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Norman Lear
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Norman Milton Lear (born July 27 1922 in New Haven, Connecticut) is an American television writer and producer who produced such popular sitcoms as All in the Family, Sanford and Son, One Day at a Time, The Jeffersons, Good Times and Maude.
an Lear was born in New Haven, Connecticut and went to high school in Hartford, Connecticut. He attended Emerson College in Boston, but dropped out in 1942 to join the United States Army Air Forces. During World War II, he served in the Mediterranean Theater as a radio operator/gunner on Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers with the 772nd Bombardment Squadron, 463rd Bombardment Group (Heavy) of the Fifteenth Air Force.
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Encyclopedia
Norman Milton Lear (born July 27 1922 in New Haven, Connecticut) is an American television writer and producer who produced such popular sitcoms as All in the Family, Sanford and Son, One Day at a Time, The Jeffersons, Good Times and Maude.
Biography
Norman Lear was born in New Haven, Connecticut and went to high school in Hartford, Connecticut. He attended Emerson College in Boston, but dropped out in 1942 to join the United States Army Air Forces. During World War II, he served in the Mediterranean Theater as a radio operator/gunner on Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers with the 772nd Bombardment Squadron, 463rd Bombardment Group (Heavy) of the Fifteenth Air Force. He flew 52 combat missions, for which he was awarded the Air Medal with four Oak Leaf Clusters. Lear was discharged from the Army in 1945. He and his fellow WWII crew members are featured in the book "Crew Umbriago" by Daniel P.Carroll (tail gunner), and also in another book: 772nd Bomb Squadron: The Men, The Memories by Turner Publishing Company.
In 1959, Lear created the first television series starring Henry Fonda, a half-hour western for Revue Studios called The Deputy. Starting out as a comedy writer, then a film director (he wrote and produced the 1967 film Divorce American Style and directed the 1971 film Cold Turkey, both starring Dick Van Dyke), Lear tried to sell a concept for a sitcom about a blue-collar American family to ABC. They rejected the show after two pilots were filmed. After a third pilot was shot, CBS picked up the show, known as All in the Family. It premiered January 12 1971 to disappointing ratings, but it took home several Emmy Awards that year, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The show did very well in summer reruns, and it flourished in the 1971-1972 season, becoming the top-rated show on TV for the next five years. After falling from the #1 spot, All in the Family still remained in the top ten, well after it transitioned into Archie Bunker's Place. The show was based on the British sitcom Til Death Us Do Part, about an irascible working-class Tory and his Socialist son-in-law.
Lear's second big TV hit was also based on a British sitcom,
Steptoe and Son, about a West London junk dealer and his son. Lear changed the setting to the Watts section of Los Angeles and the characters to African-Americans, and the NBC show Sanford and Son was an instant hit. Numerous hit shows followed thereafter, including
Maude (the lead character of which was reportedly based on Lear's then-wife Frances), The Jeffersons (both spin-offs of All in the Family), and One Day at a Time.
What most of the Lear sitcoms had in common was that they were character-driven, had sets that more resembled stage plays than common sitcom sets, were shot on cheaper videotape in place of film, and most importantly dealt with the social and political issues of the day. Ironically, although Lear's shows are often considered somewhat autobiographical and closely identified with his personal experiences, his early hits were actually all adapted from someone else's creations: the two aforementioned British adaptations and Maude, while reputedly based on Lear's wife, was actually the brainchild of series producer Charlie Hauck.
Lear's longtime producing partner was Bud Yorkin, who served as executive producer of Sanford and Son, split with Lear in 1983. He started a production company with writer/producers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein, but they had only one show that ran more than a year: What's Happening!!. The Lear/Yorkin company was known as Tandem Productions. Lear and talent agent Jerry Perenchio founded T.A.T. Communications (T.A.T. stood for "Tuchus Affen Tisch", which is Yiddish for "Putting one's butt on the line") in 1974, which co-existed with Tandem Productions and was often referred to in periodicals as Tandem/T.A.T. The Lear organization was one of the most successful independent TV producers of the 1970s.
He also developed the cult favorite TV series Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman.
Lear himself stepped down as production supervisor on his shows in 1978 to work on a film dealing with his concerns about the growing influence of radical right-wing evangelists. The film was never fully developed, but the process stimulated his long engagement in political activism.
In 1982, the company bought out Avco Embassy Pictures from Avco Financial Corporation, and the Avco part of its name was dropped. Embassy Pictures was led by (current Warner Bros. President) Alan Horn and Martin Schaeffer, later co-founders of Castle Rock Entertainment with Rob Reiner. In 1985, Lear sold all his film and television production holdings to Columbia Pictures (then owned by the Coca-Cola Company) which acquired Embassy's film and television division (which included Embassy's in-house television productions and the television rights to the Embassy theatrical library) for $465 million in shares of The Coca-Cola Company. Lear and his longtime partner Jerry Perenchio split the net proceeds (about $250mm). Coke later sold the film division to Dino De Laurentiis and the home video arm to Nelson entertainment (led by Barry Spikings).
The brand Tandem Productions was abandoned in 1986 with the cancellation of Diff'rent Strokes, and Embassy ceased to exist as a single entity in late 1987, having been split into different components owned by different entities. The Embassy TV division became ELP Communications in 1988, but shows originally produced by Embassy were now under the Columbia Pictures Television banner from 1988-1994 and the Columbia TriStar Television banner from 1994-1998.
Lear attempted to return to TV production in the 1990s with the shows Sunday Dinner, The Powers That Be, and 704 Hauser, the last one putting a different family in the house from All in the Family. None of the series proved successful, despite critical acclaim.
However, Lear was successful as a businessman, especially with his leveraged acquisition vehicle Act III Communications, founded in 1986 and led initially by Tom McGrath (who met Lear while negotiating on behalf of Coca-Cola the acquisition of Lear's old company) and later by Hal Gaba, a former Embassy executive. This included: Act III Theatres, sold to KKR in 1997 at what is to this day considered a record premium; Act III Broadcasting, sold to Abry Communications; and Act III Publishing, sold to PriMedia. Lear is also the owner of Concord Records and in 2005 consummated a 50% interest in the film library and production assets of Village Roadshow Productions Pty.
Lear is unofficially credited with giving Rob Reiner, son of Carl Reiner (and a star of All in the Family) his start as a director by financing the mockumentary This is Spinal Tap. Lear's Act III Communications, founded in 1986 with Tom McGrath as President, produced several notable films, including Rob Reiner's next two films: Stand By Me, and The Princess Bride as well as Fried Green Tomatoes.
Lear helped finance his then wife's magazine, Lear's Magazine, started by Frances Lear in the late 1980s. The magazine ceased publication in 1994.
In 2003, Lear made an appearance on South Park during the I'm a Little Bit Country episode, providing the voice of Benjamin Franklin. He also served as a consultant on the episodes I'm a Little Bit Country and Cancelled. Coincidentally, South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone have stated that the character of Eric Cartman was greatly influenced by Lear's Archie Bunker.
Awards
In 1967, Lear was nominated for an Academy Award for writing Divorce, American Style. Lear was among the first seven television pioneers inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1984. He received four Emmy Awards (two in 1971, and one each in 1972 and 1973) and a Peabody Award in 1978. He received the Humanist Arts Award from the American Humanist Association in 1977. His star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located at
6615 Hollywood Boulevard.
In 1999, President Bill Clinton awarded the National Medal of Arts to Lear, noting that “Norman Lear has held up a mirror to American society and changed the way we look at it.”
Political and cultural activities
In addition to his success as a TV producer and businessman, Lear is an outspoken supporter of First Amendment and liberal causes. The only time that he didn't support a Democrat was in 1980 when he voted for John Anderson because he considered the Carter administration to be "a disaster". Taking a less active role in his TV productions in 1978, he soon turned his eyes to political activism, founding People for the American Way in 1981. People for the American Way ran a number of campaigns about religion in politics, and in 1987 helped lead the campaign to stop Robert Bork's nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Lear later founded the Business Enterprise Trust in 1989, an educational program that used annual awards, business school case studies, and videos to cast a spotlight on exemplary social innovations in American business. He also founded the Norman Lear Center at the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication in 2000, a multidisciplinary research and public policy center dedicated to exploring the convergence of entertainment, commerce and society.
In 2001, Lear and his second wife, Lyn, purchased a Dunlap broadside - a rare, original copy of the Declaration of Independence - for $8.1 million. Not a document collector, Lear stated in a press release and on The Today Show the following day that his intent was to tour the document around the United States so that the country could experience its "birth certificate" firsthand.
That summer, Lear and Rob Reiner executive-produced a filmed, dramatic reading of the document - the last project filmed by famed cinematographer Conrad Hall - on July 4 2001 at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The film, introduced by Morgan Freeman, features the Declaration of Independence performed aloud by Kathy Bates, Benicio del Toro, Michael Douglas, Mel Gibson, Whoopi Goldberg, Graham Greene, Ming-Na, Edward Norton, Winona Ryder, Kevin Spacey, and Renée Zellweger. The film was directed by Arvin Brown and scored by composer John Williams.
The document traveled throughout the United States, visiting several presidential libraries, dozens of museums, as well as the 2002 Olympics, Super Bowl XXXVI, and the Live 8 concert in Philadelphia. Through the end of 2004, it was part of the Declaration of Independence Road Trip and the Declare Yourself campaigns.
Lear is on the National Advisory Board of the Young Storytellers Foundation.
Lear has also written articles on The Huffington Post.
TV productions
Tandem Productions:
1970 1980 1990
/ / /
|*********| | All in the Family (1971-1979)
| ****** | | Sanford and Son (1972-1977)
| ******* | | Maude (1972-1978)
| ******| | Good Times (1974-1979)
|********* | Diff'rent Strokes (1978-1986)
| ***** | Archie Bunker's Place (1979-1983)
T.A.T. to ELP Communications:
1970 1980 1990
/ / /
| * | | Hot L Baltimore (1975)
| *********** | The Jeffersons (1975-1985)
| ********** | One Day at a Time (1975-1984)
| *** | | Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (1976-1978)
| * | | All's Fair (1976)
| * | | All That Glitters (1977)
| * | | Fernwood 2Nite (1977)
| * | | America 2 Night (1978)
|*| | The Baxters (1979)
|********** | The Facts of Life (1979-1988)
| | ****** | Silver Spoons (1982-1987)
| | ** | Gloria (1982-1983)
| | * | Square Pegs (1982)
| | *********Who's the Boss? (1984-1992)
| | * | A.K.A. Pablo (1984)
| | * | Heartsounds (1984)
| | ****** 227 (1985-1990)
ACT III Productions:
1970 1980 1990
/ / /
| | |* Sunday Dinner (1991)
| | | ** The Powers That Be (1992-1993)
| | | * 704 Hauser (1994)
| | | ** Channel Umptee-3 (1997-1998)
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