Encyclopedia
The
Olympic symbols are various logos, icons,
flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee for various aspects related to the promotion of the Olympic Movement around the world. Some of the symbols are more prevalent during Olympic competition, such as the flame, fanfare and theme, but others, such as the flag, can be seen throughout many times of the year. However, the IOC has been criticised in the past for its aggressive protection of its symbols, such as the rings and the use of the word "Olympic."
The flag
Use of the Olympic flag
An Olympic flag is raised during the opening ceremonies of each
Olympic Games, and lowered during the closing ceremonies. A second flag is used for the Olympic Oath. Special flags are kept in the city halls of cities organizing the
Olympic Games. At the end of the Olympic Games, the mayor of the city that organized the Games returns the flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the mayor of the next city to host the Olympic Games. . There are three such flags, differing from all other copies in that they have a six-colored fringe around the flag, and are tied with six coloured ribbons to a flagstaff.
The Antwerp flag
Was presented to the IOC at the
1920 Summer Olympics by the city of
Antwerp, Belgium, and at the Closing Ceremony of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, was passed on to the next organising city of the
Summer Olympics , when it was retired. The Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The Oslo flag
Was presented to the IOC at the
1952 Winter Olympics by the city of
Oslo, Norway, and is passed on to the next organizing city of the
Winter Olympics.
The Seoul flag
Was presented to the IOC at the
1988 Summer Olympics by the city of
Seoul, South Korea, and is passed on to the next organising city of the Summer Olympics.
Olympic Emblem
The
flag features the emblem of the Olympic Games — five interlocking rings on a white field. This was originally designed in 1913 by Baron
Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, but gained widespread popularity due to its promotion by
Nazi Germany . Upon its initial introduction, de Coubertin stated the following in the August, 1913 edition of
Revue Olympique:
- The emblem chosen to illustrate and represent the world Congress of 1914 ...: five intertwined rings in different colours - blue, yellow, black, green, red - are placed on the white field of the paper. These five rings represent the five parts of the world which now are won over to Olympism and willing to accept healthy competition.
In his article published in the "Olympic Revue" the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992, the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA : The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist
Carl Jung because for him the ring meant continuity and the human being.
"The Olympic flag [...] has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the centre : blue, yellow, black, green and red [...] This design is symbolic ; it represents the five continents of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time."
Textes choisis II, p.470.
The 1914 Congress had to be suspended due to the outbreak of
World War I, but the flag and emblem were later adopted. They would first officially debut at the VIIth Olympiad in
Antwerp, Belgium in 1920.
The emblem's popularity and widespread use began during the lead-up to the
1936 Summer Olympics in
Berlin. Carl Diem, president of the Organizing Committee of the
1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium at
Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the
Pythian Games were also held. For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides, and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed. Later, two British authors Lynn and Gray Poole when visiting Delphi in the late 1950´s saw the stone and reported in their "History of the Ancient Games" that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece. This has become known as "Carl Diem's Stone".
. This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin. The rings would subsequently be featured prominently in Nazi images and theatrics in 1936 as part of an effort to glorify the
Third Reich and claim a noble and ancient lineage.
The current view of the International Olympic Committee is that the flag "reinforces the idea" that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join. As can be read in the
Olympic Charter, the Olympic symbol represents the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. However, no continent is represented by any specific ring. Though colourful explanations about the symbolism of the coloured rings exist, the only connection between the rings and the continents is that the number five refers to the number of continents. Of course, in this scheme, the
Americas are viewed as a single continent, and
Antarctica is omitted.
Fanfare and Theme
Many composers have had their music used by, or have written for the Olympics. Oftentimes, they title their pieces "Olympic Fanfare and Theme." One such notable "
Olympic Fanfare and Theme" is a piece of music written by
John Williams for the 1984
Olympic Games, which were held in Los Angeles. It was released in its entirety to the public on the albums "The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984" and "The Official Music of the 1984 Games." The premiere recording, as performed by an orchestra comprised of Los Angeles-area musicians under the baton of the composer has not yet been publicly made available on any form of digital media. The piece eventually made its way onto CD with the release on Philips entitled "By Request: The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra."
In 1996, an alternate version of this piece was released on the album "Summon the Heroes" for the Atlanta Olympic Games. In this arrangement, the first part of the piece was replaced with Leo Arnaud's "Bugler's Dream". Written in 1958 for Arnaud's
Charge Suite, it is this piece, more than any of the fanfares or Olympic themes written by Williams, that Americans recognize as the "Olympic theme", primarily because it was used by ABC beginning with the 1968 Olympics, and by NBC starting in 1992. According to United States Olympic Committee spokesman Mike Moran, many athletes include this piece in the music they listen to while preparing for competition. In 2006 it was again used by NBC. Arnaud's piece is stately, beginning with a
timpani cadence that is soon joined by a distinctive theme in brass. Williams' 1984 "Fanfare and Theme" begins with a much faster melody, somewhat reminiscent of
Aaron Copland, with brass but no timpani. Although perhaps not as familiar as Arnaud's theme, it is hardly unknown, since it also is still used in network coverage of the Olympics.
"Olympic Fanfare and Theme" was awarded a Grammy in 1985.
The Kotinos
The
kotinos is an
olive branch intertwined to form a circle. To be crowned with this wreath was the award that the athletes of the
ancient Olympic Games competed for. However, this was not their only reward; usually the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his hometown.
At
Athens, 2004 the kotinos tradition was renewed, although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal. Indeed, athletes felt very honoured to receive a kotinos. Apart from its use in the awards-ceremonies, the kotinos was chosen as the
2004 Summer Olympics emblem.
Criticism
The Olympic Movement is accused of being overprotective of its symbols; among other things, it claims an exclusive, monopolistic copyright on
any arrangement of five rings, irrespective of alignment, color or lack thereof, as well as to any use of the word "Olympic." They have taken action against numerous groups seen to have violated this copyright, including the
Minneapolis,
Minnesota-based band
The Hopefuls , and
Wizards of the Coast, publisher of the popular collectible card game and others.
The mascot
Since the
1968 Winter Olympics in
Grenoble,
France the
Olympic Games have a
mascot, usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage. The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was
Misha in the
1980 Summer Olympics in
Moscow.
Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies, had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products, now things commonly practiced not only in the Olympic Games but also other competitions such as the
FIFA World Cup. Nowadays, most of the merchandise targeted at younger consumers give more focus on the mascots, rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos.
List of mascots
...
- Waldi, a dachshund dog, popular in Bavaria, which represent the attributes required for athletes - Resistance, Tenacity and Agility. Designed by Otl Aicher
- 1976 Summer Olympics, Montréal
- 1976 Winter Olympics, Innsbruck
- Schneemann, a snowman representing the Games of Simplicity
- 1980 Summer Olympics, Moscow
- Misha, a bear cub, designed by children's books illustrator Victor Chizhikov
- 1980 Winter Olympics, Lake Placid
- Roni the raccoon, a raccoon whose face design resembles the hat and goggles used by competitors. Designed by Donald Moss
- 1984 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles
- 1984 Winter Olympics, Sarajevo
- Vuchko, a little wolf, symbolizing the desire of humans to befriend animals. According to the IOC, it helped change the common perception in the region of wolves as frightening and blood-thirsty. Designed by Joze Trobec
- 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul
...
and
Hosuni, two
tigers , common part in
Korean legends. Designed by Hyun Kim
- 1988 Winter Olympics, Calgary
- Howdy and Hidy, "The welcome bears", two polar bears representing Western Canadian hospitality. The bear siblings were the first dual mascots in the Olympic Games. The Calgary Zoo sponsored a contest to name the bears. Among the nearly 7,000 entries submitted, the names "Hidy" and "Howdy" were eventually chosen. Designed by Sheila Scott
...
| akcstd = altname = Great PyreneesChien des PyrnesChien de Montagne des PyrnesMontas del P...
designed by Javier Mariscal
- 1992 Winter Olympics, Albertville
- Magique, a man-star/snow imp. Designed by Philippe Mairesse.
- 1994 Winter Olympics, Lillehammer
...
children dressed in traditional clothes
- 1996 Summer Olympics, Atlanta
- Izzy, an abstract figure whose name was changed from Whatizit Izzy proved to be a very unpopular mascot. Busch Gardens, a theme park in Williamsburg, Virginia, U.S., named a new Wild Mouse roller coaster after the mascot, but the name was changed within the year.
- 1998 Winter Olympics, Nagano
- The Snowlets - Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki, four owls, one for each year between Olympic Games. Their names were chosen from public suggestions. The first part of each name can be combined phonetically to create the word "Snowlets".
- 2000 Summer Olympics, Sydney
- Olly, a kookaburra representing the Olympic spirit of generosity
- Syd, a platypus representing the environment and the energy of the people of Australia
- Millie, an echidna representing the millennium.
Designed by Matthew Hatton from
Warner Bros.
...
Turin is a major industrial city [i] in north-western Italy [i], capital [i] of the Piedmont [i] ...
- Neve, a female ball of snow
- Gliz, a male block of ice
Designed by Pedro Albuquerque
Designed by Han Meilin. Together the five names form the Chinese phrase "Beijing huan ying ni", which means "Beijing welcomes you".
See also
- List of Olympic logos
- The Olympic Anthem: played during the opening and closing ceremonies of Olympic Games and on certain other occasions
- The Olympic Flame: a flame burning day and night for the duration of the Olympic Games.
- The Olympic motto, in Latin: "Citius, Altius, Fortius"; which means, "Faster, Higher, Stronger."
- The Olympic Order: an award conferred by the International Olympic Committee
- The Olympic Creed: "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well."
- The Olympic emblem: the emblem of every edition of the Olympic Games, usually combining the Olympic Rings with some elements representing the host city or country and its culture.
- The three Olympic pillars: sport, environment, culture.
References
External links
