Orogeny

Ask a question about 'Orogeny' Start a new discussion about 'Orogeny' Answer questions from other users Full Discussion Forum

History

• Hercynotype (back-arc basin
  Back-arc basin
  
  Back-arc basins are geologic features, submarine basins associated with island arcs and subduction zones.They are found at some convergent boundary, presently concentrated in the Western Pacific ocean....
   type);
• Shallow, low-pressure metamorphism
  Metamorphic rock
  
  Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form"....
  ; thin metamorphic zones
• Metamorphism dependent on increase in temperature
• Abundant granite
  Granite
  
  Granite is a common and widely occurring type of Intrusion , felsic, igneous rock rock . Granite has a medium to coarse texture, occasionally with some individual crystals larger than the groundmass forming a rock known as Porphyry ....
   and migmatite
  Migmatite
  
  Migmatite is a rock at the frontier between igneous rock and metamorphic rocks. They can also be known as diatexite.Migmatites form under extreme temperature conditions during prograde metamorphism, where partial melting occurs in pre-existing rocks....
  
• Few ophiolites, ultramafic rocks virtually absent
• very wide orogen with small and slow uplift
• nappe
  Nappe
  
  In geology, a nappe is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved more than 2 km from its original position. Nappes form during continental plate collisions, when folds are sheared so much that they fold back over on themselves and break apart....
   structures rare
• Alpinotype (ocean trench style);
• deep, high pressure, thick metamorphic zones
• metamorphism of many facies, dependent on decrease in pressure
• few granites or migmatites
• abundant ophiolites with ultramafic rocks
• Relatively narrow orogen with large and rapid uplift
• Nappe structures predominant
• Cordilleran (arc) type;
• dominated by calc-alkaline igneous rock
  Igneous rock
  
  Igneous rock is one of the three main Rock types . Igneous rock is formed by magma being cooled and becoming solid . They may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as Intrusion rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks....
  s,andesite
  Andesite
  
  Andesite is an igneous rock, volcanic rock, of Igneous rock#Chemical classification, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende....
  s, granite
  Granite
  
  Granite is a common and widely occurring type of Intrusion , felsic, igneous rock rock . Granite has a medium to coarse texture, occasionally with some individual crystals larger than the groundmass forming a rock known as Porphyry ....
   batholith
  Batholith
  
  A batholith is a large emplacement of igneous Intrusion rock that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's Crust . Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite ....
  s
• general lack of migmatite
  Migmatite
  
  Migmatite is a rock at the frontier between igneous rock and metamorphic rocks. They can also be known as diatexite.Migmatites form under extreme temperature conditions during prograde metamorphism, where partial melting occurs in pre-existing rocks....
  s, low geothermal gradient
  Geothermal gradient
  
  The geothermal gradient is the rate of increase in temperature per unit depth in the Earth. It varies with location and is typically measured by determining the bottom open-hole temperature after borehole drilling....
  
• lack of ophiolite and abyssal sedimentary rock
  Sedimentary rock
  
  Sedimentary rock is one of the three main Rock types . Sedimentary rock is formed by deposition and consolidation of mineral and organic material and from precipitation of minerals from solution....
  s (black shale
  Shale
  
  Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clay minerals or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding plane....
  , chert
  Chert
  
  Chert is a fine-grained silica-rich microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or microfibrous sedimentary rock that may contain small fossils. It varies greatly in color , but most often manifests as gray, brown, grayish brown and light green to rusty red; its color is an expression of trace elements present in the rock, and both red and green ar...
  , etcetera)
• low-pressure metamorphism, moderate uplift
• lack of nappe
  Nappe
  
  In geology, a nappe is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved more than 2 km from its original position. Nappes form during continental plate collisions, when folds are sheared so much that they fold back over on themselves and break apart....
  s

Physiography

List of orogenies

North America

North America

North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
n orogenies

• Wopmay orogeny
• Along western edge of Canadian shield, 2100-1900 mya.
• Hudsonian orogeny
  Trans-Hudson orogeny
  
  The Trans-Hudson orogeny, Trans-Hudsonian orogeny, Trans-Hudson orogen , or Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect , , was the major mountain building event that formed the Precambrian Canadian Shield, the North American craton , and the forging of the initial North American continent....
   or Trans-Hudson orogeny
  Trans-Hudson orogeny
  
  The Trans-Hudson orogeny, Trans-Hudsonian orogeny, Trans-Hudson orogen , or Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect , , was the major mountain building event that formed the Precambrian Canadian Shield, the North American craton , and the forging of the initial North American continent....
  
• Extends from Hudson Bay
  Hudson Bay
  
  Hudson Bay is a large , relatively shallow body of water in northeastern Canada. It is approximately 850 miles long and 650 miles wide. It drains a very large area that includes parts of Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, most of Manitoba, parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana, and the southeastern area of Nunavut...
   west into Saskatchewan
  Saskatchewan
  
  Saskatchewan is a prairie provinces in Canada, which has an area of 588,276.09 square kilometres and a population of 1,015,895 , mostly living in the southern half of the province....
   then south through the western Dakotas and Nebraska. Result of the collision of the Superior craton
  Superior craton
  
  The Superior craton forms the core of both the North American continent and the Canadian Shield. It extends from Quebec in the east to eastern Manitoba in the west....
   with the Hearne craton and the Wyoming craton
  Wyoming craton
  
  The Wyoming craton is located in the west-central United States and west-central Canada -- more specifically, in Montana, Wyoming, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and parts of northern Utah....
   during the Proterozoic
  Proterozoic
  
  The Proterozoic is a eon representing a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth. The Proterozoic Eon extended from 2500 annum to 542.0 ? 1.0 Ma , and is the most recent part of the old, informally named ?Precambrian? time....
  .
• Lasted from 2000-1800 mya.
• Penokean orogeny
  Penokean orogeny
  
  The Penokean orogeny was a mountain-building episode that occurred in the early Proterozoic about 1.85 to 1.84 billion years ago, in the area of North America that would eventually become Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ontario....
  
• Wisconsin
  Wisconsin
  
  Wisconsin is one of the fifty U.S. state in the United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States. It borders two of the five Great Lakes and four U.S....
  , Minnesota
  Minnesota
  
  Minnesota is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States of the United States. The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with just over five million residents....
  , and Michigan
  Michigan
  
  Michigan is a Midwestern United States U.S. state of the United States of America. It was named after Lake Michigan, whose name is a French adaptation of the Anishinaabe language term mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....
  , U. S. A. and southern Ontario
  Ontario
  
  Ontario is a Provinces and territories of Canada located in the Central Canada part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area....
  , Canada
  Canada
  
  Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
  , 1850-1840 mya.
• Big Sky orogeny
• Proterozoic collision between the Hearne craton and the Wyoming craton
  Wyoming craton
  
  The Wyoming craton is located in the west-central United States and west-central Canada -- more specifically, in Montana, Wyoming, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and parts of northern Utah....
   in southwest Montana, 1770 mya.
• Ivanpah orogeny
• Mojave province, south western USA
• Yavapai orogeny
• mid to south western USA, circa 1750 mya.
• Mazatzal orogeny
• mid to south western USA, circa 1600 mya.
• Grenville orogeny
  Grenville orogeny
  
  The Grenville orogeny was an episode of mountain-building associated with the assembly of the ancient supercontinent Rodinia. The Grenville orogeny occurred in the late Proterozoic eon, 1300-1000 million years ago, as numerous continental plates collided around the edges of North America, forming folded mountains....
  
• Worldwide during the late Proterozoic
  Proterozoic
  
  The Proterozoic is a eon representing a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth. The Proterozoic Eon extended from 2500 annum to 542.0 ? 1.0 Ma , and is the most recent part of the old, informally named ?Precambrian? time....
  , 1300-1000 mya. Associated with the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia
  Rodinia
  
  In geology, Rodinia is the name of a supercontinent, a continent which contained most or all of Earth's landmass. According to plate tectonic reconstructions, Rodinia existed between 1100 and 750 million years ago, in the Neoproterozoic era ....
  . Formed folded mountains in Eastern North America from Newfoundland
  Newfoundland and Labrador
  
  Newfoundland and Labrador is a Provinces and territories of Canada of Canada, on the country's Atlantic Ocean coast in northeastern North America....
   to North Carolina
  North Carolina
  
  North Carolina is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north....
  , 1100-1000 mya.

• Caledonian orogeny
  Caledonian orogeny
  
  The Caledonian orogeny is a mountain building era recorded in the northern parts of the British Isles, western Scandinavia, Svalbard, eastern Greenland and parts of north-central Europe....
  
• the Taconic phase
  Taconic orogeny
  
  The Taconic orogeny was a great mountain building period that perhaps had the greatest overall effect on the geologic structure of basement rocks within the New York Bight region....
   in the NE U.S. and Canada during the Ordovician
  Ordovician
  
  The Ordovician is a geologic period, the second of six of the Paleozoic era , and covers the time between 488.3?1.7 to 443.7?1.5 million years ago ....
   Period.
• the Acadian phase
  Acadian orogeny
  
  The Acadian orogeny is a middle Paleozoic mountain building event , especially in the northern Appalachians, between New York and Newfoundland ....
   in the Eastern U.S. during Silurian
  Silurian
  
  The Silurian is a geologic period that extends from the end of the Ordovician period, about 443.7 ? 1.5 annum , to the beginning of the Devonian period, about 416.0 ? 2.8 Mya ....
   and Devonian
  Devonian
  
  The Devonian is a geologic period of the Paleozoic era spanning from . It is named after Devon, England, where rocks from this period were first studied....
   Periods.
• Appalachian orogeny, usually seen as the same as the Variscan orogeny
  Variscan orogeny
  
  The Variscan orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late Paleozoic continental collision between Laurasia and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangea....
   in Europe.
• Appalachian Mountains
  Appalachian Mountains
  
  The Appalachian Mountains or , often called the Appalachians, are a vast mountain range in eastern North America. Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians....
   is a well studied orogenic belt resulting from a late Paleozoic
  Paleozoic
  
  The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era is the earliest of three geology Era of the Phanerozoic Eon . The Paleozoic spanned from roughly , and is subdivided into six period ; from oldest to youngest they are: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian period, Carboniferous, and Permian...
   collision between North America
  North America
  
  North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
   and Africa
  Africa
  
  Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
  .
• Taconic orogeny
  Taconic orogeny
  
  The Taconic orogeny was a great mountain building period that perhaps had the greatest overall effect on the geologic structure of basement rocks within the New York Bight region....
  
• Acadian orogeny
  Acadian orogeny
  
  The Acadian orogeny is a middle Paleozoic mountain building event , especially in the northern Appalachians, between New York and Newfoundland ....
  
• Alleghenian orogeny
  Alleghenian orogeny
  
  The Alleghenian orogeny or Appalachian orogeny is one of the geology mountain-forming events that formed the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Mountains....
  
• Ouachita orogeny
  Ouachita orogeny
  
  The Ouachita orogeny was a orogeny event that resulted in the Fold and Fault of stratum currently exposed in the Ouachita Mountains. The more extensive Ouachita system extends from the current range in Arkansas and Oklahoma southeast to the Black Warrior Basin in Alabama and to the southwest through the Llano Uplift and Marathon Uplifts in...
  
• Ouachita Mountains
  Ouachita Mountains
  
  The Ouachita Mountains are a mountain range located in west central Arkansas and Kiamichi country Oklahoma. The range's subterranean roots may extend as far as central Texas, or beyond it to the current location of the Marathon Uplift....
   of Arkansas
  Arkansas
  
  Arkansas is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States of the United States. Arkansas shares a border with six states, with its eastern border largely defined by the Mississippi River....
   and Oklahoma
  Oklahoma
  
  Oklahoma is a U.S. state and a sovereignty located in the South Central United States and Southern United States of the United States of America ....
   is an orogenic belt that dates from the late Paleozoic
  Paleozoic
  
  The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era is the earliest of three geology Era of the Phanerozoic Eon . The Paleozoic spanned from roughly , and is subdivided into six period ; from oldest to youngest they are: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian period, Carboniferous, and Permian...
   Era and is most likely a continuation of the Appalachian orogeny west across the Mississippi embayment
  Mississippi embayment
  
  The Mississippi embayment is a physiographic feature in the south-central United States, part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. It is essentially a northward continuation of the River delta of the Mississippi River Delta to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois....
   - Reelfoot Rift zone.
• Antler orogeny
  Antler orogeny
  
  The Antler orogeny is a mountain-building episode that is named for Antler Peak, at Battle Mountain, Nevada. The orogeny extensively deformed Paleozoic rocks of the Great Basin in Nevada and western Utah during Late Devonian and Early Mississippian time....
  
• Ancestral Sierra Nevada western United States
  United States
  
  The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
  .
• Late Devonian
  Devonian
  
  The Devonian is a geologic period of the Paleozoic era spanning from . It is named after Devon, England, where rocks from this period were first studied....
   - early Mississippian.
• Innuitian orogeny
  Innuitian orogeny
  
  The Innuitian orogeny, sometimes called the Ellesmere orogeny, was a major tectonics episode responsible for the formation of a series of mountain ranges in the Canadian Arctic....
   or Ellesmerian orogeny
• Innuitian Mountains
  Innuitian Mountains
  
  The Innuitian Mountains are a mountain range in Canada's Arctic territories of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. They are part of the Arctic Cordillera and are largely unexplored, due to the hostile climate....
  , Canadian Arctic, extending from Ellesmere Island
  Ellesmere Island
  
  Ellesmere Island is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canada territory of Nunavut. Lying within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago it is considered part of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, with Cape Columbia being the most northerly point of land in Canada....
   to Melville Island
  Melville Island, Canada
  
  Melville Island is a vast, uninhabited member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Canada with an area of . It is the list of islands by area and List of Canadian islands by area....
  , Mississippian 345 mya.
• Sonoma orogeny
  Sonoma orogeny
  
  The Sonoma Orogeny has been defined as a Late Permian to Early Triassic tectonic event that deformed Upper Paleozoic oceanic facies rocks and emplaced them over the Upper Paleozoic margin of northern Nevada....
  
• Rocky Mountains, western North America, 270 - 240 million years ago.
• Nevadan orogeny
  Nevadan orogeny
  
  The Nevadan Orogeny was a major mountain building event that took place along the western edge of ancient North America between the Mid to Late Jurassic ....
  
• Developed along western North America during the Jurassic
  Jurassic
  
  The Jurassic is a geologic period that extends from about annum to  Ma, that is, from the end of the Triassic to the beginning of the Cretaceous....
   Period.
• Sevier orogeny
  Sevier orogeny
  
  The Sevier orogeny was a mountain-building event that affected western North America from Canada to the north to Mexico to the south. This orogeny was the result of convergent boundary tectonism between approximately 140 million years ago, and 50 Ma....
  
• Rocky Mountains, western North America, 140 - 50 million years ago.
• Laramide orogeny
  Laramide orogeny
  
  The Laramide orogeny was a period of mountain building in western North America, which started in the Late Cretaceous, 70 to 80 million years ago, and ended 35 to 55 million years ago....
  
• Rocky Mountains
  Rocky Mountains
  
  The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 4,800 kilometre from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in Canada, to New Mexico, in the United States....
  , western North America, 40-70 Myr ago.

Europe

Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
an orogenies

• The Precambrian orogeny
• Formation of the Baltic Shield
  Baltic Shield
  
  The Baltic Shield is located in Fennoscandia , northwest Russia and under the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Shield is defined as the exposed Precambrian northwest segment of the East European Craton....
  , which includes southern Norway
  Norway
  
  Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
  , nearly whole Sweden
  Sweden
  
  Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
  , Finland
  Finland
  
  Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
   and small part of Russia
  Russia
  
  Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
   near the Finnish border.
• The Cadomian Orogeny
  Cadomian Orogeny
  
  The Cadomian Orogeny was a plate tectonics event or series of events in the late Neoproterozoic, about 650-550 Annum, which probably included the formation of mountains....
   on the north coast of Armorica
  Armorica
  
  Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire River rivers, extending inland to an indeterminate point and down the Atlantic coast....
   in the Ediacaran
  Ediacaran
  
  The Ediacaran Period is the last geological period of the Neoproterozoic Era and of the Proterozoic Eon, immediately preceding the Cambrian Period, the first period of the Paleozoic Era and of the Phanerozoic Eon....
  .
• The Caledonian orogeny
  Caledonian orogeny
  
  The Caledonian orogeny is a mountain building era recorded in the northern parts of the British Isles, western Scandinavia, Svalbard, eastern Greenland and parts of north-central Europe....
  
• Formation of the highlands of western Norway
  Norway
  
  Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
  , Britain
  Great Britain
  
  Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....
   and Ireland
  Ireland
  
  Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
   in the Silurian
  Silurian
  
  The Silurian is a geologic period that extends from the end of the Ordovician period, about 443.7 ? 1.5 annum , to the beginning of the Devonian period, about 416.0 ? 2.8 Mya ....
   Period.
• Uralian orogeny
  Uralian orogeny
  
  The Uralian orogeny refers to the long series of mountain building events that raised the Ural Mountains, starting in the Late Carboniferous and Permian periods of the Palaeozoic Era, ca....
  
• Formation of the Ural Mountains
  Ural Mountains
  
  The Ural Mountains are a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. They are usually considered as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia....
  , Eurasia
  Eurasia
  
  Eurasia is a large landmass covering about 53,990,000 km? or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface . Often considered a single continent, Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia, concepts which date back to classical antiquity and the borders for which are somewhat arbitrary....
  , during the Permian
  Permian
  
  The PermianThe term "Permian" was introduced into geology in 1841 by Sir Roderick Murchison, president of the Geological Society of London, who identified typical strata in extensive Russian explorations undertaken with Edouard de Verneuil; Murchison asserted in 1841 that he named his "Permian system" after the ancient kingdom...
   Period.
• The Variscan orogeny
  Variscan orogeny
  
  The Variscan orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late Paleozoic continental collision between Laurasia and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangea....
   (also called the Hercynian orogeny)
• Formation of the mountains of western Iberia
  Iberian Peninsula
  
  The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France....
  , SW Ireland
  Ireland
  
  Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
  , SW England
  England
  
  native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
  , central France
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  , southern Germany
  Germany
  
  Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
   and Czechoslovakia
  Czechoslovakia
  
  Czechoslovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 until 1992 . On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia dissolution of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia....
   during the Devonian
  Devonian
  
  The Devonian is a geologic period of the Paleozoic era spanning from . It is named after Devon, England, where rocks from this period were first studied....
   and Carboniferous
  Carboniferous
  
  The Carboniferous is a geologic period that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359.2 ? 2.5 annum , to the beginning of the Permian period, about 299.0 ? 0.8 Ma ...
   Periods.
• The Alpine orogeny
  Alpine orogeny
  
  The Alpine orogeny is an orogeny phase in the Tertiary that formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt. These mountains include the Atlas Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Pindus, the Carpathians, the Balkan Mountains, the Taurus Mountains, the Caucasus Mountains, the Alborz, the Zagros Mountains, the Hindu Kush, t...
  , encompassing:
• the Formation of the Alps
  Alps
  
  The Alps is the name for one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east; through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany; to France in the west....
   during the Eocene
  Eocene
  
  The Eocene Geologic time scale is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in the Cenozoic era....
   through Miocene
  Miocene
  
  The Miocene is a Geologic time scale of the Neogene period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.33 million years before the present. As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are uncertain....
   Periods.
• the Carpathian orogeny building the Carpathian Mountains
  Carpathian Mountains
  
  The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc of roughly 1,500 km across Central Europe and Eastern Europe, making them the largest mountain range in Europe....
   of eastern Europe during the Miocene
  Miocene
  
  The Miocene is a Geologic time scale of the Neogene period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.33 million years before the present. As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are uncertain....
   Period.
• the Hellenic orogeny in Greece
  Greece
  
  Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east....
   and the Aegean
  Aegean Sea
  
  The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkans and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively....
   area during Eocene
  Eocene
  
  The Eocene Geologic time scale is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in the Cenozoic era....
   through Miocene
  Miocene
  
  The Miocene is a Geologic time scale of the Neogene period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.33 million years before the present. As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are uncertain....
   Periods.
• Ongoing (happening now):
• the Mediterranean Ridge
  Mediterranean Ridge
  
  The Mediterranean Ridge is a wide ridge in the bed of the Mediterranean Sea, running along a rough quarter circle from Calabria, south of Crete, to the southwest corner of Turkey, and from there eastwards south of Turkey, including Cyprus....
  .

Asia

Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
n orogenies

• The Aravalli-Delhi Orogen (precambrian
  Precambrian
  
  The Precambrian is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eon of the geologic timescale that came before the current Phanerozoic eon....
  )
• The Altaid Orogeny (Paleozoic
  Paleozoic
  
  The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era is the earliest of three geology Era of the Phanerozoic Eon . The Paleozoic spanned from roughly , and is subdivided into six period ; from oldest to youngest they are: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian period, Carboniferous, and Permian...
  )
• The Cimmerian
  Cimmerian Orogeny
  
  The Cimmerian Orogeny, is an orogeny that created mountain ranges that now lie in Central Asia. The orogeny is believed to have begun 200 - 150 million years ago , when the Cimmeria collided with the southern coast of Kazakhstania and North China and South China , closing the ancient Paleo-Tethys Ocean between them....
   and Cathayasian orogenies
• Active through Triassic
  Triassic
  
  The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 to 199 annum . As the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic follows the Permian and is followed by the Jurassic....
   and Jurassic
  Jurassic
  
  The Jurassic is a geologic period that extends from about annum to  Ma, that is, from the end of the Triassic to the beginning of the Cretaceous....
   Periods along south and southeast Asia
  Asia
  
  Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
  .
• Alpine orogeny
  Alpine orogeny
  
  The Alpine orogeny is an orogeny phase in the Tertiary that formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt. These mountains include the Atlas Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Pindus, the Carpathians, the Balkan Mountains, the Taurus Mountains, the Caucasus Mountains, the Alborz, the Zagros Mountains, the Hindu Kush, t...
  , encompassing:
• The Himalayan orogeny
  Geology of the Himalaya
  
  The geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces. The Himalayas, which stretch over 2400 km between the Namche Barwa syntaxis in Tibet and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis in Pakistan, are the result of an ongoing orogeny ? the result of a collision between two continenta...
  , forming the Himalaya Mountains, as a result of the ongoing collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate
  Eurasian Plate
  
  The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia , with the notable exceptions of the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Chersky Range in East Siberia....
  .

South American orogenies

• Andean orogeny
• Andes
  Andes
  
  The Andes form the world's longest exposed mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The range is over 7,000 km long, 200-700 km wide , and of an average height of about 4,000 m ....
   Mountains, 0-200 Myr ago.
• Chilean Coast Range
  Chilean Coast Range
  
  The Chilean Coast Range is a mountain range that runs southward parallel with the Andes, from the Morro de Arica to the Taitao Peninsula where it ends together with the Nazca Plate....
  

Africa

Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
n orogenies

• Pan-African orogeny
  Pan-African orogeny
  
  The Pan-African orogeny was a series of major Neoproterozoic orogeny which related to the formation of the supercontinents Gondwana and Pannotia about 900 million years ago....
   (Neoproterozoic
  Neoproterozoic
  
  The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time scale from 1,000 to 542 +/- 0.3 million years ago. The terminal Era of the formal Proterozoic Eon , it is further subdivided into the Tonian, Cryogenian, and Ediacaran Periods....
  )
• Damaran Orogeny

Australian orogenies

• Sleaford Orogeny (2440-2420 Ma), Gawler Craton
  Gawler craton
  
  The Gawler Craton covers approximately 440,000 square kilometres of central South Australia. Its Precambrian crystalline basement crustal block was cratonised ca....
  , South Australia
  South Australia
  
  South Australia is a States and territories of Australia of Australia in the southern central part of the country. It covers some of the most arid parts of the continent; with a total land area of , it is the fourth largest of Australia's six states and two territories....
  
• Glenburgh Orogeny (c. 2005 - 1920 Ma), Glenburgh Terrane, Western Australia
  Western Australia
  
  Western Australia is a States and territories of Australia occupying the entire western third of the Australia . The nation's largest state and the second largest subnational entity in the world, it has 2.1 million inhabitants , 85% of whom live in the south-west corner of the state....
  .
• Kimban Orogeny (c. 1845-1700 Ma), Gawler Craton
  Gawler craton
  
  The Gawler Craton covers approximately 440,000 square kilometres of central South Australia. Its Precambrian crystalline basement crustal block was cratonised ca....
  , South Australia
• Yapungku Orogeny (c. 1700 Ma), North Yilgarn craton
  Yilgarn craton
  
  The Yilgarn Craton is a large craton which constitutes the bulk of the Western Australian land mass. It is bounded by a mixture of sedimentary basins and Proterozoic fold and thrust belts....
   margin, Western Australia
• Mangaroon Orogeny (c.1680 - 1620 Ma), Gascoyne Complex
  Gascoyne Complex
  
  The Gascoyne Complex is a terrane of Proterozoic granite and metamorphic rock in the central-western part of Western Australia. The complex outcrops at the exposed western end of the Capricorn Orogen, a 1,000 km-long arcuate belt of folded, faulted and metamorphosed rocks between two Archean cratons; the Pilbara craton to the north and the Yi...
  , Western Australia.
• Kararan Orogeny (1650- Ma), Gawler Craton
  Gawler craton
  
  The Gawler Craton covers approximately 440,000 square kilometres of central South Australia. Its Precambrian crystalline basement crustal block was cratonised ca....
  , South Australia
• Barramundi Orogeny (c. 1600 Ma), MacArthur Basin, northern Australia
• Isan Orogeny, c. 1600 Ma, Mt Isa
  Mount Isa, Queensland
  
  Mount Isa is a city in North-West Queensland, Australia. It came into existence because of the vast mineral deposits found in the area. Mount Isa Mines is one of the most productive single mines in world history?based on combined production of lead, silver, copper and zinc....
   Block, Queensland
  Queensland
  
  Queensland is a States and territories of Australia of Australia, occupying the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south....
  
• Olarian Orogeny, Olary Block, South Australia
• Capricorn Orogeny, Gascoyne Complex
  Gascoyne Complex
  
  The Gascoyne Complex is a terrane of Proterozoic granite and metamorphic rock in the central-western part of Western Australia. The complex outcrops at the exposed western end of the Capricorn Orogen, a 1,000 km-long arcuate belt of folded, faulted and metamorphosed rocks between two Archean cratons; the Pilbara craton to the north and the Yi...
  , Western Australia
• Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1080 Ma), Musgrave Block
  Musgrave Block
  
  The Musgrave Block is an east-west trending belt of Proterozoic granulite-gneiss basement rocks approximately 500km long. The Musgrave Block extends from western South Australia into Western Australia....
  , Central Australia.
• Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920 - 850 Ma), Gascoyne Complex
  Gascoyne Complex
  
  The Gascoyne Complex is a terrane of Proterozoic granite and metamorphic rock in the central-western part of Western Australia. The complex outcrops at the exposed western end of the Capricorn Orogen, a 1,000 km-long arcuate belt of folded, faulted and metamorphosed rocks between two Archean cratons; the Pilbara craton to the north and the Yi...
  , Western Australia.
• Petermann Orogeny
  Petermann Orogeny
  
  The Petermann Orogeny was an intracontinental event that affected basement rocks of the northern Musgrave Province and Proterozoic sediments of the southern Amadeus Basin between ~550-535 Annum....
   (c. 550-535 Ma late Neoproterozoic
  Neoproterozoic
  
  The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time scale from 1,000 to 542 +/- 0.3 million years ago. The terminal Era of the formal Proterozoic Eon , it is further subdivided into the Tonian, Cryogenian, and Ediacaran Periods....
   to Cambrian
  Cambrian
  
  The Cambrian is a geologic period that began about Mya at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with the beginning of the Ordovician period ....
  ), Central Australia
  Central Australia
  
  Central Australia/Alice Springs Region is one of the five regions in the Northern Territory. The term Central Australia is used to describe an area centred on Alice Springs, Northern Territory in Australia....
  
• Delamerian Orogeny, South Australia
  South Australia
  
  South Australia is a States and territories of Australia of Australia in the southern central part of the country. It covers some of the most arid parts of the continent; with a total land area of , it is the fourth largest of Australia's six states and two territories....
   and Victoria
  Victoria (Australia)
  
  File:Map Victoria Aboriginal tribes .jpgVictoria is a States and territories of Australia located in the southeastern corner of Australia. It is the smallest mainland state in area but the most Population density and urbanised....
  , Australia, Ordovician
  Ordovician
  
  The Ordovician is a geologic period, the second of six of the Paleozoic era , and covers the time between 488.3?1.7 to 443.7?1.5 million years ago ....
  
• Lachlan Orogeny, c. 540 and 440 Ma., Victoria
  Victoria (Australia)
  
  File:Map Victoria Aboriginal tribes .jpgVictoria is a States and territories of Australia located in the southeastern corner of Australia. It is the smallest mainland state in area but the most Population density and urbanised....
   and New South Wales
  New South Wales
  
  New South Wales is Australia's oldest and most populous States and territories of Australia, located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria and south of Queensland....
  
• Alice Springs Orogeny
  Alice Springs Orogeny
  
  The Alice Springs Orogeny was a major tectonics episode in central Australia responsible for the formation of a series of large mountain ranges. The episode started at about 450 million years ago and concluded about 300 million years ago. The orogeny was centred in an area that had previously been a marine sedimentary basin...
   in central Australia
  Australia
  
  Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
  , Early Carboniferous
  Carboniferous
  
  The Carboniferous is a geologic period that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359.2 ? 2.5 annum , to the beginning of the Permian period, about 299.0 ? 0.8 Ma ...
  
• Hunter-Bowen Orogeny
  Hunter-Bowen orogeny
  
  The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny was a significant arc accretion event in the Permian and Triassic periods affecting approximately 2,500 km of the Australian continental margin....
  , (c. 260 - 225 Ma) Permian
  Permian
  
  The PermianThe term "Permian" was introduced into geology in 1841 by Sir Roderick Murchison, president of the Geological Society of London, who identified typical strata in extensive Russian explorations undertaken with Edouard de Verneuil; Murchison asserted in 1841 that he named his "Permian system" after the ancient kingdom...
   to Triassic
  Triassic
  
  The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 251 to 199 annum . As the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic follows the Permian and is followed by the Jurassic....
  , Queensland and New South Wales

Antarctic orogenies

• Napier orogeny (4000 ± 200 Myr ago.)
• Rayner orogeny (~ 3500 Myr ago.)
• Humboldt orogeny (~ 3000 Myr ago.)
• Insel orogeny (2650 ± 150 Myr ago.)
• Early Ruker orogeny (2000 - 1700 Myr ago.)
• Late Ruker / Nimrod orogeny (1000 ± 150 Myr ago.)
• Beardmore orogeny (633 - 620 Myr ago.)
• Ross Orogeny (~ 500 Myr ago.)

New Zealand

New Zealand

New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous Islands of New Zealand, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands....
 orogenies

• Tuhua Orogeny (370 to 330 Myr ago)
• Rangitata Orogeny
  Rangitata Orogeny
  
  The Rangitata Orogeny , was a long period of uplift and collision in New Zealand.200 million years ago, sedimentary strata was being pushed along the sea floor as the result of seafloor spreading....
   (142 to 99 million years ago)
• Kaikoura Orogeny
  Kaikoura Orogeny
  
  The Kaikoura Orogeny is a New Zealand orogeny that has given birth to the Southern Alps. It began 25 million years ago along the Alpine Fault....
   (24 million years ago to present day)

See also

• Continental collision
  Continental collision
  
  Continental collision is a phenomenon of the plate tectonics of Earth that occurs at Convergent boundary. Continental collision is a variation on the fundamental process of subduction, whereby the subduction zone is destroyed, mountains produced, and two continents sutured together....
  
• Plate tectonics
  Plate tectonics
  
  Plate tectonics describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The theory encompasses the older concepts of continental drift, developed during the first decades of the 20th century by Alfred Wegener, and seafloor spreading, understood during the 1960s....
  

External links