One-name study
Encyclopedia
A one-name study is a project researching a specific surname
, as opposed to a particular pedigree
(ancestor
s of one person) or descendancy (descendants
of one person or couple). Some people who research a specific surname may restrict their research geographically and chronologically, perhaps to one country and time period, while others may collect all occurrences world-wide for all time.
Like all family history research a successful study relies on a vast amount of resources. These can be original documents or verified transcripts of original documents, many of which are now available online.
It is usual to include all spelling variants of the surname that have appeared over the years. A one-name study is not limited to persons who are related biologically. Studies of more common surnames may have a number of family trees which have no link with each other.
Findings from a one-name study are useful to genealogists
, who burrow deeper than indexes, consulting the historical sources so as to write pedigrees or descendancy charts of single families that are usually subsets of the surname group. Onomasticians
, who study the etymology
, meaning and geographic origin of names, also draw on the macro perspective provided by a one-name study.
in the late 20th century because details of births, marriages and deaths in England
, Wales
and Scotland
are in the public domain and anyone can apply to see the details of any birth, marriage or death. The indexes to the registers are freely available.
Because the index of births has, since 1911, included the mother's maiden surname, and the marriage index since 1912 has displayed the surnames of both partners, it is possible, with a complete data-set, to match every man's marriage to the occasions when he had a child. This information could be acquired at no cost in London
. Simple profiles of most 20th century persons with the surname in England and Wales can thus be drawn up without needing any contact to the persons concerned.
Using this groundwork, it is possible to hypothesize crude lineages and extend these back through the 19th century by collecting every instance of the chosen surname from indexes to the 10-yearly census
es that began in 1841.
The data can be refined using 19th century civil-registration data. All persons living in England and Wales were obliged from 1837 onwards to register births, marriages and deaths. In Scotland, civil registration started in 1855. Quarterly index books listing the surnames, first names and districts where these events took place were thereafter kept for public use in London. Since compliance was mixed at first, and the data-fields in the 19th century indexes are more limited than for the 20th century, those index books alone are not sufficient for reconstituting families.
The index books were scanned and made available online in 2004 by 1837online, now findmypast.com and a partial index has been transcribed by volunteers for the FreeBMD
website. Records for Scotland
can be searched at the ScotlandsPeople website, and this means that a one-name study with a British focus can be conducted from anywhere in the world.
One-name studies of the United States have become feasible thanks to the recent availability of online indexes to 19th century and early 20th century censuses.
More limited one-name studies can be conducted using other national indexes including:
To obtain surname data from the 18th century and earlier, one-name researchers employ the International Genealogical Index
(IGI) and vital records indexes compiled by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as catalogs to national archives.
One-name studies are generally rounded out with a miscellany of information drawn from national bibliographies, archival catalogs, patent databases, reports of law cases, tax lists, newspaper indexes and web searches. A one-name researcher is also expected to report on the linguistic origins of the surname and its use in placenames and corporate names.
A full one-name study can be daunting. Since such studies are usually conducted by individuals as a pastime, they are generally only feasible when a surname is not used by more than a couple of thousand contemporary people, so that the total historical data-set is numbered in the low tens of thousands. Where a surname is used by hundreds of thousands, or millions of people, it would be practically impossible to differentiate these persons using national-index data alone.
In some countries, one-name studies are impossible, since surnames are not used at all or in the case of names such as Singh
may represent religious practice rather than an ancestry. Since a majority of human societies are patronymic, one-name studies generally focus on male succession and ignore family relationships through marriage.
Some researchers are satisfied to collect all information and group it geographically, approximately representing the different family groups. Others attempt to reconstruct lineages. Because of the wider scope of a one-name study, and transcription or OCR
errors in the indexes employed, lineage-making cannot be done with as much accuracy as in a single-family genealogy.
In most one-name studies, a united lineage will not be discovered, but a broad perspective can be achieved, giving clues to name origin and migrations. Many researchers are motivated to go beyond the one-name-study stage and to compile fully researched, single-family histories of some of the families they discover.
The data must be carefully structured. An accurate copy of the original indexes must be drawn up, and updated when they are amended. Errors and conflicts in the indexes are noted. Links to those tables appear in the roll of individual persons.
To avoid retyping large volumes of data by hand, one-name researchers are often skilled at data scraping and automated reformatting.
Many one-name researchers keep data tables in computer spreadsheets because it is possible to see hundreds of items on a single screen and use thinking power to detect patterns. Family Tree software is used by many researchers to collate and define family trees. Others employ relational database
software.
will give them sufficient perspective to break through a barrier in their own family history research. Some are motivated by the belief, only rarely borne out, that kinship can be documented among all persons sharing a surname. Like most other collecting pastimes, a one-name study often becomes compulsive, without regard for the original motivation.
The principal organisation advising on such research is the Guild of One-Name Studies
which was established in Britain in September 1979. The Guild now has over 2,000 worldwide members conducting studies of individual surnames and their variants and has regional organizers in several nations.
As an initial step, a searchable version of the database can be offered online. Traditionally, publication of definitive research is undertaken by printing a book or by bringing it out in parts in a one-name periodical. Such publications are often sponsored by formally established one-name groups. The Federation of Family History Societies includes several One-Name Societies, whilst the Guild of One-Name Studies has many members who are associated with such organisations. Advice on setting up a one-name group appears in a short booklet, "One-Name Family History Groups" by Derek Palgrave published by the Halsted Trust in 2008.
Today many studies are presented online, since the data can be continually updated, is available worldwide and is likely to be preserved by Archive.org and other services long after the website expires.
There is little value in merely publishing index extracts without annotation or links: this may even breach the index compiler's copyright. Instead, the study can publish rolls of persons, fully referenced and arranged in geographical categories, either alphabetically or in the order of such fragmentary lineages as can be discovered.
, much of the information on living people is already in the public domain.
Most researchers are happy to share the results of their studies with others. A one-name study not only benefits from the availability of public records, often at no charge, but also from the generous advice and assistance of those people who are consulted for information in the course of the study. Publishing the historical part of the research and promptly answering inquiries is the best way preserve this information for present and future generations.
Surname
A surname is a name added to a given name and is part of a personal name. In many cases, a surname is a family name. Many dictionaries define "surname" as a synonym of "family name"...
, as opposed to a particular pedigree
Pedigree chart
A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next, most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses....
(ancestor
Ancestor
An ancestor is a parent or the parent of an ancestor ....
s of one person) or descendancy (descendants
Lineal descendant
A lineal descendant, in legal usage, refers to a blood relative in the direct line of descent. The children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc...
of one person or couple). Some people who research a specific surname may restrict their research geographically and chronologically, perhaps to one country and time period, while others may collect all occurrences world-wide for all time.
Like all family history research a successful study relies on a vast amount of resources. These can be original documents or verified transcripts of original documents, many of which are now available online.
It is usual to include all spelling variants of the surname that have appeared over the years. A one-name study is not limited to persons who are related biologically. Studies of more common surnames may have a number of family trees which have no link with each other.
Findings from a one-name study are useful to genealogists
Genealogy
Genealogy is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history. Genealogists use oral traditions, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members...
, who burrow deeper than indexes, consulting the historical sources so as to write pedigrees or descendancy charts of single families that are usually subsets of the surname group. Onomasticians
Onomastics
Onomastics or onomatology is the study of proper names of all kinds and the origins of names. The words are from the Greek: "ὀνομαστικός" , "of or belonging to naming" and "ὀνοματολογία" , from "ὄνομα" "name". Toponymy or toponomastics, the study of place names, is one of the principal branches of...
, who study the etymology
Etymology
Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
, meaning and geographic origin of names, also draw on the macro perspective provided by a one-name study.
The British method
One-name studies became popular in BritainGreat Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
in the late 20th century because details of births, marriages and deaths in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
, Wales
Wales
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²...
and Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
are in the public domain and anyone can apply to see the details of any birth, marriage or death. The indexes to the registers are freely available.
Because the index of births has, since 1911, included the mother's maiden surname, and the marriage index since 1912 has displayed the surnames of both partners, it is possible, with a complete data-set, to match every man's marriage to the occasions when he had a child. This information could be acquired at no cost in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
. Simple profiles of most 20th century persons with the surname in England and Wales can thus be drawn up without needing any contact to the persons concerned.
Using this groundwork, it is possible to hypothesize crude lineages and extend these back through the 19th century by collecting every instance of the chosen surname from indexes to the 10-yearly census
Census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common...
es that began in 1841.
The data can be refined using 19th century civil-registration data. All persons living in England and Wales were obliged from 1837 onwards to register births, marriages and deaths. In Scotland, civil registration started in 1855. Quarterly index books listing the surnames, first names and districts where these events took place were thereafter kept for public use in London. Since compliance was mixed at first, and the data-fields in the 19th century indexes are more limited than for the 20th century, those index books alone are not sufficient for reconstituting families.
The index books were scanned and made available online in 2004 by 1837online, now findmypast.com and a partial index has been transcribed by volunteers for the FreeBMD
FreeBMD
FreeBMD is a UK-based charitable organisation founded in 1998, and established as charity in 2003 to create a free transcription of the indexes to Births, Marriages and Deaths for England and Wales from 1837 to 1983.-History:...
website. Records for Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
can be searched at the ScotlandsPeople website, and this means that a one-name study with a British focus can be conducted from anywhere in the world.
Other methods
In most other countries, one-name studies are much more difficult. Where civil-registration indexes are open to public search, they may not be online or gathered in the national capital, but are scattered through the states, as in Australia, or towns, as in France and the United States. In many countries, such as Germany, civil-registration and census data are regarded as a state prerogative: vital data are only available to the persons concerned and 19th-century census returns are not available at all.One-name studies of the United States have become feasible thanks to the recent availability of online indexes to 19th century and early 20th century censuses.
More limited one-name studies can be conducted using other national indexes including:
- telephoneTelephone directoryA telephone directory is a listing of telephone subscribers in a geographical area or subscribers to services provided by the organization that publishes the directory...
and address directories - registers of willsWill (law)A will or testament is a legal declaration by which a person, the testator, names one or more persons to manage his/her estate and provides for the transfer of his/her property at death...
or deceased estates - electoral rolls
- land possession records
- military service indexes
To obtain surname data from the 18th century and earlier, one-name researchers employ the International Genealogical Index
International Genealogical Index
The International Genealogical Index is a database of genealogical records, compiled from several sources, and maintained by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints...
(IGI) and vital records indexes compiled by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as catalogs to national archives.
One-name studies are generally rounded out with a miscellany of information drawn from national bibliographies, archival catalogs, patent databases, reports of law cases, tax lists, newspaper indexes and web searches. A one-name researcher is also expected to report on the linguistic origins of the surname and its use in placenames and corporate names.
Scope
Many people conducting family history, genealogical or onomastic research may conduct a one-name study of a surname in a given period or locality quite informally.A full one-name study can be daunting. Since such studies are usually conducted by individuals as a pastime, they are generally only feasible when a surname is not used by more than a couple of thousand contemporary people, so that the total historical data-set is numbered in the low tens of thousands. Where a surname is used by hundreds of thousands, or millions of people, it would be practically impossible to differentiate these persons using national-index data alone.
In some countries, one-name studies are impossible, since surnames are not used at all or in the case of names such as Singh
Singh
Also see SinhaSingh is a common title, middle name, or surname in Northern India and South India used by sikhs warriors and kings. eg. Man Singh I, Maharana Pratap Singh. It is derived from the Sanskrit word Siṃha meaning "lion and used by Ahir kings of Nepal". It is also used in Sri Lanka by...
may represent religious practice rather than an ancestry. Since a majority of human societies are patronymic, one-name studies generally focus on male succession and ignore family relationships through marriage.
Some researchers are satisfied to collect all information and group it geographically, approximately representing the different family groups. Others attempt to reconstruct lineages. Because of the wider scope of a one-name study, and transcription or OCR
Optical character recognition
Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is the mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files, to computerize a record-keeping...
errors in the indexes employed, lineage-making cannot be done with as much accuracy as in a single-family genealogy.
In most one-name studies, a united lineage will not be discovered, but a broad perspective can be achieved, giving clues to name origin and migrations. Many researchers are motivated to go beyond the one-name-study stage and to compile fully researched, single-family histories of some of the families they discover.
Tools
While most one-name studies are conducted as a pastime, rather than as an economic activity, the sheer volume of information to be organized may require semi-professional data-processing and publishing skills.The data must be carefully structured. An accurate copy of the original indexes must be drawn up, and updated when they are amended. Errors and conflicts in the indexes are noted. Links to those tables appear in the roll of individual persons.
To avoid retyping large volumes of data by hand, one-name researchers are often skilled at data scraping and automated reformatting.
Many one-name researchers keep data tables in computer spreadsheets because it is possible to see hundreds of items on a single screen and use thinking power to detect patterns. Family Tree software is used by many researchers to collate and define family trees. Others employ relational database
Relational database
A relational database is a database that conforms to relational model theory. The software used in a relational database is called a relational database management system . Colloquial use of the term "relational database" may refer to the RDBMS software, or the relational database itself...
software.
Motivation and support
One-name researchers often begin a study in the hope that obtaining a massive data setData set
A data set is a collection of data, usually presented in tabular form. Each column represents a particular variable. Each row corresponds to a given member of the data set in question. Its values for each of the variables, such as height and weight of an object or values of random numbers. Each...
will give them sufficient perspective to break through a barrier in their own family history research. Some are motivated by the belief, only rarely borne out, that kinship can be documented among all persons sharing a surname. Like most other collecting pastimes, a one-name study often becomes compulsive, without regard for the original motivation.
The principal organisation advising on such research is the Guild of One-Name Studies
Guild of One-Name Studies
The Guild of One-Name Studies is a UK-based charitable organisation founded in 1979 for one-name studies.-History:The Guild developed as an off-shoot of the Federation of Family History Societies. The FFHS was founded on 8th June 1974. By 1977 one-third of the members of the FFHS were one-name...
which was established in Britain in September 1979. The Guild now has over 2,000 worldwide members conducting studies of individual surnames and their variants and has regional organizers in several nations.
Publication
One-name studies are often one-person initiatives, so publishing the findings is the best way to ensure that the many years of work that go into them are not lost when the researcher dies. There may be no one else with a high enough commitment to continue writing reports, but there will always be a number of appreciative readers.As an initial step, a searchable version of the database can be offered online. Traditionally, publication of definitive research is undertaken by printing a book or by bringing it out in parts in a one-name periodical. Such publications are often sponsored by formally established one-name groups. The Federation of Family History Societies includes several One-Name Societies, whilst the Guild of One-Name Studies has many members who are associated with such organisations. Advice on setting up a one-name group appears in a short booklet, "One-Name Family History Groups" by Derek Palgrave published by the Halsted Trust in 2008.
Today many studies are presented online, since the data can be continually updated, is available worldwide and is likely to be preserved by Archive.org and other services long after the website expires.
There is little value in merely publishing index extracts without annotation or links: this may even breach the index compiler's copyright. Instead, the study can publish rolls of persons, fully referenced and arranged in geographical categories, either alphabetically or in the order of such fragmentary lineages as can be discovered.
Ethics
As in other branches of family history, some of the information gathered is about living persons. Some one-namers accept that this should never be published or distributed without the permission of each person concerned while others take the view that, certainly within countries such as the United KingdomUnited Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, much of the information on living people is already in the public domain.
Most researchers are happy to share the results of their studies with others. A one-name study not only benefits from the availability of public records, often at no charge, but also from the generous advice and assistance of those people who are consulted for information in the course of the study. Publishing the historical part of the research and promptly answering inquiries is the best way preserve this information for present and future generations.