The Republic of Peru is a sovereign country located in western South America

South America

South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...

. Peru is bordered on the north by Ecuador

Ecuador

Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...

 and Colombia

Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...

, on the east by Brazil

Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

, on the southeast by Bolivia

Bolivia

Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...

, on the south by Chile

Chile

Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...

, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.At 165.2 million square kilometres in area, this largest division of the World...

.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization

Norte Chico civilization

The Norte Chico civilization was a complex pre-Columbian society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru...

, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire

Inca Empire

The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century...

, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America

Pre-Columbian

The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during...

. The Spanish Empire

Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire comprised territories and colonies administered directly by Spain in Europe, in America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. It originated during the Age of Exploration and was therefore one of the first global empires. At the time of Habsburgs, Spain reached the peak of its world power....

 conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty

Viceroyalty of Peru

Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima...

, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence

Independence of Peru

The Peruvian War of Independence was a series of military conflicts beginning in 1809 that culminated in the proclamation of the independence of Peru by José de San Martín on July 28, 1821. During the previous decade Peru had been a stronghold for royalists, who fought those in favor of...

 in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peru is a representative democratic republic

Republic

A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of...

 divided into 25 regions

Administrative divisions of Peru

The administrative divisions of Peru have changed from time to time, since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. The old territorial subdivisions have split or merged due to several reasons, the most common ones being the need for decentralization, and...

. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes

Andes

The Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about long, about to wide , and of an average height of about .Along its length, the Andes is split into several ranges, which are separated...

 mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin

Amazon Basin

The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries that drains an area of about , or roughly 40 percent of South America. The basin is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela...

. It is a developing country

Developing country

A developing country, also known as a less-developed country, is a nation with a low level of material well-being. Since no single definition of the term developing country is recognized internationally, the levels of development may vary widely within so-called developing countries...

 with a medium Human Development Index

Human Development Index

The Human Development Index is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate "very high human development", "high human development", "medium human development", and "low human development" countries...

 score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic

Multiethnic society

A multiethnic society is one with members belonging to more than one ethnic group, in contrast to societies which are ethnically homogenous. In practice, virtually all contemporary national societies are multiethnic...

, including Amerindians

Indigenous peoples in Peru

Indigenous people in Peru comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the country's present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500...

, European

European ethnic groups

The ethnic groups in Europe are the various ethnic groups that reside in the nations of Europe. European ethnology is the field of anthropology focusing on Europe....

s, Africans

Black people

The term black people is used in systems of racial classification for humans of a dark skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups.Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class, socio-economic status also plays a...

 and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages

Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language...

. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Peru:

General reference

• Pronunciation
  International Phonetic Alphabet
  The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...
  
  :
• Common English country name: Peru
  Peru
  Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
  
  
• Official English country name: The Republic of Peru
• Common endonym(s):
• Official endonym(s):
• Adjectival(s): Peruvian
• Demonym(s):
• Etymology
  Etymology
  Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
  
  : Name of Peru
• International rankings of Peru
  International rankings of Peru
  -Economics:* A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine: , ranked 50 out of 62 countries.* Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal: Index of Economic Freedom 2007, ranked 55 out of 157 countries....
  
  
• ISO country codes: PE, PER, 604
• ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:PE
  ISO 3166-2:PE
  ISO 3166-2:PE is the entry for Peru in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization , which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.Currently for Peru, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined...
  
  
• Internet
  Internet
  The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
  
   country code top-level domain
  Country code top-level domain
  A country code top-level domain is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, a sovereign state, or a dependent territory....
  
  : .pe
  .pe
  .pe is the Internet country code top-level domain for Peru and is managed by the Red Científica Peruana .- Second-level domains :Starting from December 8, 2007 the registry accepts registrations directly at the second level....
  
  

Geography of Peru

• Peru is: a country
• Location:
  • Southern Hemisphere
    Southern Hemisphere
    The Southern Hemisphere is the part of Earth that lies south of the equator. The word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' or "half sphere"...
    
    
  • Western Hemisphere
    Western Hemisphere
    The Western Hemisphere or western hemisphere is mainly used as a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian and east of the Antimeridian , the other half being called the Eastern Hemisphere.In this sense, the western hemisphere consists of the western portions...
    
    
    • Americas
      Americas
      The Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
      
      
      • Latin America
        Latin America
        Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages  – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
        
        
        • South America
          South America
          South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
          
          
  • Time in Peru
    Time in Peru
    Peru has one time zone, Peru Time , which is located in the UTC-5 zone, 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time . Its standard time zone abbreviation is PET. Peru does not observe daylight saving time....
    
    
    • Time zone
      Time zone
      A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. In order for the same clock time to always correspond to the same portion of the day as the Earth rotates , different places on the Earth need to have different clock times...
      
      : UTC-05
  • Extreme points of Peru
    • High: Huascarán
      Huascarán
      Huascarán or Nevado Huascarán is a mountain in the Peruvian province of Yungay, situated in the Cordillera Blanca range of the Western Andes. The highest southern summit of Huascarán is the highest point in Peru, and all the Earth's Tropics...
      
       6768 m (22,205 ft) – highest point in the Tropics
      Tropics
      The tropics is a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator. It is limited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately  N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere at  S; these latitudes correspond to the axial tilt of the Earth...
      
      
    • Low: South Pacific Ocean 0 m
  • Land boundaries: 7,461 km

 Brazil 2,995 km

 Colombia 1,800 km

 Ecuador 1,420 km

 Bolivia 1,075 km

 Chile 171 km

• Coastline: South Pacific Ocean 2,414 km
• Population of Peru: 28,750,770 (June 30, 2007) - 40th most populous country
• Area of Peru: 1285220 km² (496,226.2 sq mi) - 20th largest country
• Atlas of Peru

Environment of Peru

• Climate of Peru
  Climate of Peru
  The climate of Peru is very diverse, with a large variety of climates and microclimates, including Such a diversity is chiefly conditioned by the presence of the Andes mountains and the cold Humboldt Current....
  
  
• Environmental issues in Peru
  Environmental issues in Peru
  The principal environmental issues in Peru are water pollution, soil erosion and pollution and deforestation. Although these issues are problematic and equally destructive, the Peruvian Environmental ministry has been developing regulation and laws to decrease the amount of pollution created in...
  
  
• Ecoregions in Peru
• Renewable energy in Peru
• Geology of Peru
  • Earthquakes in Peru
    Earthquakes in Peru
    Earthquakes in Peru are common occurrences as the country is located in a seismic zone. The interface between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates is located near the Peruvian coast. These plates are converging at a rate of per year...
    
    
• Natural regions of Peru
• Protected areas of Peru
  • Biosphere reserves in Peru
  • National parks of Peru
• Wildlife of Peru
  • Flora of Peru
    Flora of Peru
    -Coastal flora:Much of the coast of Peru receives little rain, which limits the amount of vegetation that can grow along it. However, there is vegetation on the hills of Pachacamac, near the province Lima.-Jungle flora:...
    
    
  • Fauna of Peru
    • Birds of Peru
    • Mammals of Peru

Natural geographic features of Peru

• Fjords of Peru
• Glaciers of Peru
• Islands of Peru
• Lakes of Peru
• Mountains of Peru
  • Volcanoes in Peru
• Peru-Chile Trench
  Peru-Chile Trench
  The Peru-Chile Trench, also known as the Atacama Trench, is an oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 160 kilometres off the coast of Peru and Chile...
  
  
• Rivers of Peru
  • Waterfalls of Peru
• Valleys of Peru
• World Heritage Sites in Peru

Administrative divisions of Peru

• Regions of Peru
  Regions of Peru
  The regions of Peru are the first-level administrative subdivisions of Peru. Since its 1821 independence, Peru had been divided into departments but faced the problem of an increasing centralization of political and economic power in its capital, Lima...
  
  
  • Provinces of Peru
    Provinces of Peru
    The provinces of Peru, known in Spanish as provincias, are the second-level administrative subdivisions of the country. They are divided into districts . There are 195 provinces in Peru, grouped into 25 regions except for the Lima Province which does not belong to any region. This makes an average...
    
    
    • Districts of Peru
      Districts of Peru
      The districts of Peru are the third-level country subdivisions of Peru. They are subdivisions of the provinces, which in turn are subdivisions of the larger regions or departments...
      
      
      • Populated centers of Peru
        Populated centers of Peru
        The populated centers of Peru, known in Spanish as centros poblados , are the fourth-level administrative subdivisions of the country. They are subdivisions of the districts, which in turn are subdivisions of provinces, which in turn are subdivisions of the regions.-References: . Retrieved May 25,...
        
        
  • Former regions of Peru
    Former regions of Peru
    During the 1980s, then Peruvian president Alan García proposed what was supposed to be a radical restructuring of the political and economical divisions of the country: regionalization. The law, which was approved, mandated the creation of regions to function eventually as autonomous economic and...
    
    
• Municipalities of Peru
  Municipalities of Peru
  Municipalities, in Peru, are the government organizations that govern the provinces and districts of that country.-Classification:According to the Base law of Municipalities, these entities are classified in to Provincial Municipalities and District Municipalities. The provincial municipalities...
  
  

Regions of Peru

Peru is divided into 25 regions

Regions of Peru

The regions of Peru are the first-level administrative subdivisions of Peru. Since its 1821 independence, Peru had been divided into departments but faced the problem of an increasing centralization of political and economic power in its capital, Lima...

 and the province of Lima

Lima Province

Lima Province is located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions. Its capital is Lima, which is also the nation's capital....

.

Amazonas Amazonas Region Amazonas is a department of northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on the north and west, Cajamarca Department on the west, La Libertad Department on the south, and Loreto Department and San Martín Department on the east. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas.... Ancash Ancash Region Ancash is a region in northern Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad region on the north, the Huánuco and Pasco regions on the east, the Lima region on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its capital is the city of Huaraz, and its largest city and port is Chimbote... Apurímac Apurímac Region Apurímac is a region in southern-central Peru. It is bordered on the east by the Cusco Region, on the west by the Ayacucho Region, and on the south by the Arequipa and Ayacucho regions... Arequipa Arequipa Region Arequipa is a region in southwestern Peru. It is bordered by the Ica, Ayacucho, Apurímac and Cusco regions on the north; the Puno Region on the east; the Moquegua Region on the south; and the Pacific Ocean on the west... Ayacucho Ayacucho Region Ayacucho is a region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country. Its capital is the city of Ayacucho. The region was one of the hardest hit by terrorism during the 1980s during the guerrilla war waged by Shining Path known as the internal conflict in Peru.A referendum was held on... Cajamarca Cajamarca Region Cajamarca is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cajamarca. It is located in the north part of the country and shares a border with Ecuador... Callao Cusco Cusco Region Cusco is a region in Peru. It is bordered by the Ucayali Region on the north; the Madre de Dios and Puno regions on the east; the Arequipa Region on the south; and the Apurímac, Ayacucho and Junín regions on the west... Huancavelica Huancavelica Region Huancavelica is a region in Peru. Area: 22,131.47 km². Population: 447,054 . The capital is the city of Huancavelica.It is bordered by Lima Region and Ica in the west, Junín in the north, and Ayacucho in the east.... Huánuco Huánuco Region Huánuco is a region in central Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad, San Martín, Loreto and Ucayali regions on the north; the Ucayali Region on the east; the Pasco Region on the south; and the Lima and Ancash regions on the west. Its capital is the city of Huánuco.Huánuco has a rough topography... Ica Ica Region Ica is a region in Peru. It borders the Pacific Ocean on the west; the Lima Region on the north; the Huancavelica and Ayacucho regions on the east; and the Arequipa Region on the south. Its capital is the city of Ica.- Geography :... Junín Junín Region Junín is a region in the central highlands and westernmost Amazonia of Peru. Its capital is Huancayo.-Geography:The region has a very heterogeneous topography. The western cordillera located near the border with the Lima Region, has snowy and ice covered peaks. On the east, there are high glacier... La Libertad La Libertad Region La Libertad is a region in northwestern Peru. Formerly it was known as the 'Department of La Libertad" , a political division that generally corresponds to a state in the United States of America...

Lambayeque Lambayeque Region Lambayeque is a region in northwestern Peru known for its rich Moche and Chimú historical past. The region's name originates from the ancient pre-Inca civilization of the Lambayeque.-Etymology:... Lima Lima Region Lima Region, also known as Lima Provincias, is one of twenty-five regions of Peru. Located in the central coast of the country, its regional seat is Huacho.... Loreto Loreto Region Loreto is Peru's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely populated ones, due to its remote location in the Amazon Rainforest... Madre de Dios Madre de Dios Region Madre de Dios is a region in southeastern Peru, bordering Brazil, Bolivia and the Peruvian regions of Puno, Cusco and Ucayali. Its capital is the city of Puerto Maldonado. The name of the region is a very common Spanish language designation for the Virgin Mary, literally meaning Mother of... Moquegua Moquegua Region Moquegua is a small department in southern Peru that extends from the coast to the highlands. The region's name is of Quechua origin and means "quiet place". The regional capital is the city of Moquegua, but the port city of Ilo is more commercially active.... Pasco Pasco Region Pasco is a region in central Peru. Its capital is Cerro de Pasco.-Political division:The region is divided into 3 provinces , which are composed of 28 districts .-Provinces:... Piura Piura Region Piura is a coastal region in northwestern Peru. The region's capital is Piura and its largest port cities, Paita and Talara, are also among the most important in Peru... Puno Puno Region Puno is a region in southeastern Peru. It is bordered by Bolivia on the east, the Madre de Dios Region on the north, the Cusco and Arequipa regions on the west, the Moquegua Region on the southwest, and the Tacna Region on the south... San Martín San Martín Region San Martín is a region in northern Peru. Most of the region is located in the upper part of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Its capital is Moyobamba and the largest city in the region is Tarapoto.-Boundaries:* North and East: Loreto Region... Tacna Tacna Region Tacna is the southernmost region in Peru. Its name originates from the Quechua words taka and na , which would mean "a place to hit". This expression is thought to be related to the Quechua conquest of the Aymara people... Tumbes Tumbes Region Tumbes is a coastal region in northwestern Peru and southwestern Ecuador. Due to the region's location near the Equator it has a warm climate, with beaches that are considered among the finest in Peru... Ucayali Ucayali Region Ucayali is an inland region in Peru. Located in the Amazon rainforest, its name is derived from the Ucayali River. The regional capital is the city of Pucallpa.-Boundaries:... Lima Province Lima Province Lima Province is located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions. Its capital is Lima, which is also the nation's capital....

Municipalities of Peru

• Capital of Peru: Lima
  Lima
  Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima...
  
  
• Cities of Peru

Neighbours of Peru

Peru is bordered by:

• Bolivia
  Bolivia
  Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
  
  
• Brazil
  Brazil
  Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
  
  
• Chile
  Chile
  Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
  
  
• Colombia
  Colombia
  Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
  
  
• Ecuador
  Ecuador
  Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
  
  

Government and politics of Peru

Main article: Government of Peru

Government of Peru

Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. Under the current constitution, the President is the head of state and government; he or she is elected for five years and cannot seek immediate re-election, he or she must stand down for at least one full...

 and Politics of Peru

Politics of Peru

Politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is...

• Form of government
  Form of government
  A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized. Synonyms include "regime type" and "system of government".-Empirical and conceptual problems:...
  
  : presidential
  Presidential system
  A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
  
   representative democratic
  Representative democracy
  Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principle of elected individuals representing the people, as opposed to autocracy and direct democracy...
  
   republic
  Republic
  A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of...
  
  
• Capital of Peru: Lima
  Lima
  Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima...
  
  
• Census in Peru
• Communism in Peru
  Communism in Peru
  Several different left-oriented organizations refer to themselves as the Communist Party of Peru or similar names. Some are still active, others have disappeared and some joined the ranks of Shining Path or the MRTA, which participated in the internal conflict in Peru...
  
  
• Decentralization process in Peru
  Decentralization process in Peru
  Decentralization in Peru has long been a major issue in the government agenda.A referendum was held on October 30, 2005 to decide whether fifteen of the current twenty-five regions will merge to form five new, larger regions...
  
  
• Elections in Peru
  Elections in Peru
  In Peru, the people directly elect a head of state as well as a legislature. The president is elected by the people for a five year term...
  
  
  • Peruvian electoral system
    Peruvian electoral system
    The Peruvian electoral system has as its mission the planning, organization and execution of elections in Peru, as well as keeping a civil registry...
    
    
    • Voting in Peru is cumpulsory
      Compulsory voting
      Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
      
      
  • Peruvian presidential elections
    Elections in Peru
    In Peru, the people directly elect a head of state as well as a legislature. The president is elected by the people for a five year term...
    
    :   1895 - 1899 - 2000 - 2001 - 2006 - 2011
    Peruvian general election, 2011
    The Peruvian general election, 2011 took place on 10 April 2011. Since no candidate received more than half of all valid votes, a second round was necessary to determine the winner. This second round took place on 5 June and determined the successor of Alan García, as well as 130 members of the...
    
    
  • Peruvian parliamentary elections
    Elections in Peru
    In Peru, the people directly elect a head of state as well as a legislature. The president is elected by the people for a five year term...
    
    :   1978 - 1992
    Democratic Constitutional Congress
    The Democratic Constituent Congress was a Constituent Assembly created in Peru after the dissolution of Congress by President Alberto Fujimori in 1992...
    
     - 2000 - 2001 - 2006 - 2011
    Peruvian general election, 2011
    The Peruvian general election, 2011 took place on 10 April 2011. Since no candidate received more than half of all valid votes, a second round was necessary to determine the winner. This second round took place on 5 June and determined the successor of Alan García, as well as 130 members of the...
    
    
• Liberalism in Peru
  Liberalism in Peru
  This article gives an overview of liberalism in Peru. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme...
  
  
• Political parties in Peru
• 2009 Peruvian political crisis
  2009 Peruvian political crisis
  The 2009 Peruvian political crisis resulted from the ongoing opposition to oil development in the Peruvian Amazon, with local Native Americans opposing Petroperú and the National Police...
  
  
• Political scandals of Peru
• Taxation in Peru
  Taxation in Peru
  The income tax in Peru is collected by the Superintendencia Nacional de Administración Tributaria, best known as SUNAT. This country uses a system of progressive taxation on personal income, and a flat rate tax on business income.-External links:...
  
  

Executive branch of the government of Peru

• Head of state
  Head of State
  A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
  
  : President of Peru, Alan García
  • Vice Presidents of Peru (Peru has 2)
• Head of government
  Head of government
  Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
  
  : Prime Minister of Peru, Yehude Simon
  Yehude Simon
  Yehude Simon Munaro is a Peruvian politician and former Prime Minister of Peru.-Early life and family:He is of Jewish and Italian descent and was born in Lima. When he was a child his family moved to Chiclayo to further a business selling shoes...
  
  
• Cabinet
  Cabinet (government)
  A Cabinet is a body of high ranking government officials, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers, an Executive Council, or an Executive Committee.- Overview :...
  
  : Council of Ministers of Peru
  Council of Ministers of Peru
  The Cabinet of Peru is made up of all the Ministers of State. This council is presided by the President of the Council of Ministers, a position likened to that of a prime minister. That position is directly appointed by the President of the Republic...
  
  
• Ministries of Peru
  • Ministry of Agriculture of Peru
    Ministry of Agriculture of Peru
    The Ministry of Agriculture is an institution of the Peruvian Government in charge of the agricultural sector. Its headquarters are located in the nation's capital, Lima.-Overview:...
    
    
  • Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru
  • Ministry of Defense of Peru
  • Ministry of Education of Peru
  • Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru
  • Ministry of Environment of Peru
  • Ministry of Foreign Commerce and Tourism of Peru
  • Ministry of Foreign Relations of Peru
  • Ministry of Health of Peru
  • Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation of Peru
  • Ministry of the Interior of Peru
  • Ministry of Justice of Peru
  • Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment of Peru
  • Ministry of Production of Peru
  • Ministry of Transportation and Communication of Perú
  • Ministry of Women and Social Development of Peru

Legislative branch of the government of Peru

• Congress of Peru
  Congress of Peru
  The Congress of the Republic of Peru or the National Congress of Peru is the unicameral body that assumes legislative power in Peru.Congress consists of 130 members of congress , who are elected for five year periods in office on a proportional representation basis...
  
   (unicameral)
  • Members of Congress

Judicial branch of the government of Peru

• Constitutional Court of Peru - interprets the constitution on matters of individual rights
• Supreme Court of Peru
  Supreme Court of Peru
  The Supreme Court of Justice is the highest judicial court in Peru. Its jurisdiction extends over the entire territory of the nation. It is headquartered in the Palace of Justice in Lima.The supreme court is composed of three Supreme Sectors:...
  
   - located in the Palace of Justice
  Palace of Justice (Peru)
  The Palace of Justice is the seat of the Supreme Court of Peru. It is located in the Lima District of the city of Lima, capital of Peru. Construction started during the second government of Augusto B. Leguía and finished under the presidency of Óscar R. Benavides, who inaugurated the building in...
  
  
  • Superior Courts of Justice of Peru
    Superior Courts of Justice of Peru
    The Superior Courts of Justice or Superior Sectors of Peru are the second highest courts of the Judicial System of Peru. It is only second to the Supreme Court.There is one court for each Judicial District which more or less correspond with each of the 25 Regions of Peru...
    
     preside over the Judicial Districts of Peru
    Judicial Districts of Peru
    The Judicial Districts of Peru are subdivisions of the Judicial System of Peru. There are 28 Judicial Districts in Peru:#Judicial District of Amazonas#Judicial District of Ancash#Judicial District of Apurímac#Judicial District of Arequipa...
    
    
    • Courts of First Instance of Peru
      Courts of First Instance of Peru
      The Courts of First Instance are the third hierarchic level organized in the Judicial System of Peru.Each province, has a Court of First Instance...
      
       hold jurisdiction over each province
      Provinces of Peru
      The provinces of Peru, known in Spanish as provincias, are the second-level administrative subdivisions of the country. They are divided into districts . There are 195 provinces in Peru, grouped into 25 regions except for the Lima Province which does not belong to any region. This makes an average...
      
      
      • Courts of Peace of Peru
        Courts of Peace of Peru
        The Courts of Peace are the lowest hierarchic level in the Judicial System of Peru.Each district in the country has a Court of Peace. Courts of Peace have jurisdiction over minor cases and cannot try criminals...
        
         each have jurisdiction over a single district
        Districts of Peru
        The districts of Peru are the third-level country subdivisions of Peru. They are subdivisions of the provinces, which in turn are subdivisions of the larger regions or departments...
        
        

Foreign relations of Peru

• Diplomatic missions in Peru
• Diplomatic missions of Peru
  Diplomatic missions of Peru
  This is a list of diplomatic missions of Peru, excluding honorary consulates.-Europe:** Vienna ** Brussels ** Prague ** Helsinki ** Paris ** Berlin ** Frankfurt...
  
  
• Chile–Peru relations

International organization membership

The Republic of Peru is a member of:

• Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)
• Andean Community of Nations
  Andean Community of Nations
  The Andean Community is a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence with the signing of the Cartagena Agreement in 1969...
  
   (CAN)
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries that seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region...
  
   (APEC)
• Food and Agriculture Organization
  Food and Agriculture Organization
  The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialised agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and...
  
   (FAO)
• Group of 15
  Group of 15
  The Group of 15 was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement Summit Meeting in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September 1989.This informal forum was set up to foster cooperation and provide input for other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight...
  
   (G15)
• Group of 24 (G24)
• Group of 77
  Group of 77
  The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has...
  
   (G77)
• Inter-American Development Bank
  Inter-American Development Bank
  The Inter-American Development Bank is the largest source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean...
  
   (IADB)
• International Atomic Energy Agency
  International Atomic Energy Agency
  The International Atomic Energy Agency is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957...
  
   (IAEA)
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is one of five institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The IBRD is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by World War II. Now, its mission has expanded to fight...
  
   (IBRD)
• International Civil Aviation Organization
  International Civil Aviation Organization
  The International Civil Aviation Organization , pronounced , , is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth...
  
   (ICAO)
• International Criminal Court
  International Criminal Court
  The International Criminal Court is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression .It came into being on 1 July 2002—the date its founding treaty, the Rome Statute of the...
  
   (ICCt)
• International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
• International Development Association
  International Development Association
  The International Development Association , is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries. It complements the World Bank's other lending arm — the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — which serves middle-income countries with capital investment and...
  
   (IDA)
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is a humanitarian institution that is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement along with the ICRC and 186 distinct National Societies...
  
   (IFRCS)
• International Finance Corporation
  International Finance Corporation
  The International Finance Corporation promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries.IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States....
  
   (IFC)
• International Fund for Agricultural Development
  International Fund for Agricultural Development
  The International Fund for Agricultural Development , a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one of the major outcomes of the 1974 World Food Conference. IFAD is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in developing countries...
  
   (IFAD)
• International Hydrographic Organization
  International Hydrographic Organization
  The International Hydrographic Organization is the inter-governmental organisation representing the hydrographic community. It enjoys observer status at the UN and is the recognised competent authority on hydrographic surveying and nautical charting...
  
   (IHO)
• International Labour Organization
  International Labour Organization
  The International Labour Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues pertaining to international labour standards. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Its secretariat — the people who are employed by it throughout the world — is known as the...
  
   (ILO)
• International Maritime Organization
  International Maritime Organization
  The International Maritime Organization , formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization , was established in Geneva in 1948, and came into force ten years later, meeting for the first time in 1959...
  
   (IMO)
• International Mobile Satellite Organization
  International Mobile Satellite Organization
  The International Mobile Satellite Organization is the intergovernmental organization that oversees certain public satellite safety and security communication services provided via the Inmarsat satellites...
  
   (IMSO)
• International Monetary Fund
  International Monetary Fund
  The International Monetary Fund is an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world...
  
   (IMF)
• International Olympic Committee
  International Olympic Committee
  The International Olympic Committee is an international corporation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president...
  
   (IOC)
• International Organization for Migration
  International Organization for Migration
  The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization. It was initially established in 1951 as the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration to help resettle people displaced by World War II....
  
   (IOM)
• International Organization for Standardization
  International Organization for Standardization
  The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial...
  
   (ISO)
• International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
  International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
  The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human...
  
   (ICRM)
• International Telecommunication Union
  International Telecommunication Union
  The International Telecommunication Union is the specialized agency of the United Nations which is responsible for information and communication technologies...
  
   (ITU)
• International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
  International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
  The International Telecommunications Satellite Organization is an intergovernmental organisation charged with overseeing the public service obligations of Intelsat.-External links:*...
  
   (ITSO)
• International Trade Union Confederation
  International Trade Union Confederation
  The International Trade Union Confederation is the world's largest trade union federation. It was formed on November 1, 2006 out of the merger of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and the World Confederation of Labour...
  
   (ITUC)
• Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)

• Latin American Economic System
  Latin American Economic System
  The Latin American and the Caribbean Economic System, officially known as Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe , is an organization founded in 1975 to promote economic cooperation and social development between Latin American and the Caribbean countries...
  
   (LAES)
• Latin American Integration Association
  Latin American Integration Association
  The Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración is a Latin American trade integration association, based in Montevideo. Its main objective is the establishment of a common market, in pursuit of the economic and social development of the region...
  
   (LAIA)
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
  Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
  The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency is a member organization of the World Bank Group that offers political risk insurance. It was established to promote foreign direct investment into developing countries. MIGA was founded in 1988 with a capital base of $1 billion and is headquartered in...
  
   (MIGA)
• Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
• Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
• Organization of American States
  Organization of American States
  The Organization of American States is a regional international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States...
  
   (OAS)
• Permanent Court of Arbitration
  Permanent Court of Arbitration
  The Permanent Court of Arbitration , is an international organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands.-History:The court was established in 1899 as one of the acts of the first Hague Peace Conference, which makes it the oldest institution for international dispute resolution.The creation of...
  
   (PCA)
• Rio Group
  Rio Group
  - List of Summit meetings :- See also :* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, possible successor of the Rio Group* Union of South American Nations...
  
   (RG)
• Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur) (associate)
• Unión Latina
• Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
• United Nations
  United Nations
  The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
  
   (UN)
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
  The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues....
  
   (UNCTAD)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization
  United Nations Industrial Development Organization
  The United Nations Industrial Development Organization , French/Spanish acronym ONUDI, is a specialized agency in the United Nations system, headquartered in Vienna, Austria...
  
   (UNIDO)
• United Nations Mission in Liberia
  United Nations Mission in Liberia
  The United Nations Mission in Liberia is a peace-keeping force established in September 2003 to monitor a ceasefire agreement in Liberia following the resignation of President Charles Taylor and the conclusion of the Second Liberian Civil War....
  
   (UNMIL)
• United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)
• United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire
  United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire
  The United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire is a peacekeeping mission whose objective is "to facilitate the implementation by the Ivorian parties of the peace agreement signed by them in January 2003"...
  
   (UNOCI)
• United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)
• United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
  United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
  The United Nations Stabilisation Mission In Haiti , also known as MINUSTAH, an acronym of the French translation, is a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Haiti that has been in operation since 2004. The mission's military component is led by the Brazilian Army and the force commander is...
  
   (MINUSTAH)
• Universal Postal Union
  Universal Postal Union
  The Universal Postal Union is an international organization that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to the worldwide postal system. The UPU contains four bodies consisting of the Congress, the Council of Administration , the Postal Operations Council and the...
  
   (UPU)
• World Confederation of Labour
  World Confederation of Labour
  The World Confederation of Labour was an international labour organization founded in 1920 and based in Europe. Totalitarian governments of the 1930s repressed the federation and imprisoned many of its leaders, limiting operations until the end of World War II...
  
   (WCL)
• World Customs Organization
  World Customs Organization
  The World Customs Organization is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. With its worldwide membership, the WCO is recognized as the voice of the global customs community...
  
   (WCO)
• World Federation of Trade Unions
  World Federation of Trade Unions
  The World Federation of Trade Unions was established in 1945 to replace the International Federation of Trade Unions. Its mission was to bring together trade unions across the world in a single international organization, much like the United Nations...
  
   (WFTU)
• World Health Organization
  World Health Organization
  The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...
  
   (WHO)
• World Intellectual Property Organization
  World Intellectual Property Organization
  The World Intellectual Property Organization is one of the 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world"....
  
   (WIPO)
• World Meteorological Organization
  World Meteorological Organization
  The World Meteorological Organization is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 189 Member States and Territories. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization , which was founded in 1873...
  
   (WMO)
• World Tourism Organization
  World Tourism Organization
  The World Tourism Organization , based in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating to tourism. It compiles the World Tourism rankings. The World Tourism Organization is a significant global body, concerned with the collection and collation of statistical information...
  
   (UNWTO)
• World Trade Organization
  World Trade Organization
  The World Trade Organization is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade , which commenced in 1948...
  
   (WTO)

Law and order in Peru

• Capital punishment in Peru
  Capital punishment in Peru
  Capital punishment in Peru was last used in 1979. In the same year, the death penalty was abolished for ordinary crimes. It is currently legal during times of international or civil war, with several restrictions. Death sentences are allowed only for specific crimes, and may only be imposed by...
  
  
• Constitution of Peru
  Constitution of Peru
  The Constitution of Peru is the supreme law of Peru. The current constitution, enacted on December 31, 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution....
  
  
• Crime in Peru
  • Domestic violence in Peru
    Domestic violence in Peru
    Domestic violence in Peru is a problem; abuses are aggravated by insensitivity on the part of law enforcement and judicial authorities toward female victims.The law prohibits domestic violence, and penalties range from one month to six years in prison...
    
    
• Human rights in Peru
  Human rights in Peru
  Several issues were brought to Peruvian justice courts in 2000 to address several human rights violations during the Internal conflict in Peru during the 1980s. These issues constituted one of the largest processes of systematic violence in Peru's history. Many concerns remain today over the lack...
  
  
  • Abortion in Peru
    Abortion in Peru
    Abortion in Peru is currently illegal except in case of the threat to the life or health of the woman. A woman that consents to an abortion can be sentenced to up to 2 years in prison. A person that performs an illegal abortion can be sentenced to 1 to 6 years in prison.Abortion has been generally...
    
    
  • LGBT rights in Peru
    LGBT rights in Peru
    Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons in Peru may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity among consenting adults are legal. An exception was previously made for all military and police personnel, who could be punished with between 60 days to...
    
    
  • Freedom of religion in Peru
• Law enforcement in Peru
  Law enforcement in Peru
  Law enforcement in Peru is divided into a national police force and municipal police forces. The Peruvian National Police is the national police force of Peru. The PNP functions at both a state and local level...
  
  
  • National Police of Peru
    National Police of Peru
    The Peruvian National Police is the national police force of Peru. Its jurisdiction covers the nation's land, sea, and air territories. Formed from the merger of the Investigative Police, the Civil Guard, and the Republican Guard in 1988, it is one of the largest police forces in Latin America...
    
    
• Nationality law of Peru

Military of Peru

• Command
  • Commander-in-chief
    Commander-in-Chief
    A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
    
    :
    • Ministry of Defense of Peru
      • Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru
• Forces
  • Army of Peru
  • Navy of Peru
  • Air Force of Peru
  • Special forces of Peru
• Military history of Peru
• Military ranks of Peru

Local government in Peru

• Regional Governments of Peru
  Regional Governments of Peru
  Regional Governments, in the Government of Peru, is a government organization which organizes, conducts, and manages, each one of the twenty-five regions of Peru. It has political, economic, and administrative autonomy in the subjects of its matter....
  
  

History of Peru

Main article: History of Peru

History of Peru

The history of Peru spans several millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development in the mountain region and the coastal desert....

, Timeline of the history of Peru, and Current events of Peru

By period

• Ancient civilizations of Peru
  • Cultural periods of Peru
    Cultural periods of Peru
    This is a chart of cultural periods of Peru and the Andean Region developed by Edward Lanning and used by some archaeologists studying the area...
    
    
• Inca Empire
  Inca Empire
  The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century...
  
  
• Spanish conquest of Peru
• Viceroyalty of Peru
  Viceroyalty of Peru
  Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima...
  
  
• Peruvian War of Independence
• Guano era in Peru
• War of the Pacific
  War of the Pacific
  The War of the Pacific took place in western South America from 1879 through 1883. Chile fought against Bolivia and Peru. Despite cooperation among the three nations in the war against Spain, disputes soon arose over the mineral-rich Peruvian provinces of Tarapaca, Tacna, and Arica, and the...
  
  
• Colombia-Peru War
  Colombia-Peru War
  The Colombia–Peru War was an armed conflict between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru.-Civilian takeover:...
  
  
• Ecuadorian-Peruvian war
  Ecuadorian-Peruvian war
  The Ecuadorian–Peruvian War was a border war fought between July 5, 1941 and July 31, 1941, the first of three military conflicts that occurred between these two South American nations during the 20th century....
  
  
• Internal conflict in Peru
  Internal conflict in Peru
  It has been estimated that nearly 70,000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru that started in 1980 and, although still ongoing, had greatly wound down by 2000. The principal actors in the war were the Shining Path , the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and the government of Peru.A great...
  
  

By subject

• Agricultural history of Peru
  Agricultural history of Peru
  Much of the pre-history of Peru has been wrapped up in where the farmable land was located. The most populated coastal regions of Peru are the two parallel mountain ranges and the series of 20 to 30 rivers running through the coastal desert...
  
  
• Demographic history of Peru
  Demographic history of Peru
  The demographic history of Peru can be reconstructed through the population censuses carried out throughout the history of Peru. The following table provides the official results of censuses undertaken in the 19th and 20th centuries.-Notes:...
  
  
• Economic history of Peru
  Economic history of Peru
  The economic history of Peru has its traditional roots in natural resources such as mining, farming, fishing, and agriculture. In precolonial times, during the reign of the Inca empire, the economy was mainly agricultural, though it reached some animal husbandry and mining development...
  
  
• Homosexuality in ancient Peru
  Homosexuality in ancient Peru
  Some evidence for homosexuality in ancient Peru has survived since the Spanish conquest of Peru in the form of erotic ceramics...
  
  
• Military history of Peru

Culture of Peru

• Architecture of Peru
  Architecture of Peru
  Peruvian architecture is the architecture carried out during any time in what is now modern-day Peru, and by Peruvian architects worldwide. Its diversity and long history spans from ancient Peru, the Inca Empire, Colonial Peru to the present day....
  
  
• Cuisine of Peru
• Ethnic minorities in Peru
• Festivals in Peru
• Humor in Peru
• Languages of Peru
  Languages of Peru
  Peru is a multilingual nation. Its official language is Spanish and, in the zones where they are predominant, Quechua, Aymara, and other aboriginal languages. Peru is a multilingual nation. Its official language is Spanish and, in the zones where they are predominant, Quechua, Aymara, and other...
  
  
• Media in Peru
  Media in Peru
  -Newspapers:The oldest newspaper in Peru is El Peruano, which was founded by Simón Bolívar on October 22, 1825. El Peruano acts as the official newspaper of record, and all laws passed in Peru must be published in the daily. Despite El Peruanos official status, it does not have the largest...
  
  
• Metrication in Peru
  Metrication in Peru
  Peru adopted the metric system in 1862. Before, the Spanish system of measures was used. - History :In 1862 the Peruvian government decreed the metric system to be official in Peru. However, several years later the old measurements were still used...
  
  
• National symbols of Peru
  National symbols of Peru
  National symbols of Peru are the symbols that are used in Peru to represent what is unique about the nation, reflecting different aspects of the cultural life and history...
  
  
  • Coat of arms of Peru
    Coat of arms of Peru
    The coat of arms of Peru is the national symbolic emblem of Peru. Four variants are used: the coat of arms per se ; the national coat of arms, or national shield ; the great seal of the state ; and the naval coat of arms .-Description:All four share the same escutcheon or shield,...
    
    
  • Flag of Peru
    Flag of Peru
    The flag of Peru was adopted by the government of Peru in 1825. It is a vertical triband with red outer bands and a single white middle band. Depending on its use, it may be defaced with different emblems, and has different names...
    
    
  • National anthem of Peru
    National Anthem of Peru
    The Peruvian National Anthem is the national anthem of Peru. This anthem was adopted in 1821.-History:After Peru declared its independence, the general José de San Martín began a public contest to select the National March, which was published on 7 August 1821 in the Gaceta Ministerial...
    
    
  • Cockade of Peru
    Cockade of Peru
    The cockade of Peru is a popular unofficial symbol of the Peruvian nation. While an 1825 law decreed its characteristics, there is no official regulation concerning its use, and it is not recognised as a national symbol in the Peruvian Constitution. It has the same colors as the national flag:...
    
     (unofficial national symbol)
• People of Peru
  • Indigenous peoples in Peru
    Indigenous peoples in Peru
    Indigenous people in Peru comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who inhabited the country's present territory prior to its discovery by Europeans around 1500...
    
    
• Prostitution in Peru
  Prostitution in Peru
  -Legal situation:Prostitution is legal for women over 18 years of age if they register with municipal authorities and carry a health certificate. Brothels must be licensed....
  
  
• Public holidays in Peru
  Public holidays in Peru
  This is an incomplete list of public holidays in Peru.January 1New Years DayAño NuevoApril-MayHoly ThursdayJueves SantoApril-MayGood FridayViernes SantoApril-MayEaster DayDomingo Santo May 1Labor DayDía del TrabajoJune 29St. Peter and St...
  
  
• Records of Peru
• Scouting and Guiding in Peru
• Television in Peru
  Television in Peru
  Television in Peru has a history of more than fifty years. There are currently 105 television broadcasters in Peru, 22 of which are in Lima. In regard to television receivers, in 1997 there were 3,060,000 — that is 112 televisions for every thousand inhabitants...
  
  
• World Heritage Sites in Peru

Art in Peru

• Art in Peru
• Cinema of Peru
  Cinema of Peru
  While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, such as Mexico or Argentina, some Peruvian movies produced enjoyed regional success. The first Peruvian sound film was Alberto Santana's Resaca, which was released in 1934...
  
  
• Literature of Peru
• Music of Peru
  Music of Peru
  The music of Peru is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on Peru's Andean musical roots and Spanish musical influences.Native Peruvian music is dominated by the national instrument, the charango. The charango is a type of mandolin, and was invented in the Viceroyalty of Peru by musicians...
  
  
• Television in Peru
  Television in Peru
  Television in Peru has a history of more than fifty years. There are currently 105 television broadcasters in Peru, 22 of which are in Lima. In regard to television receivers, in 1997 there were 3,060,000 — that is 112 televisions for every thousand inhabitants...
  
  
• Theatre in Peru

Religion in Peru

• Buddhism in Peru
• Christianity in Peru
  • Roman Catholicism in Peru
    • Roman Catholic dioceses in Peru
• Hinduism in Peru
• Islam in Peru
  Islam in Peru
  The statistics for Islam in Peru estimate a total Muslim population of 5,000, largely based in the capital of Lima, Peru; a number which has remained static since 1980....
  
  
• Judaism in Peru
• Sikhism in Peru

Sports in Peru

• Football in Peru
  Football in Peru
  Football is the most popular sport in Peru. Football in Peru was introduced by British immigrants, Peruvians returning from Great Britain, and by English sailors in the later half of the 19th century during their frequent stops at the port of Callao, which at that point was considered one of the...
  
  
  • Chile and Peru football rivalry
    Chile and Peru football rivalry
    Peru and Chile have a rivalry that dates back from the War of the Pacific. Previously, the two nations had been on friendly terms sharing mutual alliances during the South American wars of independence and in the Chincha Islands War. Territorial, maritime, and cultural disputes have fueled tensions...
    
    
  • Football clubs in Peru
  • Football stadiums in Peru
  • Peru national football team
    Peru national football team
    The Peru national football team, known as 'el equipo inca', represents Peru in international football competition and is managed by the Peruvian Football Federation . The team competes against the other nine members of FIFA's CONMEBOL conference, which encompasses the countries of South America...
    
    
• Peru at the Olympics
• Rugby union in Peru
  Rugby union in Peru
  Rugby union in Peru is a minor but growing sport.-Governing body:The national governing body is the Unión Peruana de Rugby -The Peruvian Union:...
  
  
• Surfing in Peru
  Surfing in Peru
  For travelers from all over the World, Peru offers waves for everyone: beginners, intermediate, and advanced longboard riders alike surfers. Máncora, the largest left hand point break in the world, located in the northern coast of Peru, deserves special mention...
  
  

Economy and infrastructure of Peru

• Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 54th (fifty-fourth)

• Agriculture in Peru
• Banking in Peru
  • National Bank of Peru
  • Central Reserve Bank of Peru
• Communications in Peru
  Communications in Peru
  The technical regulator of communications in Peru is the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications, through the Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones .-Telephones:*Main fixed lines in use: 3,413,849 ....
  
  
  • Internet in Peru
  • Media in Peru
    Media in Peru
    -Newspapers:The oldest newspaper in Peru is El Peruano, which was founded by Simón Bolívar on October 22, 1825. El Peruano acts as the official newspaper of record, and all laws passed in Peru must be published in the daily. Despite El Peruanos official status, it does not have the largest...
    
    
    • Newspapers in Peru
  • List of postal codes in Peru
  • Telephone numbers in Peru
    Telephone numbers in Peru
    Country Code: +51International Call Prefix: 00Trunk Prefix: 0-Mobile telephony:* Nine digits for mobile numbers across the country...
    
    
• Companies of Peru

• Currency of Peru
  Currency
  In economics, currency refers to a generally accepted medium of exchange. These are usually the coins and banknotes of a particular government, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply...
  
  : Nuevo Sol
  Peruvian nuevo sol
  The nuevo sol plural: nuevos soles; currency sign: S/.) is the currency of Peru. It is subdivided into 100 cents, called céntimos in Spanish. The ISO 4217 currency code is PEN. It is most commonly referred to just as sol...
  
  
  • ISO 4217
    ISO 4217
    ISO 4217 is a standard published by the International Standards Organization, which delineates currency designators, country codes , and references to minor units in three tables:* Table A.1 – Current currency & funds code list...
    
    : PEN

• Economic history of Peru
  Economic history of Peru
  The economic history of Peru has its traditional roots in natural resources such as mining, farming, fishing, and agriculture. In precolonial times, during the reign of the Inca empire, the economy was mainly agricultural, though it reached some animal husbandry and mining development...
  
  
• Energy in Peru
  • Electric power in Peru
  • Energy policy of Peru
  • Oil industry in Peru
• Health care in Peru
  • HIV/AIDS in Peru
    HIV/AIDS in Peru
    Cases of HIV/AIDS in Peru are considered to have reached the level of a concentrated epidemic. According to a population-based survey conducted in Peru’s 24 largest cities in 2002, adult HIV prevalence was estimated to be less than 1 percent...
    
    
• Mining in Peru
• Peru Stock Exchange
• Tourism in Peru
  Tourism in Peru
  Tourism in Peru make up the nation's third largest industry, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is directed towards archeological monuments, ecotourism in the Peruvian Amazon, cultural tourism in colonial cities, gastronomic tourism, adventure tourism, and beach tourism. According to a Peruvian...
  
  
• Transport in Peru
  • Airports in Peru
  • Rail transport in Peru
    Rail transport in Peru
    Rail transport in Peru has never consisted of a true network, primarily comprising separate lines running inland from the coast.Many of the lines owe their origins to contracts granted to United States entrepreneurs Henry Meiggs and W. R. Grace and Company but the mountainous nature of Peru made...
    
    
  • Roads in Peru
    • Highways of Peru
      Highways of Peru
      The primary highways of Peru are assigned using a numeric designation and sometimes a name. Spur and loop routes are designated with the parent highway's number and a letter ....
      
      
• Water resources management in Peru
  Water resources management in Peru
  While Peru accounts for about four per cent of the world's annual renewable water resources, over 98% of its water is available east of the Andes, in the Amazon region. The coastal area of Peru, with most of economic activities and more than half of the population, receives only 1.8% of the...
  
  
  • Irrigation in Peru
    Irrigation in Peru
    Water resources and irrigation infrastructure in Peru vary throughout the country. The coastal region, an arid but fertile land, has about two-thirds of Peru’s irrigation infrastructure due to private and public investment aimed at increasing agricultural exports...
    
    
  • Water supply and sanitation in Peru
    Water supply and sanitation in Peru
    The water and sanitation sector in Peru has made important advances in the last two decades, including the increase of water access from 30% to 62% between 1980 and 2004. Sanitation access has also increased from 9% to 30% from 1985 to 2004 in rural areas. Advances have also been achieved...
    
    

See also

• Index of Peru-related articles
• List of Peru-related topics
• Iperu, tourist information and assistance
  Iperu, tourist information and assistance
  Iperú, Tourist Information and Assistance, or simply iperú is the free tourism office provided by the Peruvian government through the Commission for the Promotion of Export and Tourism Peru and the National Institute for Defense Competition and Protection of...
  
  
• South America Life Quality Rankings
• South America Life Quality Rankings - Economy and Finance
• South America Life Quality Rankings - Law and Justice
• List of international rankings
• Member state of the United Nations
• Outline of geography
  Outline of geography
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography:Geography – science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.- Geography is :...
  
  
• Outline of South America

External links

Government Web portal of the Peruvian Government Directory of Peruvian Government websites

General reference

• BBC
  BBC News
  BBC News is the department of the British Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the world's largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, as well as online...
  
   country profile of Peru
• Encyclopædia Britannica
  Encyclopædia Britannica
  The Encyclopædia Britannica , published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia that is available in print, as a DVD, and on the Internet. It is written and continuously updated by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 expert...
  
  entry on Peru
• Peru web directory

Other