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Operation Chastise
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Operation Chastise was the official name for the attacks on German dams on 17 May 1943 in the Second World War using a specially developed "bouncing bomb". The attack was carried out by Royal Air Force No. 617 Squadron, subsequently known as the Dambusters. The Moehne and Eder dams were breached in these attacks, causing a catastrophic flooding of the Ruhr valley, while the Sorpe dam sustained only minor damage.
r to the war, the industrial heartland of Germany had been identified by the Air Ministry as an important strategic target and the dams of the area considered as particular targets.
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Encyclopedia
Operation Chastise was the official name for the attacks on German dams on 17 May 1943 in the Second World War using a specially developed "bouncing bomb". The attack was carried out by Royal Air Force No. 617 Squadron, subsequently known as the Dambusters. The Moehne and Eder dams were breached in these attacks, causing a catastrophic flooding of the Ruhr valley, while the Sorpe dam sustained only minor damage.
Background
Prior to the war, the industrial heartland of Germany had been identified by the Air Ministry as an important strategic target and the dams of the area considered as particular targets. Besides providing power they were used to provide water into the canal transport system. The methods to attack the dams had been duly considered. Calculations indicated that repeated strikes with large bombs would be effective but the necessary accuracy with the standard bombers of Bomber Command in the face of enemy defences was unlikely to be met.
Development of the plan
The mission developed out of a bomb designed by Barnes Wallis and developed into a working device by his team at Vickers. Wallis was an aircraft designer and had the successful Wellesley and Wellington bombers to his credit. While working on the Warwick, he also began work on bomb design with dams specifically in mind.
His initial idea was for a 10-ton bomb to be dropped from 40,000 ft (12,200 m). This was part of the earthquake bomb concept. However, at the time there was no aircraft capable of flying at this height with such a heavy load.
A much smaller charge would suffice if it could be exploded directly against the dam wall below the surface of the water. The major German dams were protected by heavy torpedo netting to prevent such an attack, and Wallis's breakthrough was to overcome this. A drum-shaped bomb, spinning rapidly backwards (over 500 rpm) and dropped from a sufficiently low altitude at the right speed, would skip for the required distance over the surface of the water in a series of bounces before reaching the dam wall and then, using its residual spin, run down the wet side to the dam's base. An accurate drop could bypass the dam protection and let the bomb be detonated against the dam with a hydrostatic fuse. After testing, and many meetings, the idea was adopted on 26 February 1943. The bomb was codenamed 'Upkeep'. The dams were to be bombed in May of that year, when water levels would be highest and create the most damage to the German war effort.
The operation was given to 5 Group which formed a new squadron to undertake the mission. Initially called Squadron 'X' as its development ran faster than the beauracracy that named squadrons, it was led by Wing Commander Guy Gibson, a veteran of over 170 missions. A further 21 crews were chosen from 5 Group to join the new squadron based at RAF Scampton, five miles north of Lincoln.
The targets were the two key dams near the Ruhr area, the Möhne and the Sorpe Dam, as well as the Eder Dam on the Eder River that feeds into the Weser river. The loss of hydroelectric power was important but the loss of water to industry, cities and canals would have greater effect.
The aircraft were adapted Avro Lancaster Mk IIIs, known as B Mark III Special (Type 464 Provisioning). To reduce weight, much of the armour was removed, as was the mid-upper turret. The substantial bomb and its unusual shape meant that the bomb doors were removed and the bomb itself hung, in part, below the body of the aircraft. It was mounted in two crutches and before dropping, it was spun up to speed by an auxiliary motor.
Bombing from 60 ft (18 m) at 240 mph (390 km/h), at a very precise distance from the target, required expert crews, intensive night and low-altitude flight training, and the solutions to two technical problems. The first was to know when the aircraft was the correct distance from the target. The two key dams at Möhne and Eder had a tower at each end. A special aiming device (a device with two prongs making the same angle as the two towers at the correct distance from the dam) showed when to release the bomb. The second problem was to measure the aircraft's altitude (the usual barometric altimeters lacked sufficient accuracy). Two spotlights were mounted, one under the nose and another under the fuselage, such that at the correct height their light beams would converge on the surface of the water. The crews practised over the Eyebrook Reservoir in Leicestershire/Rutland, the Derwent Reservoir, Derbyshire, and the Fleet Lagoon at Chesil Beach, Dorset, while the bomb itself was first tested at Elan Valley Reservoirs.
The bombs were delivered to the squadron on 13 May, after the final tests on 29 April. With promising weather reports the pilots, navigators and bomb aimers were informed of the targets on 15 May, the rest of the crews on the following day.
The attacks
Organisation
The Lancasters were organised into three groups. Formation 1 was to attack the Möhne and after that, aircraft still with bombs would attack the Eder. Formation 2 was to attack the Sorpe. The third group was a mobile reserve; it would take off two hours later on 17 May and bomb as directed, either attacking the main dams or bombing smaller dams at Schwelm, Ennepe and Diemel.
Formation 1 was of nine aircraft in three groups— piloted by Gibson, Hopgood, Martin; Young, Astell, Maltby; and Maudslay, Knight, Shannon. Formation 2 was of five aircraft, those of McCarthy, Byers, Barlow, Rice and Munro. Formation 3 consisted of the aircraft of Anderson, Townsend, Brown, Ottley and Burpee. Two crews were unable to make the mission because of illness.
The operations room for the mission was at 5 Group headquarters in Grantham, Lincolnshire. The codes (transmitted in morse) for the mission were agreed on as Goner for bomb dropped, Nigger for the Möhne breached and Dinghy for the Eder breached. The Nigger code was after Gibson's black dog that had been run over and killed on the morning of 17 May, the day of the attack. Dinghy was from the nickname of Gibson's friend Young who would be flying A-Apple—Young had had to make forced landings in the sea several times on operations, he and his crew having to resort to the aircraft's inflatable liferaft. Thereafter, he had been known as "Dinghy Young".
The outbound flights
The aircraft flew two routes, carefully avoiding known flak concentrations, and timed to cross the enemy coast simultaneously. The first aircraft, those of Formation 2 and heading for the longer northern route, took off at 21h28. McCarthy's aircraft had a hydraulics fault and he took off in a reserve craft 20 minutes late. Formation 1 took off from 21h39, 16 May, in groups of three at ten minute intervals. The reserve formation did not begin its launch until 0009 of 17 May.
Formation 1 entered continental Europe between Walcheren and Schouwen, crossed the Netherlands, skirting the airbases at Eindhoven and Gilze-Rijen, curved round the Ruhr defences and turned north to avoid Hamm before turning to head south to the Möhne. Formation 2 flew further northwards, cutting over Vlieland and crossing the IJsselmeer before joining the first route near Wesel and then flying south beyond the Möhne to the Sorpe.
The aircraft flew low, at around 100 ft, in order to avoid radar detection. Flight Sergeant George Chalmers, wireless operator on "O for Orange", observing through the astrodome, was astonished that his pilot was flying to the target along a fire break in a forest below tree level. On the return flight over the Dutch coast, German flak shells were bouncing off the surface of the sea .
The first casualties were taken soon after the craft reached the Dutch coast. Formation 2 did not fare well: Munro's aircraft lost his radio to flak and turned back over the IJsselmeer, while Rice flew too low, struck the sea and lost his bomb in the water, but recovered the aircraft to return to base. The aircraft of both Barlow and Byers crossed over the coast around the island of Texel. Byers was hit by flak and shot down shortly thereafter crashing into the Waddenzee. Only the late aircraft of McCarthy survived across the Netherlands. By contrast, Formation 1 lost Astell, at Marbeck, Germany, by flying into high tension wires and consequently going down in a field after veering low over a farmhouse.
The attack on the Möhne Dam
Formation 1 arrived over Möhne lake and Gibson's aircraft (G for George) bombed first. Hopgood (M for Mother) attacked second. Hopgood's aircraft was hit by flak as it made its low-level run and was then caught in the blast of its own bomb and crashed shortly after when a wing disintegrated. Three crew successfully left the aircraft, but only two survived. Subsequently Gibson flew his aircraft across the dam to draw flak from Martin's run. Martin (P for Popsie)) bombed third; his aircraft was damaged but made a successful attack. Next, Young (A for Apple) made a successful run and after him Maltby (J for Johnny) when, finally, the dam was breached. Gibson, with Young accompanying, led Shannon, Maudslay and Knight to the Eder.
The attack on the Eder Dam
The Eder Valley was heavily fogged but not defended. The tricky topography of the surrounding hills made the approach difficult and the first aircraft, Shannon's, made six runs before taking a break. Maudslay (Z for Zebra) then attempted a run but the bomb struck the top of the dam and the aircraft was severely damaged in the blast. Shannon made another run and successfully dropped his bomb. The final bomb of the formation, from Knight's aircraft (N for Nut), breached the dam.
The attacks on the Sorpe and Ennepe Dams
The Sorpe dam was the least likely to be breached—a vast earth dam rather than concrete, as were the two structures successfully attacked. Due to various problems, only three Lancasters reached the Sorpe - Joe McCarthy in T for Tommy (the delayed aircraft for the second wave) and later Brown in F for Freddie and Anderson (Y for Yorker), both of the third formation. This attack differed from those on the gravity dams in two ways - the "Upkeep" bomb was not rotated and the approach was made along the length of the dam, not at right angles over the reservoir, because of the topography of the valley.
McCarthy was on his own when he arrived over the dam at 0015 hours and realised that the planned approach was even more difficult than the model had suggested - as it turned out, the flight path led over the church steeple of the village of Langscheid on the crest overlooking the dam, before swooping down into the valley. With only seconds before the aircraft had to pull up again to avoid the hillside at the other end of the dam, bombardier George Johnston had no time to correct the aircraft's height and heading.
McCarthy made nine attempts before Johnston was satisfied and released their 'Upkeep' on the tenth run. It was just as well the Germans had considered the dam invulnerable to air attack and had placed no flak in the vicinity. The bomb exploded, but when McCarthy turned the plane to assess the damage, it turned out that only a section of the crest had been destroyed, while the dam itself was still functional.
Meanwhile, three of the reserve aircraft had been directed to the Sorpe. Burpee (S for Sugar) never arrived (later determined to have been shot down skirting Gilze-Rijen airfield). Brown (F for Freddy) reached the dam and in increasingly dense fog finally dropped his bomb but also failed to breach it. Anderson (Y for Yorker) arrived last, but by then, the fog had become too dense for him to even attempt the run. The remaining two aircraft were sent to subsidiary targets, with Ottley (C for Charlie) being shot down en route to the Lister dam while Townsend (O for Orange) eventually dropped his weapon on the Ennepe without breaching the dam.
Attack on the Bever Dam?
There is some evidence that Townsend may have mistakenly attacked the Bever Dam rather than the Ennepe. Townsend reported difficulty in finding the dam and in his post-raid report complained that the map of the Ennepe Dam was incorrect. The Bever Dam is located only about five miles southwest of the Ennepe Dam and the reservoir has similar geography. However, the Bever Dam is located on the south side of the reservoir while the Ennepe is located on the north side of its reservoir. With the mist filling the valleys in the early morning hours, it would be understandable to mistake the two reservoirs. The War Diary of the German Naval Staff reported that the Bever Dam had been attacked at nearly the same time as the Sorpe. In addition, the Wupperverband authority responsible for the Bever recovered the remains of a mine. Paul Keiser, a 19-year-old soldier on leave at his home very near the dam, also reported an aircraft making several approaches to the dam and eventually dropping a weapon leaving a big explosion and a great pillar of flame in a column of water.
The Dambusters Raid author, John Sweetman, claims that Townsend's report of the moon reflecting on the mist and water is consistent with an attack heading for the Bever rather than the Ennepe given the moon's azimuth and altitude during the attack. Sweetman also points out that the Ennepe-Wasserverband authority is adamant that only a single bomb was dropped near the Ennepe during the whole war and this bomb fell in the woods by the side of the dam, not in the water as in Townsend's report. Finally, members of Townsend's crew independently reported seeing a manor house and attacking an earthen dam, which is consistent with the Bever rather than the Ennepe. The main evidence supporting an attack of the Ennepe is Townsend's post-flight report that he attacked the Ennepe on a heading of 355 deg. M. Assuming that the heading was incorrect, all other evidence points toward an attack on the Bever.
The return flights
On the way back, flying again at treetop level, two aircraft were lost. The damaged Z-Zebra was caught by flak near Netterden, while Young's A-Apple was hit by flak north of Ijmuiden and crashed into the sea just off the coast of the Netherlands.
The nine surviving aircraft began landing at Scampton at 03h11, with Gibson returning at 04h15. The last of the survivors, Townsend, set down at 06h15.
Complete list of the aircraft involved
| Aircraft call sign | Commander | Target | Returned? | Notes |
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| First Wave |
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| G George | Wing Commander Guy Gibson | Möhne Dam | Yes | Raid leader. Mine exploded short of dam. Used aircraft to draw AA fire away from other crews. | | M Mother | Flight Lieutenant Hopgood | No | Hit by AA fire outbound. Mine bounced over dam. Shot down over target while attacking. | | P Peter (Popsie) | Flight Lieutenant Martin | Yes | Mine missed target. | | A Apple | Squadron Leader Young | No | Mine hit dam and caused small breach. Shot down over Dutch coast while returning. | | J Johnny | Flight Lieutenant Maltby | Yes | Mine hit dam and caused large breach. | | L Leather | Flight Lieutenant Shannon | Eder Dam | Yes | Mine hit target—no effect. | | Z Zebra | Squadron Leader Maudsley | No | Mine overshot target and damaged aircraft. Shot down over Germany while returning. | | N Nancy (Nan) | Pilot Officer Knight | Yes | Mine hit dam and caused large breach. | | B Baker | Flight Lieutenant Astell | N/A | No | Crashed after hitting power lines outbound. | | Second Wave |
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| T Tommy | Flight Lieutenant McCarthy | Sorpe Dam | Yes | Mine hit target—no effect. | | E Easy | Flight Lieutenant Barlow | N/A | No | Crashed after hitting power lines outbound. | | K King | Pilot Officer Byers | No | Shot down over Dutch coast outbound. | | H Harry | Pilot Officer Rice | Yes | Lost mine after clipping sea outbound. Returned without attacking target. | | W Willie | Flight Lieutenant Munro | Yes | Damaged by AA fire over Dutch coast. Returned without attacking target. | | Third Wave |
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| Y York | Flight Sergeant Anderson | Lister Dam | Yes | Could not find target due to mist. Landed at Scampton with armed mine. | | F Freddy | Flight Sergeant Brown | Sorpe Dam | Yes | Mine hit target—no effect. | | O Orange | Flight Sergeant Townsend | Ennepe Dam | Yes | Mine hit target—no effect. | | S Sugar | Pilot Officer Burpee | N/A | No | Shot down over Holland outbound. | | C Charlie | Pilot Officer Ottley | No | Shot down over Germany outbound. |
Bomb damage assessment
Bomber Command wanted to conduct bomb damage assessment as soon as possible. Accordingly, the Commanding Officer of No. 542 Squadron was informed by Bomber Command HQ of the exact time of the attacks. A photographic reconnaissance Spitfire of No. 542 Squadron, piloted by Flying Officer Frank "Jerry" Fray took off from RAF Benson at 07:30 and arrived over the Ruhr just after first light. Photographs were taken of the breached dams and the huge floods. The pilot later described the experience:
After the raid
In total, 53 of the 133 aircrew who participated in the attack were killed in action and three bailed out to be made prisoners of war. This represents a casualty rate of almost 40%. Of the aircrew who survived, 33 were decorated at Buckingham Palace on 22 June, with Gibson awarded the Victoria Cross. There were five Distinguished Service Orders, 10 Distinguished Flying Crosses and four bars, 12 Distinguished Flying Medals and two Conspicuous Gallantry Medals.
After a public relations tour of America, Gibson returned to operations and was killed on a mission in 1944.
Following the Dams Raid, 617 Squadron was kept together as a specialist unit. The squadron badge ("on a roundel, a wall in fesse, fracted by three flashes of lightning in pile and issuant from the breach, water proper") was chosen and a motto "Après moi le déluge" (After me the Flood). According to Brickhill there was some controversy over the motto, with the original version Après nous le déluge (After us the flood) being rejected by the heralds as having inappropriate provenance (having been coined, reportedly, by Madame Pompadour), and après moi le déluge having been used by Louis XV in an "irresponsible" context. The motto having been chosen by the King, the latter was finally deemed acceptable.
The squadron went on to drop Wallis' massive Tallboy bomb and Grand Slam bomb, including an attack on the German battleship , using an advanced bomb sight which enabled the bombing of small targets with far greater accuracy than was routinely obtained with conventional bomb aiming techniques. The squadron is still active today.
Effect on the war
The tactical view
The Möhne and Eder lakes poured around 330 million tons of water (equivalent to a cube 687 m on each side) into the western Ruhr region. Mines were flooded and houses, factories, roads, railways and bridges destroyed as the flood waters spread for around 50 miles (80 km) from the source. The Eder drains towards the east into the Fulda, flooding farmland and several villages. Estimates show that before 15 May 1943 water production on the Ruhr was 1 million tonnes, which dropped to a quarter of that level after the raid. In terms of deaths: according to the latest sources, at least 1,650 people were killed: around 70 in the Eder Valley, and at least 1,579 bodies were found along the Möhne and Ruhr rivers, with hundreds missing. 1,026 of the bodies found downriver of the Möhne Dam were foreign prisoners of war and forced-labourers in different camps, mainly from the Soviet Union. Worst hit was the city of Neheim (now part of Neheim-Hüsten) at the confluence of the Möhne and Ruhr rivers, where over 800 people perished, among them at least 526 female forced-labourers from the Soviet Union. (Some non-German sources erroneously cite an earlier total of 749 for all foreigners in all camps in the Möhne and Ruhr valleys as the casualty count at a camp just below the Eder Dam.) After the operation Barnes Wallis wrote, "I feel a blow has been struck at Germany from which she cannot recover for several years."
However, on closer inspection, Operation Chastise did not have the military effect that was at the time believed. By 27 June full water output was restored, thanks to an emergency pumping scheme inaugurated only the previous year, and the electricity grid was again producing power at full capacity. The raid proved to be costly in lives (more than half the lives lost belonging to allied POWs and forced-labourers), but in fact no more than a minor inconvenience to the Ruhr's industrial output.
In his book Inside the Third Reich, Albert Speer expressed puzzlement at the raids; destruction of one of the dams served no purpose at all, he claimed, and the failure to follow up with additional raids represented a major lost opportunity for the Allies.
The true value of the bombing can be seen as the huge, and very real boost to British morale, proving to people of bitterly embattled Britain they had the ability to strike back. In a very real sense it empowered the entire British populace.
Its legacy, during the war years, was one of delivering hope, and belief to a people under constant bombing and bombardments.
The strategic view
The Dams Raid was, like many British air raids, undertaken with a view to the need to keep drawing German defensive effort back into Germany and away from actual and potential theatres of ground war, a policy which culminated in the Berlin raids of the winter of 1943–1944. In May 1943 this meant keeping the Luftwaffe and anti-aircraft defence forces' effort away from the Soviet Union; in early 1944, it meant clearing the way for the aerial side of the forthcoming Operation Overlord.
By far the greatest and most unexpected effect was on German food production. The Ruhr Valley below the dams was a major source of vital food for Germany, and large areas of arable land were rendered unusable and huge numbers of farm animals were killed. This had an immediate negative effect on German morale. In addition, the pictures of the broken dams proved to be a propaganda and morale boost to the Allies, especially to the British, still suffering under German bombing.
An associated, but equally major effect was that Barnes Wallis's ideas on earth quake bombing, which had been rejected before, now became accepted by 'Bomber' Harris. Prior to this raid bombing practice had been to 'area bomb' with many light bombs, in the hope that one would hit the target. Work on the earthquake bomb theory resulted in the Tallboy and Grand Slam weapons, which caused unprecedented damage to German infrastructure in the later stages of the war. They rendered the V-2 assembly building unusable, buried the V-3 guns, sank the and destroyed many bridges and other hardened installations. Notable amongst their successes were the U-Boat pens at Brest, where they penetrated 20 ft thick roofs of reinforced concrete, and the Saumur Tunnel.
The diplomatic view
An important reason for planning the raid was to persuade Stalin that Britain was capable of being an effective ally. This was the middle period of the war, when the United States had recently entered the war on Britain's side due to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, had brought the USSR into the war and it was being hard pressed by the German forces. Due to the seriousness of the situation for the Soviet Union during this period, Stalin often called upon the Western Allies to open a second front: the Dambusters raid provided the British with a valuable opportunity to prove that they were harrying the Germans in every way they could while building up forces for an eventual liberation of Western Europe. However, by the time the preparations for the British raid were complete, the USSR had managed to fight back against German forces; the USSR had also found the capacity to begin its counter-offensive on the Don and Volga. The Dams Raid enabled Churchill, in negotiations with the leaders of these new allies, to point to an effective strike against the hitherto apparently invincible German state. As a result, he was taken more seriously as an ally than might otherwise have been the case. This was most relevant in negotiations with Stalin, but also to a lesser degree in the USA. Although Churchill had the sympathetic ear of Roosevelt, many of the US military staff had until then been less persuaded of the value of British experience and capabilities.
International law
In 1977, Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions prohibited attacks against installations such as dams, dykes and nuclear power stations "if such attack may cause the release of dangerous forces and consequent severe losses among the civilian population". The special protection covering dams and dykes terminates "only if it is used for other than its normal function and in regular, significant and direct support of military operations and if such attack is the only feasible way to terminate such support".
The United Kingdom ratified Protocol I in 1998, but made the following reservation in respect of Article 56:
- "The United Kingdom cannot undertake to grant absolute protection to installations which may contribute to the opposing Party's war effort, or to the defenders of such installations, but will take all due precautions in military operations at or near the installations referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 56 in the light of the known facts, including any special marking which the installation may carry, to avoid severe collateral losses among the civilian populations; direct attacks on such installations will be launched only on authorisation at a high level of command."
Popular culture
The Dam Busters was made about the raids and was very popular. Its depiction of the raid, along with a similar sequence in the film 633 Squadron, provided the inspiration for the Death Star trench run in Star Wars: A New Hope. The film is also watched on television by the character Pink in the 1982 film, Pink Floyd The Wall. In 1984, a Commodore 64 computer combat flight simulator The Dam Busters was made based on this operation. A 1989 British commercial for Carling Black Label lager reused footage from the attack sequence of the 1954 film, with a wily German sentry (played by Russ Abbot) on top of the dam catching the perfectly spherical bombs in the manner of a football (soccer) goalkeeper. The pilot of the attacking Lancaster then delivers the brand slogan: "I bet he drinks Carling Black Label!" The commercial ran for many years, frequently appearing in advert breaks for both the 1954 film and documentaries about Operation Chastise. A subsequent Carling commercial also used bouncing bomb imagery, this time to enable a British holidaymaker to beat the Germans to the sunbeds. The PC game Call of Duty features a mission in the British campaign, sometime after Operation Chastise, where players must suppress the Eder Dam's AA defences and destroy the dam's generators in order to clear the way for the RAF to make a raid against the dam. The console game Secret Weapons Over Normandy features a mission in which the player must destroy a dam and the suggested weapon is the bouncing bomb. However the dam involved is stated to be in Norway and the mission objective is based on the sabotage at Vemork, so the game has conflated this sabotage and the Dambusters mission. On 1 September 2006, it was announced that Peter Jackson would produce a remake of the 1954 movie, to be directed by Christian Rivers with production starting in 2008. On 16 May 2008, a commemorative event to mark the 65th anniversary was held at Derwent Reservoir, Derbyshire, including a flypast by the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Lancaster, Spitfire and Hurricane. The event was attended by Les Munro, the only surviving pilot from the original raid, and Richard Todd the actor who played Wing Commander Guy Gibson in the 1954 film.
See also
Bibliography
Dambusters: A Landmark Oral History. London: Virgin Books, 2008. ISBN 978-190526-4339. Brickhill, Paul. The Dam Busters. London: Evans Bros., 1951. "Novelised" style. Covers entire wartime story of 617 Squadron. Churchill, Winston S. The Second World War, Volume IV: The Hinge of Fate. London: Cassell, 1951. Cockell, Charles S. "The science and scientific legacy of Operation Chastise." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 27, 2002, pp. 278–286. Gibson, Guy. Enemy Coast Ahead. London: Pan Books, 1955. Gibson's own account. Sweetman, John. The Dambusters Raid. London: Cassell, 1999. ISBN 0-304-35173-3.
External links
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