Novarupta

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Novarupta

Novarupta, meaning "new eruption", is a volcano

Volcano

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or Crust , which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface....
located on the Alaska Peninsula

Alaska Peninsula

The Alaska Peninsula is a peninsula extending about 800 km to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands....
in Katmai National Park and Preserve

Katmai National Park and Preserve

Katmai National Park and Preserve is a United States National Park in southern Alaska, notable for the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and for its brown bears....
, about southwest of Anchorage

Anchorage, Alaska

Anchorage is a consolidated city-Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. With an estimated 279,671 municipal residents in 2007 , it is Alaska's largest city and constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population....
. Formed in 1912 during one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century, Novarupta released 30 times the volume of magma

Magma

Magma is molten Rock that is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and may also exist on other terrestrial planets. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals and gas bubbles....
as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

File:sthelens1.jpgThe 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, a stratovolcano located in Washington state, in the United States, was a major plinian eruption....
.

Eruption of 1912
One of the largest eruptions of the 20th century occurred in 1912, from June 6 to June 8, to form Novarupta.

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Encyclopedia

Novarupta, meaning "new eruption", is a volcano

Volcano

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or Crust , which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface....
located on the Alaska Peninsula

Alaska Peninsula

The Alaska Peninsula is a peninsula extending about 800 km to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands....
in Katmai National Park and Preserve

Katmai National Park and Preserve

Katmai National Park and Preserve is a United States National Park in southern Alaska, notable for the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and for its brown bears....
, about southwest of Anchorage

Anchorage, Alaska

Magma

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

File:sthelens1.jpgThe 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, a stratovolcano located in Washington state, in the United States, was a major plinian eruption....
.

Eruption of 1912

One of the largest eruptions of the 20th century occurred in 1912, from June 6 to June 8, to form Novarupta. Rated a 6 on the volcanic explosivity index

Volcanic Explosivity Index

The Volcanic Explosivity Index was devised by Christopher G. Newhall of the U.S. Geological Survey and Stephen Self at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1982 to provide a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcano eruptions....
, the 60 hour long eruption expelled of magma, 30 times as much as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

File:sthelens1.jpgThe 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, a stratovolcano located in Washington state, in the United States, was a major plinian eruption....
. The erupted magma resulted in more than of air fall and approximately of ash-flow tuff

Tuff

Tuff is a type of Rock consisting of consolidated volcanic ash ejected from vents during a volcanic eruption. Tuff is also sometimes called tufa, particularly when used as construction material....
Only the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines

Philippines

The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
was of a similar magnitude during the 20th century, ejecting of tephra

Tephra

Tephra is air-fall material produced by a Volcano regardless of composition or fragment size. Tephra is typically Rhyolite in composition, as most explosive volcanoes are the product of the more viscosity felsic or high silica magmas....
. At least two larger eruptions occurred in the 19th century: the 1815 eruption of Tambora

Mount Tambora

Mount Tambora is an active stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, on Sumbawa island, Indonesia. Sumbawa is flanked both to the north and south by oceanic crust, and Tambora was formed by the active subduction zones beneath it....
( of tephra) and the 1883 eruption of Indonesia

Indonesia

The Republic of Indonesia , is a transcontinental country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Comprising Islands of Indonesia, it is the world's largest Archipelago state....
's Krakatoa

Krakatoa

Krakatoa , also spelled Krakatao, is a Island#Oceanic islands in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. The name is used for the island group, the main island , and the volcano as a whole....
( of tephra).

Eruption of such a large quantity of magma

Magma

Mount Katmai

Mount Katmai is a large stratovolcano on the Alaska Peninsula in southern Alaska, located within Katmai National Park and Preserve. It is about in diameter with a central lake-filled caldera about 3 by 2 mi in area, formed during the Novarupta eruption of 1912....
area resulted in the formation of a wide funnel shaped vent and the collapse of the summit of Mount Katmai creating a deep, caldera

Caldera

A caldera is a cauldron-like volcano feature usually formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption such as the one at Yellowstone National Park....
.

The eruption ended with the extrusion of a lava dome

Lava dome

In volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a roughly circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow eruption of felsic lava from a volcano, or from multiple lava episodes of different magma types....
that plugged the vent. The high and wide dome is what is now referred to as Novarupta.

Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

Pyroclastic

Pyroclastic flow

A pyroclastic flow is a common and devastating result of some volcano. The flows are fast-moving currents of hot gas and rock , which travel away from the volcano at speeds generally as great as 450 mi/h ....
ash flow from the eruption formed what was named the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is a valley within Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska which is filled with volcanic ash flow from the eruption of Novarupta on June 6?June 8, 1912....
by botanist Robert F. Griggs

Robert F Griggs

Robert Fiske Griggs, , was a botanist who led a 1915 National Geographic Society expedition to observe the aftermath of the Katmai volcanic eruption....
, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society

National Geographic Society

The National Geographic Society , headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world....
in 1916.

The eruption forming of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is one of the few in recorded history to have produced welded tuff, producing numerous fumaroles that persisted for 15 years.

Katmai National Park

Established as a National Park & Preserve in 1980, Katmai is located on the Alaska Peninsula, across from Kodiak Island, with headquarters in nearby King Salmon, about 290 miles southwest of Anchorage. The area was originally designated a National Monument

U.S. National Monument

A National Monument in the United States is a protected area that is similar to a United States Park Service except that the President of the United States can quickly declare an area of the United States to be a National Monument without the approval of United States Congress....
in 1918 to protect the area around the major 1912 volcanic eruption of Novarupta and the , deep, pyroclastic flow of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.

Novarupta

Eruption of 1912

Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

Katmai National Park

See also

External links