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Nurhaci
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Nurhaci (Manchu: ; Chinese: ???? [Nu'erhachì] or ???? [Nu'erhaqí]) is considered to be the founding father of the Manchu state. Nurhaci is also credited with ordering the creation of a written script for the Manchu language.
Nurhaci's organization of the Manchu people, his attacks on China's Ming Dynasty and Korea's Joseon Dynasty, and his conquest of China's northeastern Liaodong province, laid the groundwork for the conquest of China by the Qing Dynasty.
Nurhaci reigned from 1616 to his death on 30 September 1626.
aci is also known as the Taizu Emperor, Nurgaci, Nurhachi, or Nuerhachi.
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Nurhaci (Manchu: ; Chinese: ???? [Nu'erhachì] or ???? [Nu'erhaqí]) is considered to be the founding father of the Manchu state. Nurhaci is also credited with ordering the creation of a written script for the Manchu language.
Nurhaci's organization of the Manchu people, his attacks on China's Ming Dynasty and Korea's Joseon Dynasty, and his conquest of China's northeastern Liaodong province, laid the groundwork for the conquest of China by the Qing Dynasty.
Nurhaci reigned from 1616 to his death on 30 September 1626.
Name and titles
Nurhaci is also known as the Taizu Emperor, Nurgaci, Nurhachi, or Nuerhachi. Nurhaci is written as in the Manchu language. Nurhaci was the last chieftain of the Jiànzhou Jurchens and First Khan of Later Jin. His title as khan was Geren gurun-be ujire genggiyen Han (“Brilliant Khan Who Benefits All Nations”). His Chinese reign name was Tianmìng, in Mongolian Tengri-in Süldetü (Cyrillic: ????????? ??????). He was given a posthumous name in 1736: chéngtian guangyùn shèngdé shéngong zhàojì lìjí rénxiào ruìwu duanyì qin'an hóngwén dìngyè Gao Emperor (???????????????????????????). His Chinese temple name was Tàizu.
Life
Nurhaci was born in 1558. Being a member of the Gioro clan of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from Möngke Temür, a Mongol-Jurchen headman who lived some two centuries earlier. According to Chinese sources, the young man grew up as a soldier in the household of Ming Dynasty General Li Chengliang in Fushun, where he learned Chinese. He named his clan Aisin Gioro around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne as Khan of Later Jin.
In 1582 his father Taksi and grandfather Giocangga were killed in an attack on Gure by a rival Jurchen chieftain Nikan Wailan while being led by Li Chengliang. The following year, Nurhaci began to unify the Jurchen bands; when he was 25, he beheaded Nikan Wailan at Tulin to avenge the deaths of his father and grandfather, who are said to have left him nothing but thirteen suits of armor.
In 1593, the nine allied tribes of Yehe, Hada, Ula, Hoifa, Khorchin, Sibe, Guwalca, Jušeri, and Neyen attacked Nurhaci but all were completely defeated at the Battle of Gure.
From 1599 to 1618, Nurhaci engaged on a campaign on conquering the four Hulun tribes. In 1599, he attacked the Hada, finally conquering the Hada in 1603. Then in 1607, Hoifa was conquered, followed by Ula in 1613 and finally defeating Yehe at the Battle of Sarhu in 1619.
In 1599, he had two of his translators, Erdeni Bagshi and Gagai Jarguchi, create the written Manchu language by adapting the Mongolian alphabet.
In 1606, he was granted the title of Kundulun Khan by the Mongols.
In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan (King) and founded the Jin Dynasty (aisin gurun), often called the Later Jin. He constructed a palace at Mukden (present-day Shenyang) in Liaoning province. (The earlier Jin Dynasty of the twelfth century had also been formed by the Jurchen.) Jin was renamed Qing by his son Huang Taiji after his death and Nurhaci is usually referred to as the founder of the Qing Dynasty.
Only after he became Khan did he finally unify the Ula (clan of his consort Abahai, mentioned below) and the Yehe (clan of his consort Monggo, along with the last Empress Dowager Cíxi, and many more consorts of Qing Emperors in between).
In 1618, Nurhaci commissioned a document entitled the Seven Grievances in which he enumerated seven grievances against the Ming and began to rebel against the domination of the Ming Dynasty. A majority of the grievances dealt with conflicts against Yehe, and Ming favorism of Yehe.
Nurhaci led many successful engagements against the Ming Dynasty, the Koreans, the Mongols, and other Jurchen clans, greatly enlarging the territory under his control. Finally in 1626 Nurhaci suffered the first serious military defeat of his life at the hands of the Ming general Yuán Chónghuàn. Nurhaci was wounded by Yuan's Portuguese cannon in the Battle of Ningyuan. Unable to recover either physically or morally, he died 2 days later at a little town called De-A Man on 30 September, at the age of 68. His tomb is located in the east of Shenyang.
Among the most lasting contributions that Nurhaci left his descendants was establishing the so-called Eight Banners, which would eventually form the backbone of the military that dominated the Qing empire. The status of Banners did not change much over the course of Nurhaci's lifetime, nor in subsequent reigns, remaining mostly under the control of the royal family. The two elite Yellow Banners were consistently under Nurhaci's control. The two Blue Banners were controlled by Nurhaci's brother Surhaci until he died, at which point the Blue Banners were given to Surhaci's two sons-Chiurhala and Ah Ming. Nurhaci's eldest son-Chuyin- controlled the White Banner for most of his father's reign - until he rebelled. Then the Striped White Banner was given to Nurhaci's grandson and the Plain White was given to his eighth son and heir, Huang Taiji. However, by the end of Nurhaci's reign, Huang Taiji controlled both White Banners. Finally, the Red Banner was run by Nurhaci's second son Daishan. Later in Nurhaci's reign, the Striped Red Banner was handed down to his son. Daishan and his son would continue holding the two Red Banners well into the end of Huang Taiji's reign.
As noted, Nurhaci was succeeded by his eighth son, Huang Taiji. It is said Huang Taiji took the throne by coercing his father's consort Abahai to commit suicide, in order to block the succession of his younger brother Dorgon. The reason such intrigue was necessary is that Nurhaci had left the two elite Yellow Banners to Dorgun and Dodo, who were the sons of Abahai. Huang Taiji exchanged control of his two White Banners for that of the two Yellow Banners, shifting their influence and power from his young brothers onto himself. At the same time, by forcing Abahai to suicide, he assured that there would be no one to support the 15-year-old Dorgon or 14-year-old Dodo.
Family
- father: Taksi.
- grandfather: Giocangga.
- mother: Concubine of the Hitara clan.
- brother (same mother): Surhaci.
- consorts:
- Empress Xiao Ci Gao of the Yehe Nara clan (1575 - 1603).
- Yuan Fei, Hahana Jacing (Qingya) (??, ?????) of the Tunggiya clan (? - 1685).
- Lady Gundai (??, ??) of the Fuca clan (? - 1621).
- Lady Abahai (??, ???) of the Ula Nara clan (1590 - 1626).
- Cuyen
- Daišan
- Abai
- Tangguldai
- Manggultai
- Tabai
- Abatai
- Huang Taiji
- Babutai
- Degelei
- Babuhai
- Ajige
- Laimbu
- Dorgon
- Dodo
- Fiyanggu
Primary sources
Information concerning Nurhaci can be found in later, propagandistic works such as the Manchu Veritable Records (in Chinese Manzhou Shílù ????, in Manchu the Yarkiyang Kooli.) Good contemporary sources are also available. For instance, much material concerning Nurhaci's rise is preserved within Korean sources such as the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (Joseon Wangjo Sillok??????), especially the Seonjo Sillok and the Gwanghaegun Ilgi. Indeed, the record of Sin Chung-il's trip to Jianzhou is preserved in the Seonjo Sillok.
The original Manchu language records from Nurhaci's reign also survive. A revised transcription of these records (with the dots and circles added to the script) was commissioned by the Qianlong emperor. This has been translated into Japanese, under the title Manbun roto, and Chinese, under the title Manwen laodang(Chinese:????). A project is currently under way at Harvard to translate them into English, as The Old Manchu Chronicles.
In fiction
The remains of Nurhaci are used as a plot device in the 1984 movie Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.
See also
- Slavery in seventeen century China
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