Oliver Bulleid
Encyclopedia
Oliver Vaughan Snell Bulleid (19 September 1882 - 25 April 1970) was a British
railway and mechanical engineer best known as the Chief Mechanical Engineer
(CME) of the Southern Railway between 1937 and the 1948 nationalisation, developing many well-known locomotive
s.
, New Zealand
to William Bulleid and his wife Marian Pugh, both British immigrants. On the death of his father, Bulleid returned to Llanfyllin
, Wales
in 1889 with his mother, where the family home had been. In 1901, after a technical education at Accrington, at age 18 he joined the Great Northern Railway
(GNR) at Doncaster
as an apprentice under H. A. Ivatt, the CME. After a four-year apprenticeship he became the assistant to the Locomotive Running Superintendent, and a year later the Doncaster Works manager. In 1908, he left to work in Paris
with the French
division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation as a Test Engineer, soon promoted to Assistant Works Manager and Chief Draughtsman. Later that year he married Marjorie Ivatt, Ivatt's youngest daughter.
A brief period working for the Board of Trade
followed from 1910 arranging exhibitions in Brussels, Paris and Turin. During this time, he was able to travel widely in Europe, including a trip with Gresley, Stanier and Hawksworth to Belgium to see a metre-gauge bogie locomotive. In December 1912, he rejoined the GNR as Personal Assistant to Nigel Gresley
, the new CME. Gresley was only six years Bulleid's senior. World War I
intervened; Bulleid joined the British Army
and was assigned to the rail transport arm, rising to the rank of Major. After the war, Bulleid returned to the GNR as the Manager of the Wagon and Carriage Works.
in 1923 of Britain's financially-troubled railways saw the GNR subsumed into the new London and North Eastern Railway
(LNER), and Gresley was appointed the CME. He brought Bulleid back to Doncaster to be his assistant. During this period Gresley produced the majority of his famous locomotives and innovations, and Bulleid had a hand in many of them, including the P1
2-8-2
freight locomotive, the U1
2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratt
freight locomotive, the P2
2-8-2 express locomotive and the A4
4-6-2
express locomotive.
shunters
ordered by Maunsell in 1936; three of these
were built and proved effective, with a subsequent order being placed for eight more, though this was subsequently cancelled due to the onset of the Second World War. Between 1949 and 1952, a further 26 of Bulleid's amended version of these locomotives were delivered and later became British Rail Class 12
.
In 1938, Bulleid gained approval to build the Merchant Navy
class of modern 4-6-2
"Pacifics", undoubtedly inspired by Gresley but also drawing on his experiences from across Europe and with all the most modern equipment; the design featured a partially welded boiler and firebox rather than traditional riveted designs, thermic syphons and a high-pressure boiler. It also included chain-driven valve gear immersed in an oil bath, a feature that was controversial and later caused problems if not maintained properly, which was difficult due to conditions after WW2.
Bulleid, like other engineers, had long felt that it was not ideal to have working parts exposed to the elements where they were subject to all the dirt thrown up from the track. He also thought that steam engines should get nearer to the internal combustion engine, which enclosed the working parts and used pump lubrication to keep it all running smoothly. Another advantage of enclosing the valve gear would be reduced day-to-day maintenance. Unfortunately there were design errors in the casing used for the oil bath, which led to leaks.
The first Merchant Navy locomotive, 21C1 Channel Packet, was built in 1941 and 29 followed, the last being 35030 Elder Dempster Lines. The West Country
and Battle of Britain classes of slightly smaller light Pacifics followed in 1945. 110 were built, of which 21C101 Exeter was the first. His other major steam locomotive design, the Q1
"Austerity" 0-6-0
freight engine, appeared in 1942. All the steam locomotives designed by Bulleid for the SR had Bulleid-Firth-Brown
wheels which gave even tyre support, but they did not eliminate the need for balance weights. The set up of the Bulleid valve gear enabled a locomotive to be built with no hammer blow. When the locomotives were rebuilt with Walschaerts valve gear, balance weights were installed in the wheels to reduce hammer blow.
Bulleid also played a major role in the electrification
of the SR, including infrastructure, electric multiple unit
s and electric locomotive
s. He designed the bodies for the two SR electric locomotives CC1 and CC2 in 1941 and 1945. A third example was built by British Railways in 1948 and numbered 20003. Towards the end of his tenure at SR he was responsible for the design and construction of Britain's only double-deck passenger trains, the two members of the 4DD
class.
His final steam locomotive design for the SR was the unconventional Leader
, appearing in 1949, after nationalisation. This had the boiler, coal and water supplies and everything else encased in a smooth double-ended body reminiscent of a diesel locomotive
. The drive was through two six-wheel bogie
s, each with three cylinder
s. The axles on each bogie were connected by chains. The Leader was innovative, but unsuccessful, and after Bulleid had left British Railways the project was cancelled.
Bulleid worked briefly as CME of British Railways Southern Region. During this period his two prototype diesel electric locomotives
appeared.
(CIÉ), the nationalised transport authority of the Republic of Ireland
, having been a consulting engineer to CIÉ since 1949. At CIÉ, he led the first major dieselisation
programme, which involved the procurement of a fleet of diesel multiple units from AEC of Southall, 94 diesel locomotives (60 CIE 001 Class
and 34 CIE 201 Class
) from Metropolitan-Vickers
and 12 Sulzer
-engined diesel locomotives (CIE 101 Class
) from the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
. This began a transformation of railway traction in Ireland, although the diesel locomotives proved unreliable until most were re-engined.
Bulleid developed two prototype peat
-burning locomotives for CIÉ, one a converted coal-fired traditional steam locomotive and the other, CC1
, new and fully enclosed, along the lines of the Leader design. CIÉ did not adopt peat-fired traction for widespread use.
in Devon
, then Exmouth
. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Bath
in 1967. Shortly after he moved to Malta
, where he died in 1970 aged 87.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
railway and mechanical engineer best known as the Chief Mechanical Engineer
Chief Mechanical Engineer
Chief Mechanical Engineer and Locomotive Superintendent are titles applied by British, Australian, and New Zealand railway companies to the person ultimately responsible to the board of the company for the building and maintaining of the locomotives and rolling stock...
(CME) of the Southern Railway between 1937 and the 1948 nationalisation, developing many well-known locomotive
Locomotive
A locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word originates from the Latin loco – "from a place", ablative of locus, "place" + Medieval Latin motivus, "causing motion", and is a shortened form of the term locomotive engine, first used in the early 19th...
s.
Early life and Great Northern Railway
He was born in InvercargillInvercargill
Invercargill is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand, and one of the southernmost cities in the world. It is the commercial centre of the Southland region. It lies in the heart of the wide expanse of the Southland Plains on the Oreti or New River some 18 km north of Bluff,...
, New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
to William Bulleid and his wife Marian Pugh, both British immigrants. On the death of his father, Bulleid returned to Llanfyllin
Llanfyllin
Llanfyllin is a small town in Powys, Mid Wales, United Kingdom.- Location, history and amenities :Llanfyllin's population at the date of the 2001 Census was 1,407. The town lies on the River Cain by the Berwyn Mountains in Montgomeryshire. It is known for its holy well, dedicated to Saint Myllin....
, Wales
Wales
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²...
in 1889 with his mother, where the family home had been. In 1901, after a technical education at Accrington, at age 18 he joined the Great Northern Railway
Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)
The Great Northern Railway was a British railway company established by the Great Northern Railway Act of 1846. On 1 January 1923 the company lost its identity as a constituent of the newly formed London and North Eastern Railway....
(GNR) at Doncaster
Doncaster
Doncaster is a town in South Yorkshire, England, and the principal settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. The town is about from Sheffield and is popularly referred to as "Donny"...
as an apprentice under H. A. Ivatt, the CME. After a four-year apprenticeship he became the assistant to the Locomotive Running Superintendent, and a year later the Doncaster Works manager. In 1908, he left to work in Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
with the French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation as a Test Engineer, soon promoted to Assistant Works Manager and Chief Draughtsman. Later that year he married Marjorie Ivatt, Ivatt's youngest daughter.
A brief period working for the Board of Trade
Board of Trade
The Board of Trade is a committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, originating as a committee of inquiry in the 17th century and evolving gradually into a government department with a diverse range of functions...
followed from 1910 arranging exhibitions in Brussels, Paris and Turin. During this time, he was able to travel widely in Europe, including a trip with Gresley, Stanier and Hawksworth to Belgium to see a metre-gauge bogie locomotive. In December 1912, he rejoined the GNR as Personal Assistant to Nigel Gresley
Nigel Gresley
Sir Herbert Nigel Gresley was one of Britain's most famous steam locomotive engineers, who rose to become Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway . He was the designer of some of the most famous steam locomotives in Britain, including the LNER Class A1 and LNER Class A4...
, the new CME. Gresley was only six years Bulleid's senior. World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
intervened; Bulleid joined the British Army
British Army
The British Army is the land warfare branch of Her Majesty's Armed Forces in the United Kingdom. It came into being with the unification of the Kingdom of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated Regiments that had already existed in England...
and was assigned to the rail transport arm, rising to the rank of Major. After the war, Bulleid returned to the GNR as the Manager of the Wagon and Carriage Works.
London and North Eastern Railway
The GroupingRailways Act 1921
The Railways Act 1921, also known as the Grouping Act, was an enactment by the British government of David Lloyd George intended to stem the losses being made by many of the country's 120 railway companies, move the railways away from internal competition, and to retain some of the benefits which...
in 1923 of Britain's financially-troubled railways saw the GNR subsumed into the new London and North Eastern Railway
London and North Eastern Railway
The London and North Eastern Railway was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain...
(LNER), and Gresley was appointed the CME. He brought Bulleid back to Doncaster to be his assistant. During this period Gresley produced the majority of his famous locomotives and innovations, and Bulleid had a hand in many of them, including the P1
LNER Class P1
The London and North Eastern Railway Class P1 Mineral 2-8-2 Mikado was a class of 2 steam locomotives designed by Nigel Gresley. They were some of the most powerful freight locomotives ever designed in Britain, and it was initially intended they be a more powerful 2-10-0 version of the earlier...
2-8-2
2-8-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle , eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle...
freight locomotive, the U1
LNER Class U1
The London and North Eastern Railway Class U1 was a solitary 2-8-0+0-8-2 Beyer-Garratt locomotive designed for banking coal trains over the Worsborough Bank, a steeply graded line in South Yorkshire and part of the Woodhead Route. It was both the longest and the most powerful steam locomotive ever...
2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratt
Garratt
A Garratt is a type of steam locomotive that is articulated in three parts. Its boiler is mounted on the centre frame, and two steam engines are mounted on separate frames, one on each end of the boiler. Articulation permits larger locomotives to negotiate curves and lighter rails that might...
freight locomotive, the P2
LNER Class P2
The London and North Eastern Railway Class P2 was a class of 2-8-2 steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley for working heavy express trains over the harsh Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line...
2-8-2 express locomotive and the A4
LNER Class A4
The Class A4 is a class of streamlined 4-6-2 steam locomotive, designed by Nigel Gresley for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1935. Their streamlined design gave them high-speed capability as well as making them instantly recognizable, and one of the class, 4468 Mallard, still claims the...
4-6-2
4-6-2
4-6-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle .These locomotives are also known as Pacifics...
express locomotive.
Southern Railway and British Railways
In 1937, Bulleid accepted the post of CME of the Southern Railway (SR) at a salary of £3,000, after Richard Edward Lloyd Maunsell retired. His first contribution to the Southern Railway was to oversee the construction of three 350 hp six-wheeled diesel-electricDiesel-electric
Diesel-electric transmission or diesel-electric powertrain is used by a number of vehicle and ship types for providing locomotion.A diesel-electric transmission system includes a diesel engine connected to an electrical generator, creating electricity that powers electric traction motors...
shunters
Switcher
A switcher or shunter is a small railroad locomotive intended not for moving trains over long distances but rather for assembling trains ready for a road locomotive to take over, disassembling a train that has been...
ordered by Maunsell in 1936; three of these
British Rail Class D3/12
British Rail class D3/12 was a class of three experimental diesel-electric shunting locomotives designed by Richard Maunsell of the Southern Railway in 1937...
were built and proved effective, with a subsequent order being placed for eight more, though this was subsequently cancelled due to the onset of the Second World War. Between 1949 and 1952, a further 26 of Bulleid's amended version of these locomotives were delivered and later became British Rail Class 12
British Rail Class 12
The British Rail Class 12 is a diesel locomotive built primarily for shunting duties around London.-History:This was the second batch of Southern Railway shunters based on the English Electric 6KT 350 hp diesel engine. The first experimental batch were designed by Richard Maunsell of the SR in...
.
In 1938, Bulleid gained approval to build the Merchant Navy
SR Merchant Navy class
The SR Merchant Navy class , was a class of air-smoothed 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotives designed for the Southern Railway of the United Kingdom by Oliver Bulleid...
class of modern 4-6-2
4-6-2
4-6-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle .These locomotives are also known as Pacifics...
"Pacifics", undoubtedly inspired by Gresley but also drawing on his experiences from across Europe and with all the most modern equipment; the design featured a partially welded boiler and firebox rather than traditional riveted designs, thermic syphons and a high-pressure boiler. It also included chain-driven valve gear immersed in an oil bath, a feature that was controversial and later caused problems if not maintained properly, which was difficult due to conditions after WW2.
Bulleid, like other engineers, had long felt that it was not ideal to have working parts exposed to the elements where they were subject to all the dirt thrown up from the track. He also thought that steam engines should get nearer to the internal combustion engine, which enclosed the working parts and used pump lubrication to keep it all running smoothly. Another advantage of enclosing the valve gear would be reduced day-to-day maintenance. Unfortunately there were design errors in the casing used for the oil bath, which led to leaks.
The first Merchant Navy locomotive, 21C1 Channel Packet, was built in 1941 and 29 followed, the last being 35030 Elder Dempster Lines. The West Country
SR West Country Class
The SR West Country and Battle of Britain classes, collectively known as Light Pacifics or informally as Spam Cans, are classes of air-smoothed 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive designed for the Southern Railway by its Chief Mechanical Engineer Oliver Bulleid...
and Battle of Britain classes of slightly smaller light Pacifics followed in 1945. 110 were built, of which 21C101 Exeter was the first. His other major steam locomotive design, the Q1
SR Class Q1
The SR Q1 class is a type of austerity steam locomotive constructed during the Second World War. The class was designed by Oliver Bulleid for use on the intensive freight turns experienced during wartime on the Southern Railway network. A total of 40 locomotives were built. Bulleid...
"Austerity" 0-6-0
0-6-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-6-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and no trailing wheels...
freight engine, appeared in 1942. All the steam locomotives designed by Bulleid for the SR had Bulleid-Firth-Brown
Boxpok
A Boxpok is a steam locomotive wheel that gains its strength through being made of a number of box sections rather than having traditional solid spokes . Being hollow, they allow better counterbalancing than conventional drivers, which is important for fast locomotives...
wheels which gave even tyre support, but they did not eliminate the need for balance weights. The set up of the Bulleid valve gear enabled a locomotive to be built with no hammer blow. When the locomotives were rebuilt with Walschaerts valve gear, balance weights were installed in the wheels to reduce hammer blow.
Bulleid also played a major role in the electrification
Railway electrification in Great Britain
Railway electrification in Great Britain started towards of the 19th century. A great range of voltages have been used in the intervening period using both overhead lines and third rails, however the most common standard for mainline services is now 25 kV AC using overhead lines and the...
of the SR, including infrastructure, electric multiple unit
Electric multiple unit
An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages, using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as electric traction motors are incorporated within one or a number of the carriages...
s and electric locomotive
Electric locomotive
An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or an on-board energy storage device...
s. He designed the bodies for the two SR electric locomotives CC1 and CC2 in 1941 and 1945. A third example was built by British Railways in 1948 and numbered 20003. Towards the end of his tenure at SR he was responsible for the design and construction of Britain's only double-deck passenger trains, the two members of the 4DD
SR Class 4DD
Conceived by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway's Dartford commuter route, the two 4DD electric multiple units were the only double-deck trains to run on the main line railway network in Britain. Whilst common in Europe and North America the restrictive railway loading gauge in the United...
class.
His final steam locomotive design for the SR was the unconventional Leader
SR Leader Class
The Leader was a class of experimental 0-6-6-0T articulated steam locomotive, produced in the United Kingdom to the design of the innovative engineer Oliver Bulleid. The Leader was an attempt to extend the life of steam traction by eliminating many of the operational drawbacks associated with...
, appearing in 1949, after nationalisation. This had the boiler, coal and water supplies and everything else encased in a smooth double-ended body reminiscent of a diesel locomotive
Diesel locomotive
A diesel locomotive is a type of railroad locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine, a reciprocating engine operating on the Diesel cycle as invented by Dr. Rudolf Diesel...
. The drive was through two six-wheel bogie
Bogie
A bogie is a wheeled wagon or trolley. In mechanics terms, a bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle. It can be fixed in place, as on a cargo truck, mounted on a swivel, as on a railway carriage/car or locomotive, or sprung as in the suspension of a caterpillar...
s, each with three cylinder
Cylinder (engine)
A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the space in which a piston travels. Multiple cylinders are commonly arranged side by side in a bank, or engine block, which is typically cast from aluminum or cast iron before receiving precision machine work...
s. The axles on each bogie were connected by chains. The Leader was innovative, but unsuccessful, and after Bulleid had left British Railways the project was cancelled.
Bulleid worked briefly as CME of British Railways Southern Region. During this period his two prototype diesel electric locomotives
British Rail Class D16/2
British Railways Class D16/2 was a class of prototype diesel locomotive built by BR at Ashford Works and introduced in 1950-1951, with a third example being introduced in 1954. They had been designed by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway before the 1948 nationalisation but did not appear until...
appeared.
Córas Iompair Éireann
In February 1950, Bulleid was appointed CME of Córas Iompair ÉireannCóras Iompair Éireann
Córas Iompair Éireann , or CIÉ, is a statutory corporation of the Irish state, answerable to the Irish Government and responsible for most public transport in the Republic of Ireland and, jointly with its Northern Ireland counterpart, the Northern Ireland Transport Holding Company, between the...
(CIÉ), the nationalised transport authority of the Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Ireland , described as the Republic of Ireland , is a sovereign state in Europe occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of the same name. Its capital is Dublin. Ireland, which had a population of 4.58 million in 2011, is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy,...
, having been a consulting engineer to CIÉ since 1949. At CIÉ, he led the first major dieselisation
Dieselisation
Dieselisation or dieselization is a term generally used for the increasingly common use of diesel fuel in vehicles, as opposed to gasoline or steam engines.-Water Transport:...
programme, which involved the procurement of a fleet of diesel multiple units from AEC of Southall, 94 diesel locomotives (60 CIE 001 Class
CIE 001 Class
The Córas Iompair Éireann 001 Class locomotive was manufactured by Metropolitan-Vickers at their Dukinfield Works in Manchester.The 001 Class locomotive was the backbone of mainline passenger and freight train services on the Irish railway network for forty years from 1955 until the mid-1990s when...
and 34 CIE 201 Class
CIE 201 Class
The Córas Iompair Éireann 201 Class was a class of 34 diesel electric locomotives manufactured by Metropolitan-Vickers at their Dukinfield Works in Manchester. They were a smaller, lighter and less powerful version of the 001 Class and were originally intended for branch line passenger and freight...
) from Metropolitan-Vickers
Metropolitan-Vickers
Metropolitan-Vickers, Metrovick, or Metrovicks, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as British Westinghouse. Highly diversified, they were particularly well known for their industrial electrical equipment such as generators, steam...
and 12 Sulzer
Sulzer (manufacturer)
Sulzer Ltd. is a Swiss industrial engineering and manufacturing firm, founded by Salomon Sulzer-Bernet in 1775 and established as Sulzer Brothers Ltd. in 1834 in Winterthur, Switzerland. Today it is a publicly owned company with international subsidiaries...
-engined diesel locomotives (CIE 101 Class
CIE 101 Class
The Córas Iompair Éireann 101 Class locomotives, numbered B101-B112, were built in 1956 by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company. They were fitted with Sulzer 6LDA28 engines of , with four Metropolitan-Vickers MV157 traction motors...
) from the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
The Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company was a railway locomotive and carriage builder, founded in Birmingham, England and, for most of its existence, located at nearby Smethwick, with the factory was divided by the boundary between the two places...
. This began a transformation of railway traction in Ireland, although the diesel locomotives proved unreliable until most were re-engined.
Bulleid developed two prototype peat
Peat
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter or histosol. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world...
-burning locomotives for CIÉ, one a converted coal-fired traditional steam locomotive and the other, CC1
CIÉ No. CC1
Córas Iompair Éireann No. CC1, generally known as the Turf Burner, was a prototype 0-6-6-0 articulated steam locomotive designed by Oliver Bulleid to burn turf and built at CIÉ's Inchicore Works in Dublin. CC1 shared some, but not all, of the characteristics of Bulleid's previous attempt to...
, new and fully enclosed, along the lines of the Leader design. CIÉ did not adopt peat-fired traction for widespread use.
Retirement
Bulleid retired from CIÉ in 1958, moving to BelstoneBelstone
Belstone is a village in Devon, England best known for the Nine Maidens stone circle. It lies within the West Devon local government district....
in Devon
Devon
Devon is a large county in southwestern England. The county is sometimes referred to as Devonshire, although the term is rarely used inside the county itself as the county has never been officially "shired", it often indicates a traditional or historical context.The county shares borders with...
, then Exmouth
Exmouth, Devon
Exmouth is a port town, civil parish and seaside resort in East Devon, England, sited on the east bank of the mouth of the River Exe. In 2001, it had a population of 32,972.-History:...
. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Bath
University of Bath
The University of Bath is a campus university located in Bath, United Kingdom. It received its Royal Charter in 1966....
in 1967. Shortly after he moved to Malta
Malta
Malta , officially known as the Republic of Malta , is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, south of Sicily, east of Tunisia and north of Libya, with Gibraltar to the west and Alexandria to the east.Malta covers just over in...
, where he died in 1970 aged 87.