Oblique case

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Oblique case

An oblique case in linguistics

Linguistics

Linguistics is the science study of natural language. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure and the study of Meaning ....
is a noun case of synthetic language

Synthetic language

A synthetic language, in linguistic typology, is a language with a high morpheme-per-word ratio. This linguistic classification is largely independent of morpheme-usage classifications , although there is a common tendency for agglutinative languages to exhibit synthetic properties....
s that is used generally when a noun

Noun

In linguistics, a noun is a member of a large, open class lexical category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition....
is the object

Object (grammar)

An object in grammar is a sentence element and part of the sentence Predicate . It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb....
of a sentence

Sentence (linguistics)

In linguistics, a sentence is a grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it, often preceded and followed in speech by pauses, having one of a small number of characteristic intonation patterns, and typically expressing an independent statement, question, request, command, et...
or a preposition. An oblique case can appear in any case relationship except the nominative case

Nominative case

The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments....
of a sentence subject or the vocative case

Vocative case

The vocative case is the declension used for a noun identifying the person being addressed and/or occasionally the determiners of that noun. A vocative expression is an expression of direct address, wherein the identity of the party being spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence....
of direct address.

Languages with a nominative or an oblique case system also contrast with those that have an absolutive

Absolutive case

In ergative-absolutive languages, the absolutive is the grammatical case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb....
or ergative

Ergative case

The ergative case is the grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages.In such languages, the ergative case is typically Markedness , while the absolutive case is unmarked....
case system. In ergative-absolutive language

Ergative-absolutive language

An ergative?absolutive language is a language that treats the Verb argument of an intransitive verb like the Object of a transitive verb, but distinctly from the agent of a transitive verb....
s, the absolutive case is used for a direct object (the subject will then be in the ergative case); but the absolutive case is also used for the subject of an intransitive verb

Intransitive verb

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Encyclopedia

An oblique case in linguistics

Linguistics

Synthetic language

Noun

Object (grammar)

An object in grammar is a sentence element and part of the sentence Predicate . It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb....
of a sentence

Sentence (linguistics)

Nominative case

The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments....
of a sentence subject or the vocative case

Vocative case

Absolutive case

In ergative-absolutive languages, the absolutive is the grammatical case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb....
or ergative

Ergative case

Ergative-absolutive language

Intransitive verb

In grammar, an intransitive verb does not take an Object . In more technical terms, an intransitive verb has only one verb argument , and hence has a valency of one....
, where the subject is being passively described, rather than performing an action. Nevertheless, there are ergative-absolutive languages that demonstrate oblique cases; in the Northwest Caucasian

Northwest Caucasian languages

The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic, Circassian, or Abkhaz-Adyghe, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasus region, chiefly in Russia , Georgia , and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East....
languages Adyghe

Adyghe language

Adyghe language is one of the two official languages of the Adygea in the Russia, the other being Russian language. It is spoken by various tribes of the Adyghe people: Abzekh, Adamey, Bzhedugh; Hatukuay, Kemirgoy, Makhosh; Natekuay, Shapsigh; Zhane , Yegerikuay, each with its own dialect....
, Kabardian

Kabardian language

The Kabardian language is closely related to the Adyghe language , both members of the Northwest Caucasian languages family. It is spoken mainly in the Russian republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia and in Turkey and the Middle East ....
and Ubykh

Ubykh language

Ubykh or Ubyx is a language of the Northwest Caucasian languages, spoken by the Ubykh people up until the early 1990s.The word is derived from , its name in the Abdzakh Adyghe language language....
, the oblique case marker serves to mark the ergative case, the dative case

Dative case

The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. For example, in "John gave a book to Mary"....
, and the object of a verbal applicative

Verb applicative

A verb applicative is a morpheme that increases the valency of a verb by adding a new core verb argument to it. The new argument is a former complement....
.

Bulgarian

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian is an Indo-European languages, a member of the Slavic languages linguistic group.Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages except Macedonian language, such as the elimination of grammatical case, the development of a suffixed definite article , the lack of a verb infin...
, an analytic Slavic language, also has an oblique case—or, rather, two of them for pronoun

Pronoun

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun with or without a Determiner , such as Wiktionary:you and Wiktionary:they in English language....
s:

Accusative:

"Kiss me!": ??????? ??! (celuvaj me!)
"Kiss me! (not him)" ??????? ???! (celuvaj men!)

Dative:

"Give me that ball": ??? ?? ?a?? ????? (daj mi tazi topka)
"Give that ball to me" ??? ?a?? ????? ?? ??? (daj tazi topka na men)

There is also one for masculine

Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called noun classes, are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words; every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be very few which belong to several classes at once....
nouns with the article

Article (grammar)

An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the types of reference being made by the noun, and to specify the volume or numerical scope of that reference....
:

"The wind is blowing": ??????? ??? (vjatarat vee)
"I despise the wind": M???? ?????? (mrazja vjatara)

In analytic Indo-European languages

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a Language family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau , Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent ....
, the oblique case is a relic of the original, more complex system of noun cases from the common Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European language

The Proto-Indo-European language is the unattested, linguistic reconstruction common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans....
language. Oblique cases appear in the English

English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
pronoun set; these pronouns are often called objective pronouns. One can observe how the first person pronoun me serves a variety of grammatical functions:

as an accusative case
Accusative case

The accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of prepositions....
for a direct object:

She bit me!

as a dative case
Dative case

The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. For example, in "John gave a book to Mary"....
for an indirect object:

Give me the rubber hose!

as the object of a preposition
Prepositional pronoun

A prepositional pronoun is a special form of a personal pronoun that is used as the object of a Adposition.English language does not have distinct prepositional forms of pronouns....
:

Stop spitting on me!

and as a disjunctive topic marker:

Me, I like French.

The pronoun me is not inflected

Inflection

In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as grammatical tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, grammatical aspect, grammatical person, grammatical number, grammatical gender, grammatical case....
differently in any of these uses; it is used for all grammatical relationships except the genitive case

Genitive case

In grammar, the genitive case or possessive case is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. It often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun but it can also indicate various relationships other than possession; certain verbs may take argument in the genitive case; and it may have adverbial uses ....
of possession and a non-disjunctive nominative case

Nominative case

The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments....
as the subject.

Oblique pronouns tend to become clitic

Clitic

In linguistics, a clitic is a grammatically independent and phonology dependent word. It is pronounced like an affix, but works at the phrase level....
s. The Romance languages

Romance languages

The Romance languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages comprising all the languages that descend from Latin language, the language of ancient Rome....
tend to have even larger varieties of clitics, as in the Spanish

Spanish language

Spanish or Castilian is a Romance languages that originated in northern Spain, and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile and evolved into the principal language of government and trade....
expression dámelo, "give it to me," which has two oblique clitics me and lo or the similar French

French language

French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
"Donnez-le-moi" with the same meaning; so do a series of the Slavic languages.

Oblique case

See also