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Ossetic language
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Ossetian (???? ?????, Iron ævzag or ??????, Ironau), also sometimes called Ossete, is an East Iranian language spoken in Ossetia, a region on the slopes of the Caucasus Mountains.
The area in Russia is known as North Ossetia-Alania, while the area south of the border is referred to as South Ossetia, recognized by Russia and Nicaragua as an independent state but by the rest of the international community as part of Georgia. Ossetian speakers number about 525,000, sixty percent of whom live in Alania, and ten percent in South Ossetia.
tian is the spoken and literary language of the Ossetes, a people living in the central part of the Caucasus and constituting the basic population of the republic of North Ossetia-Alania, which belongs to the Russian Federation, and of the South Ossetia, which is de facto independent (belongs to the Georgian Republic according to most other states).
Ossetian belongs to the Northern subgroup of the Eastern-Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages.
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Encyclopedia
Ossetian (???? ?????, Iron ævzag or ??????, Ironau), also sometimes called Ossete, is an East Iranian language spoken in Ossetia, a region on the slopes of the Caucasus Mountains.
The area in Russia is known as North Ossetia-Alania, while the area south of the border is referred to as South Ossetia, recognized by Russia and Nicaragua as an independent state but by the rest of the international community as part of Georgia. Ossetian speakers number about 525,000, sixty percent of whom live in Alania, and ten percent in South Ossetia.
History and classification
Ossetian is the spoken and literary language of the Ossetes, a people living in the central part of the Caucasus and constituting the basic population of the republic of North Ossetia-Alania, which belongs to the Russian Federation, and of the South Ossetia, which is de facto independent (belongs to the Georgian Republic according to most other states).
Ossetian belongs to the Northern subgroup of the Eastern-Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages. Thus, it is genetically related to the other Eastern-Iranian languages, e.g. Pashto and Yaghnobi.
From deep Antiquity (since the 7th-8th centuries B.C.), the languages of the Iranian group were distributed in a vast territory including present-day Iran (Persia), Central Asia, and Southern Russia. Ossetian is the sole survivor of the northeastern branch of Iranian languages known as Scythian. The Scythian group included numerous tribes, known in ancient sources as the Scythians, Massagetae, Saka, Sarmatians, Alans and Roxolans. The more easterly Khorezmians and the Sogdians were also closely affiliated, in linguistic terms.
Ossetian, together with Kurdish, Tati and Talyshi, is one of the main Iranian languages with a sizeable community of speakers in the Caucasus. It is descended from Alanic, the language of the Alans, medieval tribes emerging from the earlier Sarmatians. It is believed to be the only surviving descendant of a Sarmatian language. The closest genetically related language is the Yaghnobi language of Tajikistan, the only other living member of the Northeastern Iranian branch. Ossetian has a plural formed by the suffix -ta, a feature it shares with Yaghnobi, Sarmatian and the now-extinct Sogdian; this is taken as evidence of a formerly wide-ranging Iranian-language dialect continuum on the Central Asian steppe. The Greek-derived names of ancient Iranian tribes in fact reflect this pluralization, e.g. Saromatae (Sa??µ?ta?) and Masagetae (?asa??ta?).
The evidence for Medieval Ossetian
The earliest known written sample of Ossetian is an inscription which dates from the 10th to 12th centuries CE and was found near the River Bolshoi Zelenchuk at Arkhyz. The text is written in the Greek alphabet, with special digraphs.
This transliterates as
This translates to English as "K., son of S., son of I., son of B., son of A.; [this is] their monument."
The only other extant record of Proto-Ossetic are the two lines of "Alanic" phrases appearing in the Theogony of John Tzetzes, a twelfth-century Byzantine poet and grammarian:
The italicized portions above are Ossetian. Going beyond a direct transliteration of the Greek text, scholars have attempted a phonological reconstruction using the Greek as clues, thus, while t (tau) would usually be given the value "t," it instead is "d," which is thought to be the way the early Ossetes would have pronounced it. The scholarly transliteration of the Alanic phrases is: "dæ ban x?ærz,mæ sfili, (æ)xsinjæ kur?i kændæ" and "du farnitz, kintzæ mæ sfili, kajci fæ wa sawgin?"; equivalents in modern Ossetian would be "Dæ bon xwarz, me’fšini ‘xšinæ, kurdigæj dæ?" and "(De’) f(s)arm nec(ij), kinzi œfšini xœcc(œ) (ku) fœwwa sawgin". The passage translates as:
There are also recently found marginalia to Greek religious books with some parts (like headlines) of the book translated into Old Ossetic.
It is theorized that during the Proto-Ossetic phase, Ossetian underwent a process of phonological change conditioned by a Rhythmusgesetz or "Rhythm-law" whereby nouns were divided into two classes, those heavily or lightly stressed. "Heavy-stem" nouns possessed a "heavy" long vowel or diphthong, and were stressed on the first-occurring syllable of this type; "light-stem" nouns were stressed on their final syllable. This is precisely the situation observed in the earliest (though admittedly scanty) records of Ossetian presented above. This situation also obtains in Modern Ossetian, although the emphasis in Digor is also affected by the "openness" of the vowel. The trend is also found in a Jassic glossary dating from 1422.
Dialects
There are two important dialects: Iron and Digor—the former being the more widely spoken. Written Ossetian may be immediately recognized by its use of the æ, a letter to be found in no other language using the Cyrillic alphabet. A third dialect of Ossetian, Jassic, was formerly spoken in Hungary. The overwhelming majority of Ossetes speak the Iron dialect, and the literary language is based on it. The creator of the Ossetian literary language is the national poet Kosta Xetagurov (1859-1906).
Grammar
According to Ossetian researcher V.I. Abaev,
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica 2006 Ossetian preserves many archaic features of Old Iranian, such as eight cases and verbal prefixes. The eight cases are not, however, the original Indo-Iranian cases, which were eroded due to pronunciation changes. The modern cases, except the nominative, are derived from a single surviving oblique case that was reanalyzed into seven new cases by Ossetian speakers. This is reminiscent of the Tocharian languages.
Writing system
Prior to the Russian conquest, Ossetian was reportedly an unwritten language. After the Russian conquest Ossetians used Cyrillic script: the first Ossetian book being published in Cyrillic letters in 1798. At the same time Georgian script was used in some regions to the south of Caucasian mountains: in 1820 I.Yalguzidze published an alphabetic primer, modifying Georgian alphabet with 3 special characters. That Georgian-based script was in use in the territory of South Ossetia (Georgian autonomy) in 1937–1954.
The modern Cyrillic alphabet was created by a Russian scientist of Finnish origin Andreas Sjögren in 1844: there were separate letters for each sound in that alphabet (much like in the modern Abkhaz alphabet). After a brief experiment with the Latin alphabet, Soviet authorities in 1937 returned to the Cyrillic alphabet, with digraphs introduced to replace most diacritics (while Georgian-based script was then introduced in South Ossetia and used there until 1954). The "one nation - two alphabets" issue caused an uprising in South Ossetia in the year 1951 demanding reunification of the script.
The modern Cyrillic alphabet, used since 1937, with values for the Iron dialect in the IPA. Letters in parentheses are not oficially in the alphabet but listed here to represent distinctive sounds:
| ? | | ? | ? | ? | | ?? | | ? | ?? | ?? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | | ?? | | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ? | ? | ? | | ?? | | ? | ?? | ? | ?? | ? | | a | | ? | ? | ? | | ?? | | ? | ?? | ?? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | | ?? | | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ? | ? | ? | | ?? | | ? | ?? | ? | ?? | ? | | /a | ? | b | v | g | g? | ? | ?? | d | d? | dz | e | z~? | i | j | k | k? | k’ | k’? | l | m | n | o | p | p’ | r | s~? | t | t’ | u, w | f | ? | ?? | q | q? | ts | ts’ | t? | t?’ | ?/ |
In addition, the letters ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? are in the alphabet, they are used to transcribe Russian loans.
The Latin alphabet (used 1923-1937):
| A | Æ | B | C | Ch | C | Ch | D | Dz | Dž | E | F | G | Gu | H | Hu | I | J | K | Ku | Kh | Khu | L | M | N | O | P | Ph | Q | Qu | R | S | T | Th | U | V | X | Xu | Y | Z | | a | æ | b | c | ch | c | ch | d | dz | dž | e | f | g | gu | h | hu | i | j | k | ku | kh | khu | l | m | n | o | p | ph | q | qu | r | s | t | th | u | v | x | xu | y | z | | /a | ? | b | ts | ts’ | t? | t?’ | d | dz | d? | e | f | g | g? | ? | ?? | i | j | k | k? | k’ | k’? | l | m | n | o | p | p’ | q | q? | r | s~? | t | t’ | u, w | v | ? | ?? | ? | z~?/ |
In addition, the letters Š and Ž were used to transcribe Russian words.
The "weak" vowels æ and ? are extremely common in the language, a feature it shares with Persian.
Language usage
The first printed book in Ossetian appeared in 1798. The first newspaper, Iron Gazet, appeared on July 23 1906 in Vladikavkaz.
While Ossetian is the official language in both South and North Ossetia (along with Russian), its official use is limited to publishing new laws in Ossetian newspapers.
There are two daily newspapers in Ossetian: Ræstdzinad (?æ????????, "Truth") in the North and Xurzærin (????æ???, "The Rainbow") in the South. Some smaller newspapers, such as district newspapers, use Ossetian for some articles. There is a monthly magazine Max dug (??? ???, "Our era"), mostly devoted to contemporary Ossetian fiction and poetry.
Ossetian is taught in secondary schools for all pupils. Native Ossetian speakers also take courses in Ossetian literature.
See also
Bibliography
- Abaev, V.I. ()
- Abaev, V.I. Ossetian Language and Folklore, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow-Leningrad, 1949
- Arys-Djanaieva, Lora. Parlons Ossète. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2004, ISBN 2-7475-6235-2.
- Nasidze et al., Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians. Annals of Human Genetics 68 (6), 588-599(2004)
External links
- .
- (in Russian) at the project
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