Oxaliplatin

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Oxaliplatin

Oxaliplatin is a platinum

Platinum

Platinum is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pt and an atomic number of 78. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina del Pinto, which is literally translated into "little silver of the Pinto River." It is in Group 10 of the periodic table of elements....
-based chemotherapy

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer....
drug

Medication

A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine or medicament, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease....
in the same family as cisplatin

Cisplatin

Cisplatin, cisplatinum or cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum is a platinum-based chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas , lymphomas and germ cell tumors....
and carboplatin

Carboplatin

Carboplatin is a chemotherapy medication used against some forms of cancer . It was introduced in the late 1980s and has since gained popularity in clinical treatment due to its vastly reduced side-effects compared to its parent compound cisplatin....
. It is typically administered in combination with fluorouracil

Fluorouracil

Fluorouracil is a pyrimidine analog, which is used as a medication in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites....
and leucovorin in a combination known as FOLFOX

FOLFOX

FOLFOX is a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of colorectal cancer, made up of the drugs* FOL? Folinic acid * F ? Fluorouracil * OX ? Oxaliplatin ...
for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes cancerous growths in the colon , rectum and Vermiform appendix....
. Compared to cisplatin the two amine

Amine

Amines are organic compounds and functional groups that contain a base nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are derivative s of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups....
groups are replaced by cyclohexyldiamine for improved antitumour activity. The chlorine ligands are replaced by the oxalato bidentate derived from oxalic acid

Oxalic acid

Oxalic acid is the chemical compound with the chemical formula H2C2O4. This dicarboxylic acid is better described with the formula HOOCCOOH....
in order to improve water solubility.

Oxaliplatin is marketed by Sanofi-Aventis

Sanofi-Aventis

Sanofi-Aventis , headquartered in Paris, France, is a multinational pharmaceutical company. The company is the world's fourth largest List of pharmaceutical companies....
under the trademark Eloxatin or by Medac GmbH under the trademark Oxaliplatin Medac.

Mechanism of action and efficacy
Although the exact mechanism of oxaliplatin remains unclear, the cytotoxicity of platinum compounds is thought to result from inhibition of DNA synthesis.

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Encyclopedia

Oxaliplatin is a platinum

Platinum

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer....
drug

Medication

Cisplatin

Carboplatin

Fluorouracil

FOLFOX

FOLFOX is a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of colorectal cancer, made up of the drugs* FOL? Folinic acid * F ? Fluorouracil * OX ? Oxaliplatin ...
for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes cancerous growths in the colon , rectum and Vermiform appendix....
. Compared to cisplatin the two amine

Amine

Oxalic acid

Sanofi-Aventis

Mechanism of action and efficacy

Although the exact mechanism of oxaliplatin remains unclear, the cytotoxicity of platinum compounds is thought to result from inhibition of DNA synthesis. In vivo studies showed oxaliplatin has anti-tumor activity against colon carcinoma through its (non-targeted) cytotoxic effects. Median patient survival is approximately 5 months greater compared to the previous standard treatment.

Side-effects

Side-effects of oxaliplatin treatment can potentially include:

Neuropathy
Neuropathy

Neuropathy is a medical term describing disorders of the nerves of the peripheral nervous system It is usually considered equivalent to peripheral neuropathy....
, (both an acute, reversible sensitivity to cold and numbness in the hands and feet and a chronic, possibly irreversible foot/leg, hand/arm numbness, often with deficits in proprioception
Proprioception

Proprioception ; from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own" and perception) is the sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body....
)
Fatigue
Fatigue (physical)

Fatigue is a weariness caused by exertion. It can describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of wikt:lethargy to a specific work-induced burning sensation within one's muscles....
Nausea
Nausea

Nausea is the sensation of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit....
, vomiting
Vomiting

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. Undesired vomiting may result from many causes, ranging from gastritis or poisoning to brain tumors, or elevated intracranial pressure....
, and/or diarrhea
Diarrhea

In medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea , is characterized by frequent loose or liquid bowel movements. The spelling of "diarrhea" is an appropriation of the Greek "diarrhoia" meaning "a flowing through." ....
Neutropenia
Neutropenia

Neutropenia , from Latin language prefix neutro- and Greek language suffix -pe??a is a Hematology disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil....
Ototoxicity
Ototoxicity

Ototoxicity is damage of the ear , specifically the cochlea or Vestibulocochlear nerve and sometimes the vestibulum, by a toxin ....
(hearing loss)

In addition, some patients may experience an allergic reaction

Allergy

Allergy is a Disorder of the immune system often also referred to as atopy. Allergic reactions occur to Natural environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are Acquired disorder, predictable and rapid....
to platinum-containing drugs.

Oxaliplatin has less ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

Nephrotoxicity

Nephrotoxicity is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medication, on the kidney. There are various forms of toxicity....
than cisplatin and carboplatin.

History

Oxaliplatin was discovered in 1976 at Nagoya City University

Nagoya City University

, abbreviated to , is one of the public universities in Japan. The main campus is located in Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Nagoya. Other three campuses are also located in the city....
in Japan by Professor Yoshinori Kidani, who was granted U.S. Patent 4,169,846 over the drug in 1979. Oxaliplatin was subsequently in-licensed by Debiopharm

Debiopharm

Debiopharm is a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland....
, a Swiss drug company headquartered in Lausanne

Lausanne

Lausanne is a city in Romandy, the French language-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva , and facing ?vian-les-Bains and with the Jura mountains to its north-west....
and developed as an advanced colorectal cancer treatment. Debio licensed the drug to Sanofi-Aventis

Sanofi-Aventis

Patent information

Eloxatin is covered by patent numbers 5338874 (Expiry Apr 07,2013), 5420319 (Expiry Aug 08,2016), 5716988 (Expiry Aug 07,2015) and 5290961 (Expiry Jan 12, 2013) (see Electronic Orange Book patent info for Eloxatin).Orange Book. accessdata.fda.gov. URL: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/patexclnew.cfm?Appl_No=021759&Product_No=001&table1=OB_Rx http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/patexclnew.cfm?Appl_No=021759&Product_No=001&table1=OB_Rx]. Accessed on: July 22, 2007. Exclusivity code I-441, which expires on Nov 04, 2007, is for use combination with infusional 5-FU/LV for adjuvant treatment stage III colon cancer patients who have undergone complete resection primary tumor-based on improvement in disease free survival with no demonstrated benefit overall survival after 4 years. Exclusivity code NCE, New Chemical Entity, expires on Aug 09, 2007.

Additional sources

External links

- web site of manufacturer.