North Germanic languages
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the
Germanic languages, a sub-family of the
Indo-European languages, along with the
West Germanic languages and the East Germanic languages. Derived from
Proto-Norse and
Old Norse, they are spoken in the three
Scandinavian countries , the
Faroe Islands,
Iceland and
Greenland, as well as by a significant Swedish minority in
Finland and by immigrant groups mainly in
North America and
Australia. The language group is often called either the Scandinavian or the Nordic languages.
Encyclopedia
The
North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the
Germanic languages, a sub-family of the
Indo-European languages, along with the
West Germanic languages and the East Germanic languages. Derived from
Proto-Norse and
Old Norse, they are spoken in the three
Scandinavian countries , the
Faroe Islands,
Iceland and
Greenland, as well as by a significant Swedish minority in
Finland and by immigrant groups mainly in
North America and
Australia. The language group is often called either the
Scandinavian or the
Nordic languages. The latter term is the most commonly used by both scholars and laymen in the
Nordic countries and is often favored by these when writing in English.
Classification
Traditionally, one has differentiated between two main branches,
West Scandinavian and
East Scandinavian, derived from the western and eastern dialect group of
Old Norse, respectively. The eastern branch consists of
Danish and
Swedish, along with their various dialects and varieties. The western branch includes
Norwegian,
Faroese and Icelandic. Later, East Scandinavian along with Norwegian was heavily influenced by Middle Low German, and therefore another way of classifying the languages — focusing more on mutual intelligibility than the tree of life-model — posits Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish as
Continental Scandinavian, and Faroese and Icelandic as
Insular Scandinavian.
As a result, Danish and Norwegian may in reality be somewhat more similar to each other than either is to Swedish. Because of the long political union between Norway and Denmark, Norwegian Bokmål shares much of the Danish vocabulary. In addition, because of Danish pronunciation, Swedes usually find it easier to understand Norwegian than Danish. One witticism about Norwegian that expresses the basic similarities and differences between the languages is that "Norwegian is Danish spoken in Swedish." The relationships between the three languages may be summarized by the diagram above.
The relationship can be very asymmetrical. One source claims that while Norwegians understand almost 90% of spoken Swedish, Swedes understand only about 50% of spoken Norwegian. These results could be due to the fact that Norwegians generally are more accustomed to Swedish language and culture, than what Swedes generally are to Norwegian, as well as to the fact that a large percentage of the Norwegian population lives near Sweden, while no main population centres of Sweden lie near the Norwegian border. The lowest degree of intelligibility is between spoken Danish and Swedish. Danes understand approximately 45% of spoken Swedish, but the Swedes can only grasp about 25% of what the Danes are saying. For written material, the comprehension percentages rise to 70-90% for all language combinations. Of course, these numbers are highly dependent on exactly where in the dialect continuum the speakers are situated.
The North Germanic languages are often cited as proof of the aphorism "A language is a dialect with an army and a navy." The differences in dialects within the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark can often be greater than the differences across the borders, but the political independence of these countries leads continental Scandinavian to be classified into
Norwegian,
Swedish, and
Danish in the popular mind as well as among most linguists. This is also because of the strong influence of the standard languages, particularly in Denmark and Sweden. Even if the language policy of Norway has been more tolerant of rural dialectal variation in formal language, the prestige dialect often referred to as "Eastern Urban Norwegian", spoken mainly in and around the
Oslo-region, can be considered to be quite normative. The creation of Nynorsk out of dialects after Norway became independent of Denmark in 1814 was an attempt to make the linguistic divisions match the political ones.
Family tree
All North Germanic languages are descended from
Old Norse. Divisions between subfamilies of North Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and the most separated ones not.
- Proto-Norse
- West Scandinavian
- Icelandic
- Faeroese
- Norn
- Norwegian
- Trøndersk
- Østlandsk
- Midlandsk
- Vestlandsk
- Nordlandsk
- Sørlandsk
- East Scandinavian
- Danish
- Island Danish
- East Danish
- Jutlandish
- Swedish
- Sveamål
- Norrländska mål
- Götamål
- Östsvenska mål
- Sydsvenska mål
- Gutnish
Beside the two official written norms of Norwegian, there exist two established unofficial norms:
Riksmål, similar to, but more conservative than Bokmål, which is used in different extent numerous people, especially in the cities and
Høgnorsk "High-Norwegian",similar to Nynorsk, used by a very small minority.
Älvdalsmål "Älvdalen Speech", generally considered a
Sveamål dialect, today has an official orthography and is, because of a lack of mutual intelligibility with
Swedish, considered as a separate language by many linguists.
See also
- Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
- Scanian dialect
External links
-
- with Swedish - English Translations from - the Rosetta Edition
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