At least eight obelisks created in antiquity by the Ancient Egyptians were taken from
| Image | Name | PharaohPharaoh is a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Egyptian rulers of all periods. In antiquity this title began to be used for the ruler who was the religious and political leader of united ancient Egypt. This was true only during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of...
| Height (with base) | Location | Notes |
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Lateranense |
Tuthmosis III / Tuthmosis IV |
32.18 m (45.70 m) |
Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano |
Tallest obelisk in Rome, and the largest standing ancient Egyptian obelisk in the world, weighing over 230 ton The term ton or tonne generally refers to a unit of mass. However, there exists more than one measure of mass that are named "ton", so one has to be specific when using the term. While they do vary considerably, a ton is generally one of the heaviest units of mass referred to in colloquial speech...
s. Originally from the temple of AmunAmun, reconstructed Egyptian Yamānu , was a deity in Egyptian mythology who in the form of Amun-Ra became the focus of the most complex system of theology in Ancient Egypt...
in KarnakThe very old Karnak Temple Complex — usually called simply Karnak — comprises a vast conglomeration of ruined temples, chapels, pylons and other buildings, notably the Great Temple of Amen and a massive structure begun by Pharoah Amenhotep III . It is located near Luxor, some 500 km south of Cairo,...
. Brought to AlexandriaAlexandria , with a population of 4.1 million, is the second-largest city in Egypt, and is the country's largest seaport, serving about 80% of Egypt's imports and exports...
with another obeliskThe Obelisk of Theodosius is the Ancient Egyptian obelisk of Pharaoh Tutmoses III re-erected in the Hippodrome of Constantinople by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in the 4th century AD.-History:The obelisk was first set up by Tutmoses III to the south of the seventh...
by Constantius IIFlavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II was a Roman Emperor of the Constantinian dynasty.-Early life:...
, and brought on its own from there to Rome in 357 to decorate the spina of the Circus MaximusThe Circus Maximus is an ancient Roman chariot racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome. Situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and largest Chariot Racing Stadium in ancient Rome...
. Found in three pieces in 1587, restored approximately 4 m shorter by Pope Sixtus VPope Sixtus V , born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590.-Biography:Felice Peretti was born at Grottammare, in the Papal States, son of Piergentile di Giacomo, nicknamed "Peretto", and Marianna da Frontillo. He took the surname "Peretti" in 1551 and was more generally known as...
, and erected near the Lateran PalaceThe Lateran Palace, formally the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran , is an ancient palace of the Roman Empire and later the main Papal residence. Adjacent to the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, the cathedral church of Rome, Italy, the Lateran Palace is now occupied by the Museo Storico...
and basilica of San Giovanni in LateranoThe Basilica of St. John Lateran is the cathedral of the Church of Rome, Italy, and the official ecclesiastical seat of the Bishop of Rome, who is the Pope...
in 1588 in the place of the equestrian statueThe Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is an ancient Roman statue in the Campidoglio, Rome, Italy. It is made of bronze and stands 3.5 m tall. Although the emperor is mounted, it exhibits many similarities to standing statues of Augustus...
of Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus was Roman emperor from 161 to his death in 180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Lucius' death in 169...
, which was moved to the Capitoline HillThe Capitoline Hill , between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. By the 16th century, Capitolinus had become Campidoglio in Italian. The English word capitol derives from Capitoline...
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Vaticano |
originally raised in the Forum Iulium in Alexandria by the Prefect Cornelius Gallus on Octavian's orders around 30- 28 BC No hieroglyphs. |
25.5 m, supported on bronze lions and surmounted by the Chigi Chigi may refer to:* Chigi , a crossbreed between a Corgi and a Chihuahua* The Chigi-Albani family* Chigi , an element in Japanese Architecture...
arms in bronze, in all 41 m to the cross on its top. |
Saint Peter's SquareSaint Peter's Square is located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave within Rome .-History of St...
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Brought to Rome by CaligulaGaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus , more commonly known by his cognomen Caligula , was the third Roman Emperor, reigning from 16 March 37 until his assassination on 24 January 41...
in 37 for the spina of the Vatican Circus. Relocated by Pope Sixtus VPope Sixtus V , born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590.-Biography:Felice Peretti was born at Grottammare, in the Papal States, son of Piergentile di Giacomo, nicknamed "Peretto", and Marianna da Frontillo. He took the surname "Peretti" in 1551 and was more generally known as...
in 1586 using a method devised by Domenico Fontana240px|thumb|Fountain of Moses in Rome.Domenico Fontana was a Swiss-born Italian architect of the late Renaissance.He was born at Melide on the Lake Lugano and died at Naples. He went to Rome before the death of Michelangelo...
; the first monumental obelisk raised in the modern period, it is the only obelisk in Rome that has not toppled since Roman times. During the Middle Ages, the gilt ball on top of the obelisk was believed to contain the ashes of Julius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar , , was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
. Fontana later removed the ancient metal ball, now in a Rome museum, that stood atop the obelisk and found only dust. Pedro TafurPedro Tafur was a Spanish traveler and writer. Born in Córdoba, Tafur traveled across three continents during the years 1436 to 1439...
in his Andanças (circa 1440) mentions that many passed between the ground and the "tower" basis "thinking it a saintly thing". |
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Flaminio |
Seti I Menmaatre Seti I was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt , the son of Ramesses I and Queen Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II...
/ Ramesses IIRamesses II was the third Egyptian pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty...
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24 m (36.50 m) |
Piazza del PopoloThe Piazza del Popolo is a large square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means "piazza of the people", but historically it derives from the poplars after which the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, in the northeast corner of the piazza, takes its name.The Piazza lies inside the...
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Originally from HeliopolisHeliopolis , meaning sun-city, was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt, and capital of the 13th Lower Egyptian nome. Its name also refers to an unrelated modern suburb of Cairo, also known as مصر الجديدة, Masr al-gidedah...
. Brought to Rome by AugustusGaius Julius Caesar Augustus was the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. [These are the contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian after 45 BC...]
in 10 BC with the Solare obelisk and erected on the spina of the Circus MaximusThe Circus Maximus is an ancient Roman chariot racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome. Situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and largest Chariot Racing Stadium in ancient Rome...
. Found with the Lateranense obelisk in 1587 in two pieces and erected by Pope Sixtus VPope Sixtus V , born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590.-Biography:Felice Peretti was born at Grottammare, in the Papal States, son of Piergentile di Giacomo, nicknamed "Peretto", and Marianna da Frontillo. He took the surname "Peretti" in 1551 and was more generally known as...
in 1589. Sculptures with lion fountains were added to the base in 1818. |
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Solare |
Psammetichus II Psamtik II was a king of the Saite based Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt . His prenomen, Neferibre, means "Beautiful is the Heart of Re." He was the son of Necho II.-Campaigns and battles:...
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21.79 m (33.97 m) |
Piazza di Montecitorio |
Originally from HeliopolisHeliopolis , meaning sun-city, was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt, and capital of the 13th Lower Egyptian nome. Its name also refers to an unrelated modern suburb of Cairo, also known as مصر الجديدة, Masr al-gidedah...
. Brought to Rome by AugustusGaius Julius Caesar Augustus was the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. [These are the contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian after 45 BC...]
in 10 BC with the Flaminio obelisk to form the gnomonThe gnomon is the part of a sundial that casts the shadow. Gnomon is an ancient Greek word meaning "indicator", "one who discerns," or "that which reveals."It has come to be used for a variety of purposes in mathematics and other fields....
of a sundial{| align="right" | |}A sundial is a device that measures time by the position of the Sun. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its style onto a flat surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day...
on the Campus MartiusThe Campus Martius , was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about in extent. In the Middle Ages it was the most populous area of Rome...
. Found in 16th century but reburied. Rediscovered and erected by Pope PiusThere have been 12 Popes of the Roman Catholic Church who were named Pius:*Pope Pius I *Pope Pius II *Pope Pius III *Pope Pius IV...
VI in front of the Palazzo MontecitorioThe Palazzo Montecitorio is a palace in Rome, which is currently the seat of the Italian Chamber of Deputies.- History :The building was originally designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini for the young Cardinal Ludovisi, nephew of Pope Gregory XV...
in 1792. |
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Macuteo |
Ramesses IIRamesses II was the third Egyptian pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty...
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6.34 m (14.52 m) |
Piazza della Rotonda |
Originally one of a pair at the Temple of Ra RA is an abbreviation or code which may refer to :Science* Right ascension, an astronomical term for one of the two coordinates of a point on the celestial sphere when using the equatorial coordinate system...
in HeliopolisHeliopolis , meaning sun-city, was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt, and capital of the 13th Lower Egyptian nome. Its name also refers to an unrelated modern suburb of Cairo, also known as مصر الجديدة, Masr al-gidedah...
, the other being the now much shorter Matteiano. Moved to the Temple of IsisIsis was a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs, whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. She was worshiped as the ideal mother, wife, patron of nature and magic. She was the friend of slaves, sinners, artisans, the downtrodden, as well as listening to the prayers of the...
near Santa Maria sopra MinervaThe Basilica of Saint Mary Above Minerva is a titular minor basilica and one of the most important churches of the Roman Catholic Dominican order in Rome, Italy. The church, located in the Piazza della Minerva in the Campus Martius region, is considered the only Gothic church in Rome. It houses...
. Found in 1373 near San MacutoThe church of San Macuto is a church on piazza di San Macuto in the Colonna rione of Rome, next to the Jesuit Collegio San Roberto Bellarmino in the Palazzo Gabrielli-Borromeo. It is the only church in Italy dedicated to the Breton saint Malo.-Architecture:...
and erected east of Santa Maria in AracoeliThe Basilica of St. Mary of the Altar of Heaven is a titular basilica in Rome, located on the highest summit of the Campidoglio. It is still the designated Church of the Italian Senate and the Roman people...
on the Capitoline. Moved to the front of the PantheonThe Pantheon is a building in...
by Pope Clement XIPope Clement XI , born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was Pope from 1700 until his death.-Early life:...
in 1711 over a fountain by Filippo BarigioniFilippo Barigioni was a sculptor and architect working in the Late Baroque tradition. His career was spent largely on papal commissions, including aqueducts and fountains, in and around Rome. As a professor of architecture at the Accademia di San Luca, his most important pupil was Carlo...
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Minerveo |
ApriesApries is the name by which Herodotus and Diodorus designate Wahibre Haibre, Ουαφρης , a pharaoh of Egypt , the fourth king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt. He was equated with the Waphres of Manetho, who correctly records that he reigned for 19 years...
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5.47 m (12.69 m) |
Santa Maria sopra Minerva The Basilica of Saint Mary Above Minerva is a titular minor basilica and one of the most important churches of the Roman Catholic Dominican order in Rome, Italy. The church, located in the Piazza della Minerva in the Campus Martius region, is considered the only Gothic church in Rome. It houses...
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Originally one of a pair from Sais SAIS can refer to:* Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, part of The Johns Hopkins University.* Sharjah American International School* Southern Association of Independent Schools...
. Brought to Rome by DiocletianGaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus , born Diocles and commonly known as Diocletian , was Roman Emperor from 20 November 284 to 1 May 305. Born to a Dalmatian family of low status, he rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the emperor Carus...
for the nearby Temple of IsisIsis was a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs, whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. She was worshiped as the ideal mother, wife, patron of nature and magic. She was the friend of slaves, sinners, artisans, the downtrodden, as well as listening to the prayers of the...
. Found in 1655 and erected in 1667 by Pope Alexander VIIPope Alexander VII , born Fabio Chigi, was Pope from April 7, 1655, until his death.-Early life:...
on an ElephantElephants are large land mammals in two genera of the family Elephantidae: Elephas and Loxodonta. Three species of elephant are living today: the African Bush Elephant, the African Forest Elephant and the Asian Elephant...
base by Bernini, behind the PantheonThe Pantheon is a building in...
in Piazza della MinervaPiazza della Minerva is a square in Rome near the Pantheon. Its name derives from the existence of a temple built on the site by Pompey dedicated to Minerva Calcidica, whose statue is now in the Vatican Museums.Facing this piazza are:...
. The other of the pair is in UrbinoUrbino is a walled city in the Marche region in Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially under the patronage of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino from 1444 to 1482...
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Dogali |
Ramesses IIRamesses II was the third Egyptian pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty...
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? (6.34 m) |
Baths of DiocletianThe church of San Bernardo alle Terme recycled one of only two circular towers in the rectangular boundary of the baths, flanking its southwestern wall...
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Originally one of a pair from HeliopolisHeliopolis , meaning sun-city, was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt, and capital of the 13th Lower Egyptian nome. Its name also refers to an unrelated modern suburb of Cairo, also known as مصر الجديدة, Masr al-gidedah...
, the other now in the Boboli GardensThe Boboli Gardens, in Italian Giardino di Boboli, form a famous park in Florence, Italy, that is home to a distinguished collection of sculptures dating from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, with some Roman antiquities....
in FlorenceFlorence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence...
. Moved to the Temple of Isis in Rome. Found in 1883 by Rodolfo LancianiRodolfo Amedeo Lanciani was an Italian archaeologist, a pioneering student of ancient Roman topography, and among his many excavations was that of the House of the Vestals in the Roman Forum....
near Santa Maria sopra MinervaThe Basilica of Saint Mary Above Minerva is a titular minor basilica and one of the most important churches of the Roman Catholic Dominican order in Rome, Italy. The church, located in the Piazza della Minerva in the Campus Martius region, is considered the only Gothic church in Rome. It houses...
. Now commemorates the Battle of DogaliThe Battle of Dogali was fought on January 24, 1887 between Italy and Ethiopia in Dogali .On his own initiative, Ras Alula Engida, then governor of Emperor Yohannes IV, had attacked the Italian-controlled town of Sahati on the day prior...
, originally in front of Near Termini Station and moved to its present site in 1924. |
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Matteiano |
Ramesses IIRamesses II was the third Egyptian pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty...
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2.68 m (12.23 m) |
Villa Celimontana |
Originally one of a pair at the Temple of Ra RA is an abbreviation or code which may refer to :Science* Right ascension, an astronomical term for one of the two coordinates of a point on the celestial sphere when using the equatorial coordinate system...
in HeliopolisHeliopolis , meaning sun-city, was one of the most ancient cities of Egypt, and capital of the 13th Lower Egyptian nome. Its name also refers to an unrelated modern suburb of Cairo, also known as مصر الجديدة, Masr al-gidedah...
, the other being the Macuteo which retains much more of its original height. Moved to the Temple of Isis near Santa Maria sopra MinervaThe Basilica of Saint Mary Above Minerva is a titular minor basilica and one of the most important churches of the Roman Catholic Dominican order in Rome, Italy. The church, located in the Piazza della Minerva in the Campus Martius region, is considered the only Gothic church in Rome. It houses...
. Found in the 14th century and erected east of Santa Maria in AracoeliThe Basilica of St. Mary of the Altar of Heaven is a titular basilica in Rome, located on the highest summit of the Campidoglio. It is still the designated Church of the Italian Senate and the Roman people...
on the Capitoline. Moved to Villa Celimontana after MichelangeloMichelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni , commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer...
redesigned the square in the late 16th century. Lost again; fragments rediscovered and re-erected in 1820. Smallest obelisk in Rome. |
At least five obelisks were manufactured in Egypt in the Roman period at the request of the wealthy Romans, or made in Rome as copies of ancient Egyptian originals.
| Image | Name | Height (including base) | Location | Notes |
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Agonalis |
16.53 m (over 30 m) |
Piazza NavonaPiazza Navona is a city square in Rome, Italy. It follows the plan of an ancient Roman circus, the 1st century Stadium of Domitian, where the Romans came to watch the agones : It was known as 'Circus Agonalis'...
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A copy commissioned by DomitianTitus Flavius Domitianus , known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death...
and erected at the Temple of SerapisSerapis was a syncretic Hellenistic-Egyptian god in Antiquity. His most renowned temple was the Serapeum of Alexandria. Under Ptolemy Soter, efforts were made to integrate Egyptian religion with that of their Hellenic rulers...
. Moved to the Circus of MaxentiusThe Circus of Maxentius is part of a complex of buildings erected by that emperor on the Via Appia between AD 306-12...
by MaxentiusMarcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius was Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 312. He was the son of former emperor Maximian, and the son-in-law of Galerius, also an emperor.-Birth and early life:...
. Erected on top of the Fontana dei Quattro FiumiThe Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi or "Fountain of the Four Rivers" is a fountain in Rome, Italy, located in the Piazza Navona. It is a masterpiece of Gianlorenzo Bernini's, and emblematic of the dynamic and dramatic effects sought by high Baroque artists...
by Bernini in 1651. |
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Quirinale |
14.63 m (28.94 m) |
Piazza del Quirinale |
Originally erected on the eastern flank of the Mausoleum of Augustus The Mausoleum of Augustus is a large tomb built by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 28 BC on the Campus Martius in Rome. The Mausoleum, now located on the Piazza Augusto Imperatore, is no longer open to tourists, and the ravages of time and carelessness have stripped the ruins bare...
, paired with the Esquiline obelisk. Found in 1527. Erected by Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI , born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope from 1775 to 1799, was born at Cesena.-Early years:...
in 1786 on the Quirinal HillThe Quirinal Hill is one of the Seven Hills of Rome, at the north-east of the city center. It is the location of the official residence of the Italian Head of State, who resides in the Quirinal Palace; by metonymy "the Quirinal" has come to stand for the state bureaucracy of modern Italy.- History...
next to statues of the Dioscuri (called the 'Horse TamersThe colossal pair of marble "Horse Tamers", often identified as Castor and Pollux, have stood since Antiquity near the site of the Baths of Constantine on the Quirinal Hill, Rome, too large to be buried or to be moved very far, though Napoleon's agents wanted to include them among the classical...
') from the Baths of ConstantineBaths of Constantine was a public bathing complex built on the Quirinal Hill in Rome by Constantine I, probably before 315.-Construction and plan:...
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Esquiline |
14.75 m (25.53 m) |
Piazza dell'Esquilino |
Originally erected on the western flank of the Mausoleum of Augustus The Mausoleum of Augustus is a large tomb built by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 28 BC on the Campus Martius in Rome. The Mausoleum, now located on the Piazza Augusto Imperatore, is no longer open to tourists, and the ravages of time and carelessness have stripped the ruins bare...
, paired with the Quirinale obelisk. Found in 1527 and erected in 1587 by Pope Sixtus VPope Sixtus V , born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590.-Biography:Felice Peretti was born at Grottammare, in the Papal States, son of Piergentile di Giacomo, nicknamed "Peretto", and Marianna da Frontillo. He took the surname "Peretti" in 1551 and was more generally known as...
behind Santa Maria Maggiore. |
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Sallustiano |
13.91 m (30.45 m) |
Trinità dei Monti Trinità dei Monti is a Baroque church in Rome...
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Above the Spanish Steps The Spanish Steps are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinità dei Monti, dominated by the church of Trinità dei Monti...
. An AurelianLucius Domitius Aurelianus , known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor , was the second of several highly successful "soldier-emperors" who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth.During his reign, the Empire was...
copy, although smaller, of the Flaminio obelisk of Ramses II in the Piazza del PopoloThe Piazza del Popolo is a large square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means "piazza of the people", but historically it derives from the poplars after which the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, in the northeast corner of the piazza, takes its name.The Piazza lies inside the...
, for the Gardens of SallustThe Gardens of Sallust were Roman gardens developed by the Roman historian Sallust in the 1st century BC using his wealth extorted as governor of the province of Africa Nova...
. Found by the LudovisiLudovisi can refer to:*Ludovisi , a noble Italian family*Ludovisi , an historic district of Rome, built at the end of nineteenth century on the gardens of the villa of the Ludovisi family...
and moved to the Piazza di San Giovanni in Laterano in 1734, but kept horizontal. Erected in 1789 by Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI , born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope from 1775 to 1799, was born at Cesena.-Early years:...
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Pinciano |
9.24 m (17.26 ) |
Pincian HillThe Pincian Hill is a hill in the northeast quadrant of the historical center of Rome. The hill lies to the north of the Quirinal, overlooking the Campus Martius...
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Commissioned by HadrianPublius Aelius Hadrianus was emperor of Rome from AD 117 to 138, as well as a Stoic and Epicurean philosopher...
and erected in Tivoli for the tomb of AntinousAntinoüs or Antinoös was a member of the Roman Emperor Hadrian's entourage, to whom he was beloved. He was deified after his death.- Biography :...
. Moved to Rome by ElagabalusElagabalus , also known as Heliogabalus or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, was a Roman Emperor of the Severan dynasty who reigned from 218 to 222...
to decorate the spina of the Circus Varianus. Found in the 16th century near the Porta MaggioreThe Porta Maggiore , or Porta Prenestina, is one of the eastern gates in the ancient but well-preserved 3rd century Aurelian Walls of Rome....
. Moved to the Palazzo BarberiniPalazzo Barberini is a palace in Rome, central Italy, on the piazza of the same name in Rione Trevi.The sloping site had formerly been occupied by a garden-vineyard of the Sforza family, in which a palazzetto had been built in 1549. The sloping site had passed from one cardinal to another during...
, then moved to the VaticanVatican City , officially the State of the Vatican City , is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, the capital city of Italy...
by Pope Clement XIVPope Clement XIV , born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was Pope from 1769 to 1774. At the time of his election, he was the only Franciscan friar in the College of Cardinals.-Early life:...
; finally erected on the Pincian by Pope Pius VIIPope Pius VII, OSB , born Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823.-Early life:...
in 1822. |
. It had been taken from
during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in 1937. It was struck by
in May 2002. After being restored, it was disassembled and returned to