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Oriya language
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Oriya (????? ) is an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa. The language is also an official language of India.
Overview
Outside Orissa, there are also significant Oriya-speaking populations in other linguistic regions, such as the Midnapore District of West Bengal, the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand the Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh and Bastar district of Chhatisgarh province.
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Encyclopedia
Oriya (????? ) is an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa. The language is also an official language of India.
Overview
Outside Orissa, there are also significant Oriya-speaking populations in other linguistic regions, such as the Midnapore District of West Bengal, the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand the Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh and Bastar district of Chhatisgarh province. Due to the increasing migration of labour, the west Indian state of Gujarat also has a significant Oriya speaking population with Surat being the second largest Oriya speaking city in India.
The major Oriya dialects:
- Midnapori Oriya
- Balasori Oriya : (spoken in Balasore and Bhadrakh district of Orissa)
- Ganjami Oriya
- Desiya Oriya
- Halbi
- Bhatri ; (Orissa and Chhattisgarh border)
- Sambalpuri Oriya
- Kalahandi Oriya
- Singhbhumi Oriya
Chatishgarhi of Chhatishgarh, and Nagpuri or Sadri languages are also treated as dialects of Oriya language by some linguists. The Oriya spoken in costal districts of Orissa is known as Mughalbandi Oriya.
Oriya is written with the Oriya script.
History
Oriya is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It is thought to be directly descended from the Prakrit known as Purva Magadhi that was spoken in eastern India over 1,500 years ago. It bears a very strong resemblance to the modern languages Bangla (Bengali), Maithili, and Ôxômiya (Assamese). Of all the languages spoken in northern India, Oriya appears to be the least influenced by Persian language.
The history of the Oriya language is divided into:
- Old Oriya (8th century-1300):-The origin of the Oriya literature can be traced to "Bauddha GanA O Doha", otherwise known as Charyapada written by the Buddhist Siddhas of Orissa.The Oriya language begins to appear in inscriptions with Oriya scripts in temples,copper plates,palm-leaf manuscripts etc.
- Early Middle Oriya (1300-1500):-The earliest use of prose can be found in the Madala Panji or the Palm-leaf Chronicles of the Jagannatha temple at Puri, which date back to the 12th century.
- Middle Oriya (1500-1700):-Mahabharat,Chandi Puran,Vilanka Ramayan of Shudramuni Sarala Das.Arjuna Das, a contemporary to Sarala Dasa, wrote Rama-Bibha, a significant long poem in Oriya.Towards the 16th century, five poets emerged , though there are hundreds year gap in between them .But they are known as Panchasakhas as they believed to same school of thought , Utkaliya Vaishnavism.The poets are Balaram Das, Jagannath Das, Achyutananda Das, Ananta Das and Jasobanta Das.
- Late Middle Oriya (1700-1850):- Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Das, the Rahasya-manjari of Deva-durlabha Dasa and the Rukmini-bibha of Kartikka Das were written.A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote Haravali. Upendra Bhanja took a leading role in this period,his creations were Baidehisha Bilasa, Koti Brahmanda Sundari, Lavanyabati were proved land mark in Oriya Literature.Dinakrushna Das’s Rasokallola and Abhimanyu samanta Simhara’s Bidagdha Chintamani are prominent kavyas of this time.Four major poets emerged in the end of the era are Kabi surya Baladeb Rath,Bhima Bhoi, Brajanath Badajena and Gopal Krushna Pattanaik.
- Modern Oriya (1850 till present day):The first Oriya printing typeset was cast in 1836 by the Christian missionaries which made a great revolutions in Oriya literature and language.
Charyapada of 8th Century and its affinity with Oriya language
The beginnings of Oriya poetry coincide with the development of Charya Sahitya, the literature thus started by Mahayana Buddhist poets.[6].This literature was written in a specific metaphor named “Sandhya Bhasha” and the poets like Luipa, Kanhupa are from the territory of Orissa.The language of Charya was considered as Prakrita. In one of his poem,Kanhupa wrote:
"Your hut stands outside the city
Oh, untouchable maid
The bald Brahmin passes sneaking close by
Oh, my maid, I would make you my companion
Kanha is a kapali, a yogi
He is naked and has no disgust
There is a lotus with sixty-four petals
Upon that the maid will climb with this poor self and dance."
The language of Kanhupa's poetry has strange resmblence with modern Oriya language.For example :
"Ekaso padumo chowshathi pakhudi
Tahin chadhi nachao dombi bapudi"
Padumo (Padma:Lotus),Chowshathi (64),Pakhudi (petals) Tahin (There),Chadhi (rise) nachao( to dance) Dombi (a female of Orissa from untouchable caste),Bapudi ( a very colloqual Oriya language to apply as 'poor fellow' )
or
"Hali Dombi,Tote puchhami sadbhabe.
Isisi jasi dombi kahari nabe ."
These poems needn't require any translation in modern Oriya dilects.
Jayadeva's literary contribution
Jayadeva was a Sanskrit poet, He was born in an Utkala Brahmin family of Puri in circa 1200 AD. He is most known for his composition, the epic poem Gita Govinda, which depicts the divine love of the Hindu deity Krishna and his consort, Radha, and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism.About the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, the influence of Jayadeva's literary contribution changed the pattern of versification in Oriya.
Literature
The great poet Sarala Dasa who wrote the Chandi Purana and the Vilanka Ramayana in 14th century, both praising the goddess Durga. Rama-bibaha, written by Arjuna Dasa, is the first long poem in Oriya language.
The next era is more commonly called the Panchasakha Age and stretches till the year 1700. The period begins with the writings of Shri Chaitanya whose Vaishnava influence brought in a new evolution in Oriya literature. Balarama Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Yasovanta, Ananta and Acyutananda were the main exponents in religious works in Oriya. The composers of this period mainly translated, adapted, or imitated Sanskrit literature. A few prominent works of this period include the Usabhilasa of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the Rahasya-manjari of Deva-durlabha Dasa and the Rukmini-bibha of Kartikka Dasa. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote Haravali. Other poets like Madhusudana, Bhima, Dhivara, Sadasiva and Sisu Isvara-dasa composed another form called Kavyas or long poems based on themes from Puranas. The language used by them was plain and simple Oriya.
However, from the turn of the 18th century, Bhanja Age or Riti Yuga verbally tricky Oriya became the order of the day. Verbal jugglery, obscenity and eroticism became the trend of the period between 1700-1850 with the most notable poet Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja (1670-1720). Other poets turned up in hordes to imitate him, but none could succeed, with the exceptions of Bhima Bhoi and Arakshita Dasa. Family chronicles in prose and literature relating religious festivals and rituals also covered a large portion of this period.
The first Oriya printing typeset was cast in 1836 by the Christian missionaries. The actual Oriya script closely resembled Bengali and Assamese scripts but the one adopted for the printed typesets were completely different, leaning more towards the Tamil script.
Oriya has a rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century. Sarala Dasa who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the Vyasa of Orissa. He translated the Mahabharata into Oriya. In fact the language was initially standardised through a process of translation of classical Sanskrit texts like the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and the Srimad Bhagabatam. Jagannatha Das translated the Srimad Bhagabatam into Oriya and his translation standardized the written form of the language. Oriya has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially that of devotional poetry.
Some other eminent Oriya Poets include Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja and Kabi Surya Bala Dev Ratha.
Prose in the language has had a late development.
Three great poets and prose writers, Kabibar Radhanath Ray (1849-1908), Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843-1918) and Madhusudana Rao (1853-1912) made Oriya their own. They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Oriya literature. Around the same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Rama Sankara Ray beginning with Kanci-Kaveri (1880).
20th century writers in Oriya include Pallikabi Nanda Kishore Bal (1875-1928), Gangadhar Meher (1862-1924), Chintamani Mahanti and Kuntala-Kumari Sabat Utkala-Bharati, besides Niladri Dasa and Gopabandhu Das (1877-1928). The most notable novelists were Umesa Sarakara, Divyasimha Panigrahi, Gopala Praharaja and Kalindi Charana Panigrahi. Sachi Kanta Rauta Ray is the great introducer of the ultra-modern style in modern Oriya poetry. Others who took up this form were Godabarisa Mohapatra, Dr Mayadhara Manasimha, Nityananda Mahapatra and Kunjabihari Dasa. Prabhasa Chandra Satpathi is known for his translations of some western classics apart from Udayanatha Shadangi, Sunanda Kara and Surendranatha Dwivedi. Criticism, essays and history also became major lines of writing in the Oriya language. Esteemed writers in this field were Professor Girija Shankar Ray, Pandit Vinayaka Misra, Professor Gauri Kumara Brahma, Jagabandhu Simha and Hare Krushna Mahatab. Oriya literature mirrors the industrious, peaceful and artistic image of the Oriya people who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilization in the field of art and literature. Now Writers Manoj Das's creations motivated & inspired people towards a possitive lifestyle .Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include Fakir Mohan Senapati,Madhusudan Das, Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, Surendra Mohanty, Manoj Das, Kishori Charan Das, Gopinath Mohanty, Rabi Patnaik, Chandrasekhar Rath, Binapani Mohanty, Jagadish Mohanty, Sarojini Sahoo, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal. But it is poetry that makes modern Oriya literature a force to reckon with. Poets like Kabibar Radhanath Ray, Sachidananda Routray, Guruprasad Mohanty, Soubhagya Misra, Ramakanta Rath, Sitakanta Mohapatra , Rajendra Kishore Panda, Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry.
Phoneme inventory
Oriya has 28 consonant phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes.
Vowels| | Front | Back | High | | | Mid | | | Low | | | | |
Consonants| | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | Voiceless stops | | | | | | | | Voiced stops | | | | | | | | Voiceless fricatives | | | | | | | | Nasals | | | | | | | | Liquids | | | | | | | | |
Morphology
Morphological rules and structure of the Oriya language are peculiar. Morphemes in Oriya have unique characteristics and different from rules of Sanskrit and Hindi.
See also
Bibliography
Neukom, Lukas and Manideepa Patnaik. 2003. A grammar of Oriya. (Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft; 17). Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Zürich. ISBN 3-9521010-9-5
Further reading
- Ghosh, A. (2003). An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa. Burdwan: Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan.
- Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521299442
- Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). The History of: History of Oriya Literature (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).
External links
- Learn oDiA (Oriya). On the way of conservation of oDiA Language and culture. "Lets take a step"
- World's first and only 24x7 popular news portal in Oriya.
- World's first and only spiritual portal on "Lord Jagannath" in Oriya language.
- Rebati project
- A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916-1922), available free at Google Books.
- Jagannath.
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