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Otto Braun (Li De)
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Otto Braun (28 September 1900 in Ismaning – 15 August 1974 in Varna) was a German Communist with a long and varied career.
His most significant role was as a Comintern agent sent to China in 1934, to advise the Communist Party of China (CPC) on military strategy during the Chinese Civil War. At the time Braun adopted a Chinese name, Li De(??); it was only many years later that Otto Braun and "Li De" came to be known as the one and the same person.
Early life
Otto Braun was born in Ismaning (near to Munich).
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Encyclopedia
Otto Braun (28 September 1900 in Ismaning – 15 August 1974 in Varna) was a German Communist with a long and varied career.
His most significant role was as a Comintern agent sent to China in 1934, to advise the Communist Party of China (CPC) on military strategy during the Chinese Civil War. At the time Braun adopted a Chinese name, Li De(??); it was only many years later that Otto Braun and "Li De" came to be known as the one and the same person.
Early life
Otto Braun was born in Ismaning (near to Munich). Even though his mother was not dead, he grew up in an orphanage.
He enrolled at a teachers' training college in Pasing in the Munich area. At June 1918 Braun was drafted into the ranks of the Bavarian army, part of the Imperial German Army - but the First World War ended before he could face combat duty.
After the armistice he went back to complete his studies at the teachers' training college. However, he did not take a job as a primary school teacher. Rather, he joined the newly-founded Communist Party of Germany (KPD), embarking on what would be a lifelong vocation and career, and traveled widely, mainly in North Germany.
Communist activity in the 1920s and early 1930s
It seems that it was in 1921 that Braun became a full-time paid KPD party worker.
He was involved in an affair concerning the stealing of some sensitive documents from Colonel Freyberg, a White Russian emigre based in Berlin. For his part in this he was detained by the police in July 1921. He was put on trial but managed to hide his Communist antecedents and convince the court that he was a "right-winger" - which, due to the bias often exhibited by the judicial system of the Weimar Republic, helped him get off with a light sentence. In fact, he did not go to jail, but went into hiding.
By that time, he was already a central member of the KPD apparatus, not only regularly writing articles for the party papers but also heading after 1924 the party's "counter-espionage" and deeply involved in its militia and semi-military activities.
The police caugt up with him again at September 1926, when he had to first serve his "Freyberg sentence" of 1922 and than kept on in detention at the Moabit Prison. However, on April 11, 1928, a band of Communists including his then lover Olga Benario succeeded in staging his jail break.
Though the daring escape got worldwide publicity, the hunted Braun and Benario were able to make their way to Moscow, where they became involved in the International Communist Movement. Both of them were at Lenin School operated by the Comintern. Braun went to the Frunze Military Academy while Benário worked as an instructor of the Communist Youth International, in the Soviet Union and then in France and Great Britain, where she participated in coordinating anti-fascist activities.
Braun and Benário parted ways in 1931. She went on to marry the famous Brazilian revolutionary leader Luís Carlos Prestes and go to live in his country - finally to be arrested by the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship, be extradited to her death at the hands of the Gestapo and be remembered as a martyr by the Brazilian and German Left. For his part, Otto Braun embarked on the most significant - and in some ways, the most controversial - part of his revolutionary career, as the Comintern representative in China.
In China
In 1932, following his graduation at the Frunze Academy, Soviet Military Intelligence's Fourth Directorate dispatched Braun to Harbin in Manchuria, China. From there he traveled to Shanghai.
In that city, Otto Braun joined the local Comintern bureau. There he was in military affairs under the orders of "General Kleber" (nom de guerre of Manfred Stern), who maintained a "military section" in the city, and in political issues under Arthur Ewert, a fellow German Communist.
However, Shanghai was at that time a backwater in in Chinese revolutionary affairs - the local Communist movement having been effectively crushed by the Kuomintang (KMT) in a terrible bloodbath a few years earlier. In the later part of 1933 Braun managed to arrive in Ruijin, at that time capital of the "Chinese Soviet Republic" set up by the surviving Chinese Communists (CPC), where he became a military adviser.
The precise circumstances of his getting this appointment and his activities in the following years are still debated with some aspects remaining unclear. As noted by Freddy Litten, who thoroughly researched this part of Otto Braun's career, "[Braun]'s memoirs are an important, though dubious, source for the events of these years" .
At that time the Kuomintang - perceiving the Communists as a dangerous threat to its rule - launched a series of vigorous attacks on the CPC in urban areas. Its forces came near to Ruijin, which was in danger of being surrounded and became untenable. The CPC initiated the Long March to escape this danger. Braun, under his assumed Chinese name "Li De" was nearly the only foreigner to participate in the Long March, and might have even been the original proposer of the idea of embarking on such a march in an effort to reach the safer interior of China.
In the later part of 1934 Braun/Li De assumed a position of command in the early First Front Army, together with Zhou Enlai and Bo Gu - with authority to make all military decisions. Braun advocated that the First Front Army directly attack the far larger and better equipped KMT Army. The First Front Army's suffered great causalities, so that CPC forces fell drastically, from 86,000 to about 25,000, within a year.
In 1935, the CPC met at the Zunyi Conference where Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai expressed their opposition to De, Gu, and their tactics. Mao argued that the direct attacks were costing lives, and suggested that their smaller, poorer equipped forces should run and surround the KMT, using the guerilla tactics for which Mao was to become famed. (Mao was already distrusting towards European advisors from the Comintern, especially considering that in the 1920s earlier such advisers such the Dutch Henk Sneevliet had given Chinese Communists disastrous advice.)
Other military wing leaders agreed with Mao, so Braun and Bo Gu were removed as the military commanders, with Mao taking Braun's position. After this conference, the Comintern was pushed aside, and "Native Communists" took control of the CPC.
Still, Braun stayed in China until 1939 and participated in the Long March along with the CPC. No longer holding a military command, he was mainly involved in advisory work and some teaching of tactics.
Though never returning to China after leaving in 1939, for the rest of his life he continued to show interest in Chinese affairs.
Soviet period in the 1940s
In 1939 Braun arrived in the Soviet Union. At the time, that was a very dangerous place for foreign Communists, many of whom - including German Communists - were imprisoned, tortured or killed by Stalin's secret police (NKVD), despite being completely loyal to the revolutionary cause and having often undergone persecution for its sake in their own countries. Braun managed to avoid such a fate, though he did face some political difficulties immediately upon his arrival.
The Moscow Foreign Languages Press gave him emplyment as an editor and translator. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, use was made of his German antecedents by making him a "polit-instrukteur" striving to turn the loyalty of German officer captured by the Soviets. In that role he used an old alias from the 1920s, "Kommissar Wagner". He later performed a similar tactic towards captive Japanese officers as well.
Between 1946 and 1948 he was based at Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast where he lectured in the Antifascist Central School. Afterwards he had another period of working in the Moscow Foreign Languages Press.
Return to Germany and later years
Only after the death of Stalin was Otto Braun allowed to return to his homeland after nearly three decades of exile.
Following his arrival at the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) Braun became a fellow at the Institute for Marxism-Leninism maintained by the Central Committee of ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED), as the Communist Party was officially called. His main responsibility was the publication in German of the writings of Lenin.
He was First Secretary German Writers' Association between 1961 and 1963, when he fell from grace. Already in his middle sixties, he was for some time a pensioner doing some freelance translation from Russian.
His return to the authorities' good books was evident when in 1964 the ruling party's organ "Neues Deutschland" carried the revelation that the otherwise unknown Li De, involved in the Chinese Long March of the 1930s, had been in fact none other than the German Otto Braun.
This gave Braun the possibility and the impetus to write his "Chinese Notes". As mentioned, researchers consider these as full of interesting and useful information, and useful as offering a different angle to that of official Chinese Communist historiography - but far from objective or impartial. They were written in the late 1960s, when Braun was also a fellow of Institute for Social Sciences. The memoirs were published in book form at 1973 and translated to Chinese, English and other tongues.
Braun died at age 74, while on vacation in Varna, Bulgaria. He was buried in East Berlin, and his obituaries appeared not only in "Pravda", but also in "The New York Times"
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