
KarnatakaKarnataka is a state in the southern part of India. It was created on November 1, 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act...
, India, palm wine is usually available at toddy shops (known as "
Kalitha Gadang" in
TuluA Tülu Camel is a breed of camel that results from mating a male Bactrian camel with a female Dromedary. This breed is sometimes called an F1 Hybrid Camel. The resulting camel is larger than either a Bactrian or a Dromedary, and has traditionally been used as a draft animal. This breed of camel...
, "
Kallu Angadi" in Kannada or "Liquor Shop" in
EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, and of the United States since the mid 20th century,...
). In
Tamil NaduTamil Nadu is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by Puducherry , Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh...
, this beverage is currently banned, though the legality fluctuates with politics. In the absence of legal toddy,
moonshine| align="right"||}Moonshine is a common term for home-distilled alcohol, especially in places where this practice is illegal.The name is often assumed to be derived from the fact that moonshine producers and smugglers would often work at night...
distillers of arrack often sell
methanolMethanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with formula CH3OH . It is toxic: drinking 10 ml will cause blindness, and as little as 100 ml will cause death...
-contaminated alcohol, which can have lethal consequences. To discourage this practice, authorities have pushed for inexpensive "
Indian Made Foreign LiquorIndian Made Foreign Liquor, often abbreviated IMFL, is a term used to denote western-style hard liquors such as whisky, rum, vodka, etc, which are manufactured in India...
" (IMFL), much to the dismay of toddy tappers.
In the state of
Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh , abbreviated A.P., is a state situated on the south-eastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad...
(India), toddy is a popular drink in rural parts. The kallu is collected, distributed and sold by the people of a particular
casteA caste is a combined social system of occupation, endogamy, culture, social class, and political power. Caste should not be confused with class, in that members of a caste are deemed to be alike in function or culture, whereas not all members of a defined class may be so alike.Although Indian...
called
GoudThe Goud are one of the largest castes in Andhra Pradesh comprising more than 17% of its population. Gouds are involved in soma and Ayurvedic medicine developers in ancient days who are classified as Somavansh Kshatriyas. At present, they are involved in Palm wine/Toddy tapping, farming and modern...
or Gownla. It is a big business in the cities of those districts.
In villages, people drink it every day after work.
There are two main types of kallu in
Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh , abbreviated A.P., is a state situated on the south-eastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad...
, namely Thadi Kallu (from Toddy Palmyra trees) and Eetha Kallu (from shorter Date Palms, under 15 feet tall). Eetha Kallu is very sweet and less intoxicating, whereas Thati Kallu is stronger (sweet in the morning, becoming sour to bitter-sour in the evening) and is highly intoxicating. People enjoy kallu right at the trees where it is brought down. They drink out of leaves by holding them to their mouths while the Goud pours the kallu from the
Binki (kallu pot).
Palm wine plays an important role in many ceremonies in parts of Nigeria such as among the Igbo (or Ibo) peoples, and elsewhere in central and western Africa. Guests at weddings, birth celebrations, and funeral wakes are served generous quantities. Palm wine is often infused with medicinal herbs to remedy a wide variety of physical complaints. As a token of respect to deceased ancestors, many drinking sessions begin with a small amount of palm wine spilled on the ground ("Kulosa malafu" in Kikongo ya Leta). Palm wine is enjoyed by men and women, although women usually drink it in less public venues.
Culinary use
In the state of
KeralaKerala , is a state located in southwestern India. The state was created in 1956 on linguistc basis, bringing together those places where Malayalam formed the principal language...
(India) toddy is used in leavening (as a substitute to yeast) a local form of rice bread called the
AppamAppam , or hoppers, are a type of food in South Indian and Sri Lankan cuisine. It is called Appam in Kerala and Aappam in Tamil Nadu, Paddu or Gulle Eriyappa in Kannada and Appadam in Telugu. It is known as Appa in Sinhala. It is eaten most frequently for breakfast or dinner.Appum or aapum -...
. Toddy is mixed with rice dough and left over night to aid in fermentation and expansion of the dough resulting in the dough to rise overnight, making the bread soft when prepared.
In kerala toddy is vending under the licence issued by the excise department and it is an industry having more than 50000 employees having a welfareboard under the labour department. It is also used in the preparation of a soft variety of
IdliIdli is a savory cake popular throughout South India. The cakes are usually two to three inches in diameter and are made by steaming a batter consisting of fermented black lentils and rice. The fermentation process breaks down the starches so that they are more readily metabolized by the body...
, which is famous in the parts of
KarnatakaKarnataka is a state in the southern part of India. It was created on November 1, 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act...
and
GoaGoa is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located on the west coast of India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast.Panaji is...
in
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
.
Consumption by animals
Some small pollinating mammals consume large amounts of fermented palm nectar as part of their diet, especially the southeast Asian
Pen-tailed TreeshrewThe Pen-tailed Treeshrew is a species of treeshrew in the Ptilocercidae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. It is the only species in the genus Ptilocercus and the family Ptilocercidae...
. The infloresences of the bertam palm contain populations of
yeastYeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1,500 species currently described; they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans. Most reproduce asexually by budding, although a few do so by binary fission...
which ferments the nectar in the flowers to up to 3.8% alcohol. The treeshrews metabolize the alcohol very efficiently and do not appear to become drunk from the fermented nectar.
Names
There are a variety of regional names for Palm wine:
| State / Territory / Region | Name used |
|---|
|
mimbo, matango, mbuh |
|
panam culloo |
|
malafu ya ngasi (Kikongo) |
|
toutou |
|
doka, nsafufuo, palm wine, yabra |
GuamGuam is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States. It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government. The island's capital is Hagåtña...
|
tuba |
|
|
|
tuak in Indonesia. Especially in Batak -Ethnic groups:* Batak ** Batak languages** Batak script** Marga * Batak -Other:* Batak massacre* Batak Pony* Huria Kristen Batak Protestant* Radoslav Batak , Montenegrin football defender...
region, North SumatraNorth Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. Its capital is Medan. It is the most populous Indonesian province outside of Java.- Geography and population :...
, where the traditional bar serving tuak called lapo tuak. |
|
}. Used for both the alcoholic and nonalcoholic form.
| || kallu (கள்ளு), nira (Malay for fresh juice obtained from the blossom of the coconut, palm or sugar-palm, which can be made into sugar or the said palm wine, which is called
tuak in Malay), toddy (English), bahar (Kadazan/Dusun), goribon (Rungus)
| Maldives
MaldivesThe Maldives , or Maldive Islands, officially Republic of Maldives, is an island country in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls stretching along north-south direction off India's Lakshadweep islands, between Minicoy Island and Chagos Archipelago...
|| Dhoaraa, Rukuraa, Meeraa
| || htan yay
| || emu, oguro, ogogoro, palm wine, palmy tombo liquor, Nnmaya ngwo
| || segero, tuak
| || tuba, lambanog, bahal (Visaya)
| || ubusulu
| || poyo
| || raa (රා), kallu (கள்ளு)
| || tuaka and tua mutin, brandy is called tua sabu
| || toddy
| || rượu dừa; ruou dua ; coconut wine
|}
See also
- Palm-wine music
Palm-wine music is a West African musical genre. It evolved among the Kru people of Sierra Leone and Liberia, who used Portuguese guitars brought by sailors, combining local melodies and rhythms with Trinidadian calypso...
, a West African musical genre.
- Madurai Veeran, a deity who consumes toddy.
- Sree Muthappan, another deity who consumes toddy.
External links