Nucleic acid methods
Encyclopedia
Nucleic acid methods are the techniques used to study nucleic acid
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA and RNA . Together with proteins, nucleic acids make up the most important macromolecules; each is found in abundance in all living things, where they function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information...

s (DNA
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...

 and RNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....

).

Purification
  • Phenol-chloroform extraction
  • minicolumn purification
  • RNA extraction
    RNA extraction
    RNA extraction is the purification of RNA from biological samples. This procedure is complicated by the ubiquitous presence of ribonuclease enzymes in cells and tissues, which can rapidly degrade RNA...


Quantification
  • Abundance in weight: spectroscopic quantification
    Quantification of nucleic acids
    In molecular biology, quantitation of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. Reactions that use nucleic acids often require particular amounts and purity for optimum performance...

  • Absolute abundance in number: Q-PCR
    Real-time polymerase chain reaction
    In molecular biology, real-time polymerase chain reaction, also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction or kinetic polymerase chain reaction , is a laboratory technique based on the PCR, which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule...

  • high-throughput relative abundance DNA microarray
    DNA microarray
    A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome...

  • high-throughput absolute abundance SAGE
    Serial Analysis of Gene Expression
    Serial analysis of gene expression is a technique used by molecular biologists to produce a snapshot of the messenger RNA population in a sample of interest in the form of small tags that correspond to fragments of those transcripts. The original technique was developed by Dr. Victor Velculescu...

  • Size: Gel electrophoresis
    Gel electrophoresis
    Gel electrophoresis is a method used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge and or size and in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge...


Synthesis
  • De novo: Oligonucleotide synthesis
    Oligonucleotide synthesis
    Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure . The technique is extremely useful in current laboratory practice because it provides a rapid and inexpensive access to custom-made oligonucleotides of the desired...

  • Amplification: PCR
    Polymerase chain reaction
    The polymerase chain reaction is a scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence....


Kinetics
  • Dual polarization interferometry
  • QCM-D
    QCM-D
    The Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring is a special type of QCM based on the ring-down technique,. The term QCM-D is a trademark owned by Q-sense AB, Gothenburg, Sweden. The active component of a QCM is a thin quartz crystal disk sandwiched between a pair of electrodes...



Other
  • Nucleic acid simulations
  • DNA sequencing
    DNA sequencing
    DNA sequencing includes several methods and technologies that are used for determining the order of the nucleotide bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a molecule of DNA....

  • Bisulfite sequencing
    Bisulfite sequencing
    Bisulfite sequencing is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA to determine its pattern of methylation. DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most studied...

  • Expression cloning
    Expression cloning
    Expression cloning is a technique in DNA cloning that uses expression vectors to generate a library of clones, with each clone expressing one protein. This expression library is then screened for the property of interest and clones of interest recovered for further analysis...

  • Southern blot
    Southern blot
    A Southern blot is a method routinely used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. The method is named...

  • Northern blot
    Northern blot
    The northern blot is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression by detection of RNA in a sample. With northern blotting it is possible to observe cellular control over structure and function by determining the particular gene expression levels during differentiation,...

  • Sucrose gradient centrifugation
    Sucrose gradient centrifugation
    Sucrose gradient centrifugation is a type of centrifugation often used to purify enveloped viruses and ribosomes, and also to separate cell organelles from crude cellular extracts...

  • Radioactivity in biological research
    Radioactivity in biological research
    Radioactivity can be used in life sciences as a radiolabel to visualise components or target molecules in a biological system. Some radionuclei are synthesised in particle accelerators and have short half-lives, giving them high maximum theoretical specific activities. This lowers the detection...

  • Lab-on-a-chip
    Lab-on-a-chip
    A lab-on-a-chip is a device that integrates one or several laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size. LOCs deal with the handling of extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico liters. Lab-on-a-chip devices are a subset of MEMS devices...

  • Nuclear run-on assay
    Nuclear run-on
    A nuclear run-on assay is conducted to identify the genes that are being transcribed at a certain time. Cell nuclei are isolated rapidly, and incubated with labelled nucleotides and the results are hybridized to a slot blot, which is then exposed to film. It was originally developed by Gariglio et...

  • Fluorescent in situ hybridization
    Fluorescent in situ hybridization
    FISH is a cytogenetic technique developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s that is used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high...

  • several Bioinformatics
    Bioinformatics
    Bioinformatics is the application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology and medicine. Bioinformatics deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, software...

     methods, such as RNA structure prediction

External links

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