The Republic of Kazakhstan is a landlocked sovereign country located across both Central Asia

Central Asia

Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...

 and Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the eastern part of Europe. The term has widely disparate geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region"...

. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world as well as the world's largest landlocked

Landlocked

A landlocked country is a country entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas. There are 48 landlocked countries in the world, including partially recognized states...

 country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km² (greater than Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe is a loose term for the collection of countries in the western most region of the European continents, though this definition is context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a geographic entity—the region lying in the...

). It is bordered by Russia

Russia

Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...

, Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states . Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east...

, Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan , formerly also known as Turkmenia is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic . Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states...

, Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan , officially the Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of the six independent Turkic states. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south....

 and China

People's Republic of China

China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...

. The country also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea

Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. The sea has a surface area of and a volume of...

.

Vast in size, the land in Kazakhstan is very diverse in types of terrain: flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, mountains, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, with a population density of less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.).

Kazakhstan declared itself an independent country on December 16, 1991, the last Soviet republic to do so. Its communist-era leader, Nursultan Nazarbayev

Nursultan Nazarbayev

Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev has served as the President of Kazakhstan since the nation received its independence in 1991, after the fall of the Soviet Union...

, became the country's new president. Since independence, Kazakhstan has pursued a balanced foreign policy

Foreign relations of Kazakhstan

Foreign relations of Kazakhstan are primarily based on economic and political security. The Nazarbayev administration has tried to balance relations with Russia and the United States by sending petroleum and natural gas to its northern neighbor at artificially low prices while assisting the U.S. in...

 and worked to develop its economy

Economy of Kazakhstan

The economy of Kazakhstan is the largest economy in Central Asia. It possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves as well as minerals and metals. It also has considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe lands accommodating both livestock and grain production, as well as developed space...

, especially its hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups, called hydrocarbyls....

 industry. While the country's economic outlook is improving, President Nazarbayev maintains strict control over the country's politics

Politics of Kazakhstan

The politics of Kazakhstan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Kazakhstan is head of state and nominates the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government...

. Several opposition leaders and journalists have been killed in recent years, and Western observers generally do not consider Kazakhstan's elections

Elections in Kazakhstan

Elections in Kazakhstan are held on a national level to elect a President and the Parliament, which is divided into two bodies, the Majilis and the Senate . Local elections for maslikhats are held every five years...

 to be free and fair. Nevertheless, Kazakhstan's international prestige is building. It is now considered to be the dominant state in Central Asia

Central Asia

Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...

. The country belongs to many international organizations, including the United Nations

United Nations

The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...

, NATO's Partnership for Peace

Partnership for Peace

Partnership for Peace is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union; 22 States are members...

, the Commonwealth of Independent States

Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States is a regional organization whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union....

, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation or SCO , is an intergovernmental mutual-security organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan...

. In 2010, Kazakhstan will chair the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. In 2011, it will form a customs union

Eurasian Economic Community

The Eurasian Economic Community originated from the Commonwealth of Independent States customs union between Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan on 29 March 1996...

 with Russia and Belarus

Belarus

Belarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,...

.

Kazakhstan is ethnically and culturally diverse, in part due to mass deportations of many ethnic groups to the country during Stalin's

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...

 rule. Kazakhs are the largest group, followed by Russians. Kazakhstan allows freedom of religion

Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan

The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the various religious communities worship largely without government interference. Local officials attempt on occasion to limit the practice of religion by some nontraditional groups; however, higher-level officials or courts occasionally...

, and many different beliefs are represented in the country. Islam

Islam

Islam . The most common are and .   : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...

 is the primary religion, followed by Orthodox Christianity

Orthodox Christianity

The term Orthodox Christianity may refer to:* the Eastern Orthodox Church and its various geographical subdivisions...

. The official language is Kazakh

Kazakh language

Kazakh is a Turkic language which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages, closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak....

, though Russian

Russian language

Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...

 is still commonly used for everyday communication.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Kazakhstan:

General reference

• Pronunciation
  International Phonetic Alphabet
  The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...
  
  :
• Common English country name: Kazakhstan
  Kazakhstan
  Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
  
  
• Official English country name: The Republic of Kazakhstan
• Adjectives: Kazakhstani
  Kazakhstani
  Kazakhstani may refer to:* Something of, from, or related to the country of Kazakhstan* Kazakhs or Kazakhstanis, persons from Kazakhstan, or of Kazakhstani descent. For information about the Kazakhstani people, see Demographics of Kazakhstan and Culture of Kazakhstan. For specific persons, see List...
  
  , Kazakh
• Demonym(s):
• Etymology
  Etymology
  Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
  
  : Name of Kazakhstan
• International rankings of Kazakhstan
  International rankings of Kazakhstan
  - International rankings :...
  
  
• ISO country codes: KZ, KAZ, 398
• ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:KZ
  ISO 3166-2:KZ
  ISO 3166-2:KZ is the entry for Kazakhstan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization , which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.Currently for Kazakhstan, ISO 3166-2 codes...
  
  
• Internet
  Internet
  The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
  
   country code top-level domain
  Country code top-level domain
  A country code top-level domain is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, a sovereign state, or a dependent territory....
  
  : .kz
  .kz
  .kz is the Internet country code top-level domain for Kazakhstan.Registrations can be made directly at the second level or at the third level beneath categories which have specific restrictions, and are generally limited to Kazakhstan-related entities.- Second-level domains :* .com.kz -...
  
  

Geography of Kazakhstan

• Kazakhstan is: a landlocked country
• Location:
  • Kazakhstan is a region or subregion of:
    • Northern Hemisphere
      Northern Hemisphere
      The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator...
      
       and Eastern Hemisphere
      Eastern Hemisphere
      The Eastern Hemisphere, also Eastern hemisphere or eastern hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is east of the Prime Meridian and west of 180° longitude. It is also used to refer to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia, vis-à-vis the Western Hemisphere, which includes...
      
      
      • Eurasia
        Eurasia
        Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
        
        
        • Asia
          Asia
          Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
          
          
          • Central Asia
            Central Asia
            Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
            
            
        • Europe
          Europe
          Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
          
          
          • Eastern Europe
            Eastern Europe
            Eastern Europe is the eastern part of Europe. The term has widely disparate geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region"...
            
             (a small portion only)
  • Time zone
    Time zone
    A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. In order for the same clock time to always correspond to the same portion of the day as the Earth rotates , different places on the Earth need to have different clock times...
    
    s:
    • Eastern Kazakhstan Time UTC+6
      UTC+6
      UTC+06 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +06:00. This time is used in:-As standard time :*Bangladesh - previously used this as standard time and UTC+07:00 as daylight saving time*Bhutan...
      
      
    • Western Kazakhstan Time UTC+5
      UTC+5
      UTC+05:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +05:00. This time is used in:-Central Asia:* Kazakhstan** western part - Aktobe Province, Atyrau Province, Mangystau Province, West Kazakhstan Province* Tajikistan* Uzbekistan* Turkmenistan...
      
      
  • Extreme points of Kazakhstan
    • High: Khan Tengri
      Khan Tengri
      Khan Tengri is a mountain of the Tian Shan mountain range. It is located on the China—Kyrgyzstan—Kazakhstan border, east of lake Issyk Kul. Its geologic elevation is , but its glacial cap rises to...
      
       7010 m (22,999 ft)
    • Low: Caspian Depression
      Caspian Depression
      Caspian Depression or Pricaspian/Peri-Caspian Depression/Lowland is a low-lying flatland region encompassing the northern part of the Caspian Sea, the largest enclosed body of water on Earth. It is the larger northern part of the wider Aral-Caspian Depression around the Aral and Caspian seas.The...
      
       -132 m
  • Land boundaries: 12,185 km

 Russia 6,846 km

 Uzbekistan 2,203 km

 Mainland China 1,533 km

 Kyrgyzstan 1,224 km

 Turkmenistan 379 km

• Coastline: none
• Population of Kazakhstan: 15,422,000 - 62nd most populous country
• Area of Kazakhstan: 2,724,900 km²
• Atlas of Kazakhstan

Environment of Kazakhstan

• Climate of Kazakhstan
• Environmental issues in Kazakhstan
  Environmental issues in Kazakhstan
  There are a number of environmental issues in Kazakhstan, in large part due to its years under the Soviet Union.Partly because of the country's enormous semi-arid steppe, the Soviet government used Kazakhstan as its nuclear testing site. Along with near-absent pollution controls, this has...
  
  
• Ecoregions in Kazakhstan
• Renewable energy in Kazakhstan
• Geology of Kazakhstan
• Protected areas of Kazakhstan
  • Biosphere reserves in Kazakhstan
  • National parks of Kazakhstan
• Wildlife of Kazakhstan
  Wildlife of Kazakhstan
  Wildlife of Kazakhstan includes its flora and fauna and their natural habitats.-Fauna:Animals native to Kazakhstan:*Argali*Bactrian Camel*Barbel *Beluga sturgeon*Brown Bear*Cawaq*Caspian Mldoga*Caspian Sea Wolf...
  
  
  • Flora of Kazakhstan
  • Fauna of Kazakhstan
    • Birds of Kazakhstan
    • Mammals of Kazakhstan

Natural geographic features of Kazakhstan

• Glaciers of Kazakhstan
• Islands of Kazakhstan
• Lakes of Kazakhstan
  Lakes of Kazakhstan
  Most of Kazakhstan is endorheic basin . As it is expected, the rivers flow into the numerous lakes in the basin. The most important drainage system is known as Yedisu, meaning "seven rivers" in Turkic languages. Below is the list of more important lakes. Some of these lakes are shared with the...
  
  
• Mountains of Kazakhstan
  • Volcanoes in Kazakhstan
• Rivers of Kazakhstan
  • Waterfalls of Kazakhstan
• List of World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan

Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan

• Provinces of Kazakhstan
  Provinces of Kazakhstan
  Kazakhstan is divided into 14 provinces . The provinces are further subdivided into districts .Notes:* Almaty and Astana cities have the status of State importance and do not relate to any province....
  
  
  • Districts of Kazakhstan
    Districts of Kazakhstan
    |The provinces of Kazakhstan are divided into 170 districts . The districts are listed below, by province:-Akmola:*Akkol District*Arshaly District*Astrakhan District*Atbasar District*Bulandy District*Burabay District |The provinces of Kazakhstan are divided into 170 districts (pl. ,audandar). The...
    
    
    • Municipalities of Kazakhstan

Provinces of Kazakhstan

Province Status Status symbol A status symbol is a perceived visible, external denotation of one's social position and perceived indicator of economic or social status. Many luxury goods are often considered status symbols...   Full Kazakh name Kazakh language Kazakh is a Turkic language which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages, closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak....   Timezone Akmola Akmola Province Akmola Province is a centrally located province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Kokshetau. The capital of the whole country, Astana, is enclosed in the province, but is politically separate from Akmola Province. The province's population is 748,300; Kokshetau's is 124,000. The area is 146,200...   province Ақмола облысы UTC+6 Aktobe  province Ақтөбе облысы UTC+5 Almaty Almaty Almaty , also known by its former names Verny and Alma-Ata , is the former capital of Kazakhstan and the nation's largest city, with a population of 1,348,500...   city(1) Алматы қаласы UTC+6 Almaty Province Almaty Province Almaty is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Taldykorgan, which has a population of 118,400. The province itself has 1,603,700 people.-Geography:...   province Алматы облысы UTC+6 Astana Astana Astana , formerly known as Akmola , Tselinograd and Akmolinsk , is the capital and second largest city of Kazakhstan, with an officially estimated population of 708,794 as of 1 August 2010...   city(1) Астана қаласы UTC+6 Atyrau Atyrau Province Atyrau Oblast is a province of Kazakhstan. It is situated in the west of the country around the northeast of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the city of Atyrau, with a population of 142,500 people; the province itself has 480,000 people...   province Атырау облысы UTC+5 Baikonur Baikonur Baikonur , formerly known as Leninsk, is a city in Kyzylorda Province of Kazakhstan, rented and administered by the Russian Federation. It was constructed to service the Baikonur Cosmodrome and was officially renamed Baikonur by Russian president Boris Yeltsin on December 20, 1995.The shape of the...   city(2) Байқоңыр қаласы UTC+6 East Kazakhstan  province Шығыс Қазақстан облысы UTC+6 Karagandy  province Қарағанды облысы UTC+6 Kostanay Kostanay Province Kostanay Province is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Kostanay City. The population of the province is 900,300. Population living in Kostanay is 207,000 that makes 23 % of the population of province...   province Қостанай облысы UTC+6 Kyzylorda  province Қызылорда облысы UTC+6 Mangystau  province Маңғыстау облысы UTC+5 North Kazakhstan  province Солтүстік Қазақстан облысы UTC+6 Pavlodar  province Павлодар облысы UTC+6 South Kazakhstan South Kazakhstan Province South Kazakhstan Province is the southernmost province of Kazakhstan, with a population of 2,282,500 people. Its capital is Shymkent, with 539,600 people. Other cities in South Kazakhstan include Turkestan, Sayram, Kentau, Arys, Shardara, Jetysu, Saryag'ash and Lenger...   province Оңтүстік Қазақстан облысы UTC+6 West Kazakhstan West Kazakhstan Province West Kazakhstan Province is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Oral , a city of about 200,000 inhabitants.-Geography:...   province Батыс Қазақстан облысы UTC+5 Zhambyl Zhambyl Province Jambyl Province is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Taraz. The population of the province is 1,000,000; the city is 335,100. The province borders Kyrgyzstan, and is very near Uzbekistan. Jambyl also borders three other provinces: Karagandy Province, South Kazakhstan Province and Almaty...   province Жамбыл облысы UTC+6

Notes:

• (1) Almaty
  Almaty
  Almaty , also known by its former names Verny and Alma-Ata , is the former capital of Kazakhstan and the nation's largest city, with a population of 1,348,500...
  
   and Astana
  Astana
  Astana , formerly known as Akmola , Tselinograd and Akmolinsk , is the capital and second largest city of Kazakhstan, with an officially estimated population of 708,794 as of 1 August 2010...
  
   cities have the status of State importance and do not relate to any province.
• (2) Baikonur
  Baikonur
  Baikonur , formerly known as Leninsk, is a city in Kyzylorda Province of Kazakhstan, rented and administered by the Russian Federation. It was constructed to service the Baikonur Cosmodrome and was officially renamed Baikonur by Russian president Boris Yeltsin on December 20, 1995.The shape of the...
  
   city has a special status because it is currently being leased to Russia
  Russia
  Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
  
   with Baikonur cosmodrome
  Baikonur Cosmodrome
  The Baikonur Cosmodrome , also called Tyuratam, is the world's first and largest operational space launch facility. It is located in the desert steppe of Kazakhstan, about east of the Aral Sea, north of the Syr Darya river, near Tyuratam railway station, at 90 meters above sea level...
  
   through the year 2050.

Districts of Kazakhstan

Province	District(s)
Akmola Province Akmola Province Akmola Province is a centrally located province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Kokshetau. The capital of the whole country, Astana, is enclosed in the province, but is politically separate from Akmola Province. The province's population is 748,300; Kokshetau's is 124,000. The area is 146,200...	Akkol District Akkol District Akkol is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. Akkol is the administrative center of the district.-References:... Arshaly District Arshaly District Arshaly is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Arshaly town.-References:... Astrakhan District Astrakhan District Astrakhan is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Astrakhan town.-References:... Atbasar District Atbasar District Atbasar is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Atbasar.-References:... Bulandy District Bulandy District Bulandy is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan.Makinsk is the administrative center of the district.... Egindikol District Egindikol District Egindikol is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Egindikol town.... Enbekshilder District Enbekshilder District Enbekshilder is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Stepnyak town.... Ereymentau District Ereymentau District Ereymentau is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Ereymentau.... Esil District, Akmola Province Esil District, Akmola Province Esil is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Esil.... Korgalzhyn District Korgalzhyn District Korgalzhyn is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Korgalzhyn town.... Sandyktau District Sandyktau District Sandyktau is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Balkashin.... Shortandy District Shortandy District Shortandy is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Shortandy town.... Shuchinsk District Shuchinsk District Burabay District is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Schuchinsk.On September 3, 2009 Schuchinsk District was renamed to Burabay District... Zerendi District Zerendi District Zerendi is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zerendi.... Zhaksy District Zhaksy District Zhaksy is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhaksy town.... Zharkain District Zharkain District Zharkain is a district of Akmola Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Barankol....
Aktobe Province	Alga District Alga District Alga is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Alga town.... Ayteke Bi District Ayteke Bi District Ayteke Bi is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Bogetkol town.... Bayganin District Bayganin District Bayganin is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Bayganin town.... Kargaly District Kargaly District Kargaly is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Badamsha town.... Kobda District Kobda District Kobda is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kobda town.... Khromtau District Khromtau District Khromtau is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Khromtau town.... Martuk District Martuk District Martuk is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Martuk town.... Mugalzhar District Mugalzhar District Mugalzhar is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kandyagash town.... Oiyl District Oiyl District Oiyl is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Oiyl town.... Shalkar District Shalkar District Shalkar is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Shalkar town.... Temir District Temir District Temir is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Temir town.... Yrgyz District Yrgyz District Yrgyz is a district of Aktobe Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Yrgyz town....
Almaty Province Almaty Province Almaty is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Taldykorgan, which has a population of 118,400. The province itself has 1,603,700 people.-Geography:...	Aksu District, Almaty Province Aksu District, Almaty Province Aksu District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhansugirov town.... Alakol District Alakol District Alakol District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Usharal town.The Tunkuruz Hydroelectric Power Plant is located in the district.... Balkhash District Balkhash District Balkhash District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Bakanas town.... Enbekshikazakh District Enbekshikazakh District Enbekshikazakh District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Esik town.... Eskeldi District Eskeldi District Eskeldi District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Karabulak town.... Ile District, Kazakhstan Ile District, Kazakhstan Ile District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Otegen Batyr town.... Karasay District Karasay District Karasay District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kaskelen town.... Karatal District Karatal District Karatal District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Ushtobe town.... Kerbulak District Kerbulak District Kerbulak District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Saryozek town.... Koksu District Koksu District Koksu District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Balpyk Bi town. It is named after the largest river in the area: Koksu River.... Panfilov District, Kazakhstan Panfilov District, Kazakhstan Panfilov District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zharkent town.... Raiymbek District Raiymbek District Raiymbek District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kegen town.... Sarkant District Sarkant District Sarkand District or Sarkant District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Sarkand town.... Talgar District Talgar District Talgar District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Talgar town.It consists of an alluvial apron formed by the Talgar River, extending northwards from the glacier peaks of the Zaiilisky Alatau , an extension of the northern flanks of the... Uygur District Uygur District Uygur District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Chundzha town.... Zhambyl District, Almaty Province Zhambyl District, Almaty Province Zhambyl District is a district of Almaty Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Uzynagash town....
Atyrau Province Atyrau Province Atyrau Oblast is a province of Kazakhstan. It is situated in the west of the country around the northeast of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the city of Atyrau, with a population of 142,500 people; the province itself has 480,000 people...	Inder District Inder District Inder District is a district of Atyrau Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Inderbor town.... Isatay District Isatay District Isatay District is a district of Atyrau Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Akkystau town.... Kurmangazy District Kurmangazy District Kurmangazy District is a district of Atyrau Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Ganyushkino town.... Kyzylkoga District Kyzylkoga District Kyzylkoga District is a district of Atyrau Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Miyaly town.... Makat District Makat District Makat District is a district of Atyrau Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Makat town.... Makhambet District Makhambet District Makhambet District is a district of Atyrau Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Makhambet town.... Zhylyoi District Zhylyoi District Zhylyoi District is a district located in the southeastern region of Atyrau Province in Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the city of Kulsary....
East Kazakhstan Province	Abay District, East Kazakhstan Abay District, East Kazakhstan Abay is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Karauyl.-References:... Ayagoz District Ayagoz District Ayagoz is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Ayagoz city.The district is served by Turkestan-Siberia Railway. Aktogay station, located within the district, is an important junction.... Beskaragay District Beskaragay District Beskaragay is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Beskaragay town.-References:... Borodulikha District Borodulikha District Borodulikha is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Borodulikha town.-References:... Glubokoe District Glubokoe District Glubokoe is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Glubokoe town.-References:... Katonkaragay District Kokpekti District Kokpekti District Kokpekti is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kokpekti town.-References:... Kurshim District Kurshim District Kurshim is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kurshim town.-References:... Shemonaikha District Shemonaikha District Shemonaikha is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Shemonaikha town.-References:... Tarbagatay District Tarbagatay District Tarbagatay is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Aksuat.-Climate:... Ulan District Ulan District Ulan is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Molodezhnıy town.-References:... Urzhar District Urzhar District Urzhar is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Urzhar town.-References:... Zaysan District Zaysan District Zaysan is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zaysan town.-References:... Zharma District Zharma District Zharma is a district of East Kazakhstan Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Georgievka town.-References:... Zyryanovsk District
Karagandy Province	Abay District, Karagandy Province Abay District, Karagandy Province Abay is a district of Karagandy Province in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Abay.-References:... Aktogay District, Karagandy Province Aktogay District, Karagandy Province Aktogay is a district of Karagandy Province in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Aktogay town.-References:... Bukhar-Zhyrau District Bukhar-Zhyrau District Bukhar-Zhyrau is a district of Karagandy Province in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Botakara town.-References:... Karkaraly District Karkaraly District Karkaraly is a district of Karagandy Province in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Karkaraly town.-References:... Nura District Nura District Nura is a district of Karagandy Province in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kievka town.-References:... Osakarov District Osakarov District Osakarov is a district of Karagandy Province in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Osakarovka town.-References:... Shet District Shet District Shet is a district of Karagandy Province in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Aksu-Ayuly town.-References:... Ulytau District Ulytau District Ulytau is a district of Karagandy Province in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Ulytau, town.The natural landscape of the district is characterized by low mountains, conical-shaped hills, plains, river valleys and lakes.... Zhanaarka District Zhanaarka District Zhanaarka is a district of Karagandy Province in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Atasu town.-References:...
Kostanay Province Kostanay Province Kostanay Province is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Kostanay City. The population of the province is 900,300. Population living in Kostanay is 207,000 that makes 23 % of the population of province...	Altynsarin District Altynsarin District Altynsarin is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Obagan town.-References:... Amangeldi District Amangeldi District Amangeldi is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Amangeldi town.-References:... Auliekol District Auliekol District Auliekol is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Auliekol town.-References:... Denisov District Denisov District Denisov is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Denisovka town.-References:... Fyodorov District Fyodorov District Fyodorov is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Fyodorovka town.-References:... Kamysty District Kamysty District Kamysty is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kamysty town.-References:... Karabalyk District Karabalyk District Karabalyk is a district of Kostanay Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Karabalyk town.-References:... Karasu District Karasu District Karasu is a district of Kostanay Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Karasu town.-References:... Kostanay District Kostanay District Kostanay is a district of Kostanay Province in eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zatobolsk town.-References:... Mendykara District Mendykara District Mendykara is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Borovskoy town.-References:... Nauyrzym District Nauyrzym District Nauyrzym is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Dokuchaevka town.-References:... Sarykol District Sarykol District Sarykol is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Sarykol town.-References:... Taran District Taran District Taran is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Taran town.-References:... Uzunkol District Uzunkol District Uzunkol is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Uzunkol town.-References:... Zhangeldi District Zhangeldi District Zhangeldi is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Torgay town.-References:... Zhetikara District Zhetikara District Zhetikara is a district of Kostanay Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhetikara town.-References:...
Kyzylorda Province	Aral District Aral District Aral is a district of Kyzylorda Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Aral city.-Further reading:* Bissell, Tom. . Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia. Pantheon Books, New York. ISBN 0-375-42130-0.... Karmakshy District Karmakshy District Karmakshy is a district of Kyzylorda Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhosaly town.-References:... Kazaly District Kazaly District Kazaly is a district of Kyzylorda Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kazaly town.-References:... Shieli District Shieli District Shieli is a district of Kyzylorda Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Shieli town.-References:... Syrdariya District Syrdariya District Syrdariya is a district of Kyzylorda Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Terenozek town.-References:... Zhalagash District Zhalagash District Zhalagash is a district of Kyzylorda Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhalagash town.-References:... Zhanakorgan District Zhanakorgan District Zhanakorgan is a district of Kyzylorda Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhanakorgan town.-References:...
North Kazakhstan	Aiyrtau District Aiyrtau District Aiyrtau is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Saumalkol town.-References:... Akkayin District Akkayin District Akkayin is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Smirnovo town.... Akzhar District Akzhar District Akzhar is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Talshyk town.-References:... Esil District, North Kazakhstan province Esil District, North Kazakhstan Province Esil District is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Yavlenka town.-References:... Gabit Musirepov District Gabit Musirepov District Gabit Musirepov is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Novoishimka town.-References:...  (Tselinniy) Kyzylzhar District Magzhan Zhumabaev District Magzhan Zhumabaev District Magzhan Zhumabaev is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Bulaevo town.-References:...  (Bulaev) Mamlyut District Mamlyut District Mamlyut is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Mamlyutka town.-References:... Shal akyn District Shal akyn District Shal akyn is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Sergeevka town.-References:...  (Sergeev) Taiynsha District Taiynsha District Taiynsha is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Taiynsha town.-Demography:Kazakhs 26,8 % Polish 22,4 % Russian 21,7 % Ukrainian 12,7 %... Timiryazev District Timiryazev District Timiryazev is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Timiryazevo town.-References:... Ualikhanov District Ualikhanov District Ualikhanov is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kishkenekol town.-References:... Zhambyl District, North Kazakhstan Province Zhambyl District, North Kazakhstan Province Zhambyl District is a district of North Kazakhstan Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Presnovka town.-References:...
Pavlodar Province	Akku District Akku District Akku is a district of Pavlodar Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Akku town.-References:... Aktogay District, Pavlodar Province Aktogay District, Pavlodar Province Aktogay is a district of Pavlodar Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Aktogay town.-References:... Bayanaul District Bayanaul District Bayanaul is a district of Pavlodar Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Bayanaul town.-References:... Ertis District Ertis District Ertis is a district of Pavlodar Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Ertis town.-References:... Kashyr District Kashyr District Kashyr is a district of Pavlodar Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kashyr town.-References:... May District Pavlodar District Pavlodar District Pavlodar is a district of Pavlodar Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Pavlodar city.-References:... Sharbakty District Sharbakty District Sharbakty is a district of Pavlodar Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Sharbakty town.-References:... Uspen District Uspen District Uspen is a district of Pavlodar Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Uspenka town.-References:... Zhelezin District Zhelezin District Zhelezin is a district of Pavlodar Province in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhelezinka town.-References:...
South Kazakhstan Province South Kazakhstan Province South Kazakhstan Province is the southernmost province of Kazakhstan, with a population of 2,282,500 people. Its capital is Shymkent, with 539,600 people. Other cities in South Kazakhstan include Turkestan, Sayram, Kentau, Arys, Shardara, Jetysu, Saryag'ash and Lenger...	Baydibek District Baydibek District Baydibek is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Shayan town.-References:... Kazygurt District Kazygurt District Kazygurt is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kazygurt town.-References:... Maktaaral District Maktaaral District Maktaaral is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhetisay town.-References:... Ordabasy District Ordabasy District Ordabasy is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Temirlan town.-References:... Otyrar District Otyrar District Otyrar is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Shauildir town.... Saryagash District Saryagash District Saryagash is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Saryagash town.-References:... Sayram District Sayram District Sayram is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Aksu town. The historic city of Sayram is located in this district, and gives it its name.-References:... Shardara District Shardara District Shardara is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Shardara town.-References:... Sozak District Sozak District Sozak is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Sholakkorgan town.-References:... Tole Bi District Tole Bi District Tole Bi is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Lenger town.-References:... Tulkibas District Tulkibas District Tulkibas is a district of South Kazakhstan Province in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Turar Ryskulov town.-References:...
West Kazakhstan Province West Kazakhstan Province West Kazakhstan Province is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Oral , a city of about 200,000 inhabitants.-Geography:...	Akzhaik District Akzhaik District Akzhaik is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Ulbishin town.As of 2005 the district had an area of 45,500 km² and had a population of 25,200.-References:... Bokey Orda District Bokey Orda District Bokey Orda is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Saykyn town.-References:... Borili District Borili District Borili is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Aksay town.-References:... Karatobe District Karatobe District Karatobe is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Karatobe town.- References :... Kaztal District Kaztal District Kaztal is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kaztalovka town.-References:... Shyngyrlau District Shyngyrlau District Shyngyrlau is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Shyngyrlau town.-References:... Syrym District Syrym District Syrym is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhympity town.-References:... Taskala District Taskala District Taskala is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Kamenka.-References:... Terekti District Terekti District Terekti is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Fedorovka town.-References:... Zelenov District Zelenov District Zelenov is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Peremetnoe town.-References:... Zhanakala District Zhanakala District Zhanakala is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhanakala town.- References :... Zhanybek District Zhanybek District Zhanybek is a district of West Kazakhstan Province in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhanybek town.-References:...
Zhambyl Province Zhambyl Province Jambyl Province is a province of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Taraz. The population of the province is 1,000,000; the city is 335,100. The province borders Kyrgyzstan, and is very near Uzbekistan. Jambyl also borders three other provinces: Karagandy Province, South Kazakhstan Province and Almaty...	Bayzak District Bayzak District Bayzak is a district of Zhambyl Province in south-eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Sarykemer town.... Korday District Korday District Korday is a district of Zhambyl Province in south-eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Korday town.... Merke District Moiynkum District Moiynkum District Moiynkum is a district of Zhambyl Province in south-eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Moiynkum town.... Sarysu District Sarysu District Sarysu is a district of Zhambyl Province in south-eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Zhanatas town. It is named after the Sarysu River.... Shu District Shu District Shu is a district of Zhambyl Province in south-eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Tole bi town.... Talas District Talas District Talas District may refer to:*Talas District, Kazakhstan*Talas District, Kyrgyzstan... Turar Ryskulov District Turar Ryskulov District Turar Ryskulov is a district of Zhambyl Province in south-eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Kulan town.... Zhambyl District, Zhambyl Province Zhualy District Zhualy District Jualy is a district of Jambyl Province in southeastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Bauyrjan Momyshuly town....

Municipalities of Kazakhstan

• Capital of Kazakhstan: Capital of Kazakhstan
• Cities of Kazakhstan

Government and politics of Kazakhstan

Main article: Government of Kazakhstan

Government of Kazakhstan

The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan oversees a presidential republic. The President of Kazakhstan, currently Nursultan Nazarbayev, is head of state and nominates the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government...

 and Politics of Kazakhstan

Politics of Kazakhstan

The politics of Kazakhstan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Kazakhstan is head of state and nominates the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government...

• Form of government
  Form of government
  A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized. Synonyms include "regime type" and "system of government".-Empirical and conceptual problems:...
  
  : presidential republic
• Capital of Kazakhstan: Capital of Kazakhstan

• Elections in Kazakhstan
  Elections in Kazakhstan
  Elections in Kazakhstan are held on a national level to elect a President and the Parliament, which is divided into two bodies, the Majilis and the Senate . Local elections for maslikhats are held every five years...
  
  
  • (specific elections)
• Political parties in Kazakhstan
• Political scandals of Kazakhstan
• Taxation in Kazakhstan
  Taxation in Kazakhstan
  The main legal act establishing and regulating taxation in Kazakhstan is the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Taxes and Other Obligatory Payments to the Budget...
  
  

Executive branch of the government of Kazakhstan

• Head of state
  Head of State
  A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
  
  : Nursultan Nazarbayev
  Nursultan Nazarbayev
  Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev has served as the President of Kazakhstan since the nation received its independence in 1991, after the fall of the Soviet Union...
  
  , President of Kazakhstan
  President of Kazakhstan
  President of Kazakhstan is the head of state, supreme commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Kazakhstan. The authorities of this position are described in special section of Constitution of Kazakhstan....
  
  
• Head of government
  Head of government
  Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
  
  : Karim Masimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
  Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
  -Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars:*Viktor Radus-Zenkovich *Mukhamedkhafiy Murzagaliyev *Saken Seyfullin *Nygmet Nurmakov...
  
  
• Cabinet of Kazakhstan

Legislative branch of the government of Kazakhstan

• Parliament of Kazakhstan
  Parliament of Kazakhstan
  The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the bicameral legislature of Kazakhstan, according to the 1995 Constitution of Kazakhstan. The lower house is the Majilis, with 77 seats, elected to four year terms, 67 in single seat constituencies and 10 by proportional representation...
  
   (bicameral)
  • Upper house
    Upper house
    An upper house, often called a senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house; a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral.- Possible specific characteristics :...
    
    : Senate of Kazakhstan
    Senate of Kazakhstan
    The Senate of Kazakhastan is the upper house of two chambers in Kazakhstan's legislature, known as the Parliament . The Senate has 47 members, 40 of whom are elected for six-year terms in double-seat constituencies by the local assemblies, half renewed every two years; and 7 presidential...
    
    
  • Lower house
    Lower house
    A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.Despite its official position "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide the lower house has come to wield more power...
    
    : Mazhilis

Judicial branch of the government of Kazakhstan

• Supreme Court of Kazakhstan

Foreign relations of Kazakhstan

• Diplomatic missions in Kazakhstan
• Diplomatic missions of Kazakhstan
  Diplomatic missions of Kazakhstan
  This is a list of diplomatic missions of Kazakhstan, excluding honorary consulates. Kazakhstan is a landlocked Central Asian country.-Europe:** Vienna ** Baku ** Minsk ** Brussels ** Sofia...
  
  

International organization membership

The Republic of Kazakhstan is a member of:

• Asian Development Bank
  Asian Development Bank
  The Asian Development Bank is a regional development bank established on 22 August 1966 to facilitate economic development of countries in Asia...
  
   (ADB)
• Collective Security Treaty Organization
  Collective Security Treaty Organization
  The Collective Security Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance which was signed on 15 May 1992. On 7 October 2002, the Presidents of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed a charter in Tashkent founding the CSTO.Nikolai Bordyuzha was appointed...
  
   (CSTO)
• Commonwealth of Independent States
  Commonwealth of Independent States
  The Commonwealth of Independent States is a regional organization whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union....
  
   (CIS)
• Economic Cooperation Organization
  Economic Cooperation Organization
  The Economic Cooperation Organization is an intergovernmental organization involving seven Asian and three Eurasian nations, part of the South-central Asian Union. It provides a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade, and investment opportunities. The ECO is an ad hoc...
  
   (ECO)
• Eurasian Economic Community
  Eurasian Economic Community
  The Eurasian Economic Community originated from the Commonwealth of Independent States customs union between Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan on 29 March 1996...
  
   (EAEC)
• Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
  Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
  The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council , a NATO institution, is a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in Europe and those parts of Asia on the European periphery. The member states meet to cooperate and consult on a range of political and security issues...
  
   (EAPC)
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  Founded in 1991, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 30 countries from central Europe to central Asia. Its mission was to support the formerly communist countries in the process of establishing their...
  
   (EBRD)
• Food and Agriculture Organization
  Food and Agriculture Organization
  The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialised agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and...
  
   (FAO)
• General Confederation of Trade Unions
  General Confederation of Trade Unions
  The General Confederation of Trade Unions or GCTU is an international trade union confederation. It was founded April 16, 1992 and incorporates members from the Commonwealth of Independent States....
  
   (GCTU)
• International Atomic Energy Agency
  International Atomic Energy Agency
  The International Atomic Energy Agency is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957...
  
   (IAEA)
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is one of five institutions that compose the World Bank Group. The IBRD is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by World War II. Now, its mission has expanded to fight...
  
   (IBRD)
• International Civil Aviation Organization
  International Civil Aviation Organization
  The International Civil Aviation Organization , pronounced , , is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth...
  
   (ICAO)
• International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
• International Development Association
  International Development Association
  The International Development Association , is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries. It complements the World Bank's other lending arm — the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development — which serves middle-income countries with capital investment and...
  
   (IDA)
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is a humanitarian institution that is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement along with the ICRC and 186 distinct National Societies...
  
   (IFRCS)
• International Finance Corporation
  International Finance Corporation
  The International Finance Corporation promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries.IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States....
  
   (IFC)
• International Fund for Agricultural Development
  International Fund for Agricultural Development
  The International Fund for Agricultural Development , a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one of the major outcomes of the 1974 World Food Conference. IFAD is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in developing countries...
  
   (IFAD)
• International Labour Organization
  International Labour Organization
  The International Labour Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues pertaining to international labour standards. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Its secretariat — the people who are employed by it throughout the world — is known as the...
  
   (ILO)
• International Maritime Organization
  International Maritime Organization
  The International Maritime Organization , formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization , was established in Geneva in 1948, and came into force ten years later, meeting for the first time in 1959...
  
   (IMO)
• International Monetary Fund
  International Monetary Fund
  The International Monetary Fund is an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world...
  
   (IMF)
• International Olympic Committee
  International Olympic Committee
  The International Olympic Committee is an international corporation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president...
  
   (IOC)
• International Organization for Migration
  International Organization for Migration
  The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization. It was initially established in 1951 as the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration to help resettle people displaced by World War II....
  
   (IOM)
• International Organization for Standardization
  International Organization for Standardization
  The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial...
  
   (ISO)
• International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
  International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
  The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human...
  
   (ICRM)
• International Telecommunication Union
  International Telecommunication Union
  The International Telecommunication Union is the specialized agency of the United Nations which is responsible for information and communication technologies...
  
   (ITU)

• International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
  International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
  The International Telecommunications Satellite Organization is an intergovernmental organisation charged with overseeing the public service obligations of Intelsat.-External links:*...
  
   (ITSO)
• Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
• Islamic Development Bank
  Islamic Development Bank
  The Islamic Development Bank is a multilateral development financing institution located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It was founded by the first conference of Finance Ministers of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference , convened 23 Dhu'l Qa'dah 1393 AH.The bank officially began its activities on...
  
   (IDB)
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
  Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
  The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency is a member organization of the World Bank Group that offers political risk insurance. It was established to promote foreign direct investment into developing countries. MIGA was founded in 1988 with a capital base of $1 billion and is headquartered in...
  
   (MIGA)
• Nonaligned Movement (NAM) (observer)
• Nuclear Suppliers Group
  Nuclear Suppliers Group
  Nuclear Suppliers Group is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials.- History :It was founded in...
  
   (NSG)
• Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
• Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
• Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
• Organization of American States
  Organization of American States
  The Organization of American States is a regional international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States...
  
   (OAS) (observer)
• Partnership for Peace
  Partnership for Peace
  Partnership for Peace is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union; 22 States are members...
  
   (PFP)
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization
  Shanghai Cooperation Organization
  The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation or SCO , is an intergovernmental mutual-security organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan...
  
   (SCO)
• United Nations
  United Nations
  The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
  
   (UN)
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
  The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues....
  
   (UNCTAD)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization
  United Nations Industrial Development Organization
  The United Nations Industrial Development Organization , French/Spanish acronym ONUDI, is a specialized agency in the United Nations system, headquartered in Vienna, Austria...
  
   (UNIDO)
• Universal Postal Union
  Universal Postal Union
  The Universal Postal Union is an international organization that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to the worldwide postal system. The UPU contains four bodies consisting of the Congress, the Council of Administration , the Postal Operations Council and the...
  
   (UPU)
• World Confederation of Labour
  World Confederation of Labour
  The World Confederation of Labour was an international labour organization founded in 1920 and based in Europe. Totalitarian governments of the 1930s repressed the federation and imprisoned many of its leaders, limiting operations until the end of World War II...
  
   (WCL)
• World Customs Organization
  World Customs Organization
  The World Customs Organization is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. With its worldwide membership, the WCO is recognized as the voice of the global customs community...
  
   (WCO)
• World Federation of Trade Unions
  World Federation of Trade Unions
  The World Federation of Trade Unions was established in 1945 to replace the International Federation of Trade Unions. Its mission was to bring together trade unions across the world in a single international organization, much like the United Nations...
  
   (WFTU)
• World Health Organization
  World Health Organization
  The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...
  
   (WHO)
• World Intellectual Property Organization
  World Intellectual Property Organization
  The World Intellectual Property Organization is one of the 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 "to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world"....
  
   (WIPO)
• World Meteorological Organization
  World Meteorological Organization
  The World Meteorological Organization is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 189 Member States and Territories. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization , which was founded in 1873...
  
   (WMO)
• World Tourism Organization
  World Tourism Organization
  The World Tourism Organization , based in Madrid, Spain, is a United Nations agency dealing with questions relating to tourism. It compiles the World Tourism rankings. The World Tourism Organization is a significant global body, concerned with the collection and collation of statistical information...
  
   (UNWTO)
• World Trade Organization
  World Trade Organization
  The World Trade Organization is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade , which commenced in 1948...
  
   (WTO) (observer)

Law and order in Kazakhstan

• Capital punishment in Kazakhstan
• Constitution of Kazakhstan
  Constitution of Kazakhstan
  The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest law of Kazakhstan, as stated in Article 4. The Constitution was approved by referendum on 30 August 1995.-Preamble:...
  
  
• Crime in Kazakhstan
• Human rights in Kazakhstan
  Human rights in Kazakhstan
  The human rights situation in Kazakhstan has been an area of concern for many outside governmental and non-governmental observers. Observer group Freedom House ranks this former Soviet state with a 6 in Political Rights and a 5 in Civil Liberties , denoting it as "Not Free."The website of the US...
  
  
  • LGBT rights in Kazakhstan
    LGBT rights in Kazakhstan
    Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons in Kazakhstan may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity is legal in Kazakhstan, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal...
    
    
  • Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan
    Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan
    The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the various religious communities worship largely without government interference. Local officials attempt on occasion to limit the practice of religion by some nontraditional groups; however, higher-level officials or courts occasionally...
    
    
• Law enforcement in Kazakhstan
  Law enforcement in Kazakhstan
  Law enforcement in Kazakhstan is handled by the Kazakhstan police and law courts, largely unchanged from the era of Soviet control, and is shared between the country's National Security Committee, Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Office of the Procurator General.-Organisation:The police force...
  
  

Military of Kazakhstan

• Command
  • Commander-in-chief
    Commander-in-Chief
    A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
    
    :
    • Ministry of Defence of Kazakhstan
• Forces
  • Army of Kazakhstan
  • Navy
    Navy
    A navy is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake- or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions...
    
     of Kazakhstan: None
  • Air Force of Kazakhstan
  • Special forces of Kazakhstan
• Military history of Kazakhstan
• Military ranks of Kazakhstan

History of Kazakhstan

Main article: History of Kazakhstan

History of Kazakhstan

The history of Kazakhstan describes the human past in the Eurasia's largest segment of the steppe belt that was the home and crossroads for numerous human groups starting with extinct Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus 1 mln - 800,000 in the Karatau Mountains, Caspian and Balkhash areas; Neanderthals...

, Timeline of the history of Kazakhstan, and Current events of Kazakhstan

• Economic history of Kazakhstan
• Military history of Kazakhstan

Culture of Kazakhstan

• Architecture of Kazakhstan
• Cuisine of Kazakhstan
• Festivals in Kazakhstan
• Humor in Kazakhstan
• Languages of Kazakhstan
• Media in Kazakhstan
• National symbols of Kazakhstan
  • Coat of arms of Kazakhstan
    Coat of arms of Kazakhstan
    The emblem of Kazakhstan was adopted on June 4, 1992. The authors of the emblem are Jandarbek Melibekov and Shota Walikhanov. About 245 projects and 67 description designs of the future arms took part in the final competition.-Overview:...
    
    
  • Flag of Kazakhstan
    Flag of Kazakhstan
    The current flag of Kazakhstan or Kazakh flag was adopted on 4 June 1992, replacing the flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The flag was designed by Shaken Niyazbekov.-Description:...
    
    
  • National anthem of Kazakhstan
• People of Kazakhstan
  • Kazakhs
    Kazakhs
    The Kazakhs are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
    
    
  • Ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan
    • Russians in Kazakhstan
      Russians in Kazakhstan
      There has been a substantial population of Russians in Kazakhstan since the 19th century. Although their numbers have been reduced since the breakup of the Soviet Union, they remain prominent in Kazakh society today.-Early colonization:...
      
      
    • Koreans in Kazakhstan
    • Germans of Kazakhstan
      Germans of Kazakhstan
      The Germans of Kazakhstan are a minority in Kazakhstan, and make up a small percentage of the population. Today they live mostly in the northeastern part of the country between the cities of Astana and Oskemen, the majority being urban dwellers...
      
      
    • Armenians in Kazakhstan
      Armenians in Kazakhstan
      Armenians in Kazakhstan are ethnic Armenians living in the Republic of Kazakhstan. There are an estimated 25,000 Armenians living within the country today.-History:...
      
      
    • Greeks in Kazakhstan
      Greeks in Kazakhstan
      The Greeks of Kazakhstan are mainly the descendants of Pontic Greek who were deported there by Stalin, from southern Russia and the Caucasus region in 1949....
      
      
    • Kazakh Jews
• Prostitution in Kazakhstan
• Public holidays in Kazakhstan
• Records of Kazakhstan
• Religion in Kazakhstan
  Religion in Kazakhstan
  Islam is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by Russian Orthodox Christianity. According to a 2009 national census, 70.2% of Kazakhstan's population is Muslim, 20.6% Christian, 0.1% Buddhists, 0.2% others , and 2.8% non-believers, while 0.5% chose to not to answer.The majority are Sunni of...
  
  
  • Buddhism in Kazakhstan
  • Christianity in Kazakhstan
    Christianity in Kazakhstan
    Christianity in Kazakhstan is the second most practiced religion after Islam. About one-third of the population of Kazakhstan identifies as Christian. The majority of Christian citizens are Russians, including Ukrainians and Belarusians, who belong to the Russian Orthodox Church...
    
    
  • Hinduism in Kazakhstan
    Hinduism in Kazakhstan
    Hindus in Kazakhstan are mainly of the ISKCON sect and by expatriate Hindus from India.The Indian community in Central Asia, which comprises Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, numbers only 2732 out of a total population of 55.5 million...
    
    
  • Islam in Kazakhstan
    Islam in Kazakhstan
    Islam is the largest religion practiced in Kazakhstan, as 70% of the country's population is Muslim according to a 2009 national census. Ethnic Kazakhs are predominantly Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi school. From its Geography, Kazakhstan is the northernmost Muslim-majority country in the world...
    
    
  • Judaism in Kazakhstan
  • Sikhism in Kazakhstan
• List of World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan

Art in Kazakhstan

• Art in Kazakhstan
• Cinema of Kazakhstan
• Literature of Kazakhstan
• Music of Kazakhstan
  Music of Kazakhstan
  The modern state of Kazakhstan is home to the Kazakh State Kurmangazy Orchestra of Folk Instruments, the Kazakh State Philharmonic Orchestra, the Kazakh National Opera and the Kazakh State Chamber Orchestra. The folk instrument orchestra was named after Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly, a famous composer and...
  
  
• Television in Kazakhstan
• Theatre in Kazakhstan

Sports in Kazakhstan

• Football in Kazakhstan
  Football in Kazakhstan
  Football in Kazakhstan is governed by the national body the Football Federation of Kazakhstan. The FFK organises the men's, women's and futsal national teams.-History:...
  
  
• Kazakhstan at the Olympics
  Kazakhstan at the Olympics
  Kazakhstan first participated at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then...
  
  

Economy and infrastructure of Kazakhstan

• Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 55th (fifty-fifth)

• Agriculture in Kazakhstan
  Agriculture in Kazakhstan
  Agriculture in Kazakhstan remains a small scale sector of Kazakhstan's economy. Agriculture's contribution to the GDP is under 10% - it was recorded as 6.7%, and as occupying only 20% of labor. At the same time, more than 70% of its land is occupied in crops and animal husbandry...
  
  
• Banking in Kazakhstan
  • National Bank of Kazakhstan
    National Bank of Kazakhstan
    -History:The National Bank was formed on April 13, 1993 with the reorganisation of the of the Soviet era Kazakh Republican bank to become the central bank of Kazakhstan.-External links:...
    
    
• Communications in Kazakhstan
  Communications in Kazakhstan
  This article provides an overview of the communications infrastructure of the country of Kazakhstan.The information was taken from CIA World FactBook :Telephones - main lines in use:5.928 million Telephones - mobile cellular:...
  
  
  • Internet in Kazakhstan
• Companies of Kazakhstan
• Currency of Kazakhstan
  Currency
  In economics, currency refers to a generally accepted medium of exchange. These are usually the coins and banknotes of a particular government, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply...
  
  : Tenge
  Kazakhstani tenge
  The tenge is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tïın . It was introduced on 15th of November 1993 to replace the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 tenge = 500 rubles...
  
  
  • ISO 4217
    ISO 4217
    ISO 4217 is a standard published by the International Standards Organization, which delineates currency designators, country codes , and references to minor units in three tables:* Table A.1 – Current currency & funds code list...
    
    : KZT
• Economic history of Kazakhstan
• Energy in Kazakhstan
  Energy in Kazakhstan
  Energy in Kazakhstan describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Kazakhstan. Energy policy of Kazakhstan describes the politics of Kazakhstan related to energy.Kazakhstan is net energy exporter...
  
  
  • Energy policy of Kazakhstan
    Energy policy of Kazakhstan
    Kazakhstan owns large reserves of energy resources, and therefore the energy policy of Kazakhstan has influence over the world's overall energy supply. Although Kazakhstan has not described itself as an energy superpower, Kazakhstan's president Nursultan Nazarbayev has claimed Kazakhstan will...
    
    
  • Oil industry in Kazakhstan
• Health care in Kazakhstan
• Mining in Kazakhstan
• Kazakhstan Stock Exchange
  Kazakhstan Stock Exchange
  The Kazakhstan Stock Exchange is the principal stock exchange in Kazakhstan. It is located in Almaty and was founded in 1993 as the Kazakh Interbank Currency Exchange...
  
  
• Tourism in Kazakhstan
• Transport in Kazakhstan
  Transport in Kazakhstan
  For transport in the Soviet Union, see Transport in the Soviet Union.- Railways :total:15,300 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial linesbroad gauge:15,300 km of gauge...
  
  
  • Airports in Kazakhstan
  • Rail transport in Kazakhstan
  • Roads in Kazakhstan
• Water supply and sanitation in Kazakhstan

See also

• Index of Kazakhstan-related articles
  Index of Kazakhstan-related articles
  Below is the list of Kazakhstan related articles. - General :KazakhstanOutline of KazakhstanCoat of arms of KazakhstanFlag of KazakhstanNational anthem-Mountains:...
  
  
• List of Kazakhstan-related topics
• List of international rankings
• Member state of the United Nations
• Outline of Asia
  Outline of Asia
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Asia:Asia – world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
  
  
• Outline of geography
  Outline of geography
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography:Geography – science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.- Geography is :...
  
  

External links

• Government of Kazakhstan
• President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
• Atlas of Kazakhstan
• BBC News Country Profiles - Kazakhstan
• CIA World Factbook - Kazakhstan
• U.S. Department of State - Kazakhstan includes links to various reports
• The World Bank - Kazakhstan development issues
• Library of Congress - A Country Study: Kazakhstan last updated March 1996
• Kazakhstan: Humanitarian Country Profile - UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs