Norma (opera)

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Norma (opera)

Norma is a tragedia lirica or opera

Opera

Opera is an Performing arts in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work which combines a text and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition....
in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini

Vincenzo Bellini

Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini was an Italy opera composer. Known for his flowing melodic lines for which he was named "the Swan of Catania", Bellini was the quintessential composer of Bel canto opera....
with libretto

Libretto

A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, sacred or secular oratorio and cantata, Musical theater, and ballet....
by Felice Romani

Felice Romani

Felice Romani was an Italy poet and scholar of literature and mythology who wrote many librettos for the opera composers Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini....
after Norma, ossia L'infanticidio (Norma, or The Infanticide) by Alexandre Soumet

Alexandre Soumet

Alexandre Soumet , France poet, was born at Castelnaudary, d?partement of Aude.His father wished him to enter the army, but an early-developed love of poetry turned the boy's ambition in other directions....
. First produced at La Scala

La Scala

The Teatro alla Scala , in Milan, Italy, is one of the world's most famous opera houses. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778, under the name Nuovo Regio Ducal Teatro alla Scala with Antonio Salieri Europa riconosciuta....
on December 26, 1831, it is generally regarded as an example of the supreme height of the Bel canto

Bel Canto

Bel Canto may refer to:*Bel canto, a opera term that literally means "beautiful singing"*Bel Canto , a novel by Ann Patchett*Bel Canto , a Norwegian pop/electronica band...
tradition. "Casta diva" was one of the most familiar arias of the nineteenth century.

letter dated September 1, 1831, Bellini wrote the soprano Giuditta Pasta that "Romani believes [that this subject] will be very effective, and absolutely ideal for your encyclopedic character, because that is the kind of character Norma has".

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Encyclopedia

Norma is a tragedia lirica or opera

Opera

Vincenzo Bellini

Libretto

A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, sacred or secular oratorio and cantata, Musical theater, and ballet....
by Felice Romani

Felice Romani

Alexandre Soumet

La Scala

Bel Canto

Background

In a letter dated September 1, 1831, Bellini wrote the soprano Giuditta Pasta that "Romani believes [that this subject] will be very effective, and absolutely ideal for your encyclopedic character, because that is the kind of character Norma has". Indeed, Pasta's vocal and dramatic range was encyclopedic: that March, she had created the very different Bellini role of Amina, the lyrically vulnerable Swiss village maiden, in La sonnambula
La sonnambula

La sonnambula is an opera semiseria in two acts, music by Vincenzo Bellini to an Italian libretto by Felice Romani, based on a ballet-pantomime by Eug?ne Scribe....
.

In the 19th century, it was common for composers to interpolate arias of their own into other composers' operas. Richard Wagner

Richard Wagner

Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer, Conducting, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas . Unlike most other great opera composers, Wagner wrote both the scenario and libretto for his works....
wrote an aria for bass and men's chorus for an 1837 production of Norma.

The title role is generally considered one of the most difficult in the soprano

Soprano

A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four part chorale style harmony the soprano takes the highest part which usually encompasses the melody....
repertoire. It calls for tremendous vocal control of range, flexibility, and dynamics. Dramatically speaking, it covers the wide range of emotions that a woman can experience: conflict of personal and public life, romantic life, maternal love, friendship, jealousy, murderous intent, and resignation. German soprano Lilli Lehmann

Lilli Lehmann

Lilli Lehmann was a Germany operatic soprano of phenomenal versatility.The future opera star's father, August Lehmann, was a singer while her mother, Maria Theresia L?w , was a soprano of Jewish origin....
once famously remarked on how the singing of all three Brünnhildes in Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen

Der Ring des Nibelungen

Der Ring des Nibelungen is a literature cycle of four epic poetry music dramas by the Germany composer Richard Wagner. The operas are based loosely on characters from the Sagas and the Nibelungenlied....
in one evening was less stressful than the singing of one Norma. However, her less famous reasoning was that "When you sing Wagner, you are so carried away by the dramatic emotion, the action, and the scene that you do not have to think how to sing the words. That comes of itself. But in Bellini, you must always have a care for beauty of tone and correct emission."

Throughout the 20th century, many singers have attempted the role of Bellini's tormented Druid priestess, with varying degrees of success. The following is a listing of some of the most renowned Normas, each of whom has brought her own strengths and weaknesses to the role. In the early 1920s, Rosa Raisa

Rosa Raisa

Rosa Raisa was a Poland-born, Italy-trained, Russian-Jewish dramatic soprano. She was one of the most highly-acclaimed operatic performers of her time with a voice of great magnitude....
, Claudia Muzio

Claudia Muzio

Claudia Muzio was an Italian opera soprano, whose international career was among the most successful of the early 20th century....
, and Rosa Ponselle

Rosa Ponselle

Rosa Ponselle , was an American operatic soprano. She sang mainly at the New York Metropolitan Opera and is generally considered by music critics to have been one of the greatest sopranos of the past 100 years....
were each admired in the role. In the 1960s, two very different performers started donning the Druidess's robes: the Australian Joan Sutherland

Joan Sutherland

Dame Joan Alston Sutherland, Order of Merit, Order of Australia, Order of the British Empire is an Australian voice type soprano noted for her contribution in the renaissance of the bel canto repertoire in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s....
and the Turk Leyla Gencer

Leyla Gencer

Leyla Gencer, or Ayse Leyla ?eyrekgil was a world-renowned Turkish soprano opera singer.Known as "La Diva Turca" and "La Regina" in the opera world, Gencer was a notable bel canto soprano who spent most of her career in Italy, from the early 1950s through the mid-1980s, and had a repertoire encompassing more than seventy ro...
. In the 1970s, three other bel canto specialists debuted their Normas: Montserrat Caballé

Montserrat Caballé

Montserrat Caball? is a Spain Catalan people operaticsoprano. One of the greatest sopranos of the 20th century,she possesses a voice of remarkable beauty and of great range...
, Beverly Sills

Beverly Sills

Beverly Sills was an American operatic soprano who enjoyed success in the 1960s and 1970s. She was famous for her performances in coloratura soprano roles in operas around the world and on recordings....
, and Renata Scotto

Renata Scotto

Renata Scotto is an Italy soprano. Since retiring from the stage as a singer in 2002, she has turned to directing opera as well as teaching at her own opera academy in Italy and New York....
. Not to be dismissed lightly are Grace Bumbry

Grace Bumbry

Grace Bumbry , an United States opera singer, was considered one of the leading mezzo-sopranos of her generation, as well as a major soprano for many years....
and Shirley Verrett

Shirley Verrett

Shirley Verrett is an American operatic mezzo-soprano and soprano. Verrett enjoyed great fame from the late 1960s and was much admired for her radiant voice, beauty, and great versatility....
, the two famous African-American divas who began as mezzo-sopranos and eventually started singing soprano repertoire.

The most famous Norma of the postwar period was Maria Callas

Maria Callas

Maria Callas was an American-born Greeks soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the twentieth century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts....
, with 89 stage performances (several of which exist on recording), along with two studio recordings (made in 1954 and 1960).

During the 1980s and 1990s, the role of Norma was performed by such different singers as Katia Ricciarelli

Katia Ricciarelli

Katia Ricciarelli is an Italian soprano....
, Anna Tomowa-Sintow

Anna Tomowa-Sintow

Anna Tomowa-Sintow is a Bulgarian soprano who has sung to great acclaim in all the major opera houses around the world in a repertoire that includes Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Gioacchino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini, Richard Wagner, and Richard Strauss....
, Marisa Galvany

Marisa Galvany

Marisa Galvany is an American soprano known for the great intensity of her performances. A pupil of Armen Boyajian , she made her operatic debut in Seattle in 1968, in Tosca....
, Dame Gwyneth Jones

Gwyneth Jones

Gwyneth Jones may refer to:*Gwyneth Jones *Gwyneth Jones See also*Gwyn Jones ...
, and Jane Eaglen

Jane Eaglen

Jane Eaglen is an English dramatic soprano particularly known for her interpretations of the works of Richard Wagner and the title roles in Bellini's Norma and Puccini's Turandot....
. Contemporary Normas include Fiorenza Cedolins

Fiorenza Cedolins

Fiorenza Cedolins, born in Anduins di Vito d'Asio, a village in Friuli, near Trieste, is an Italy soprano.She made her operatic debut in 1992 at the Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa in Pietro Mascagni?s Cavalleria rusticana....
, Galina Gorchakova

Galina Gorchakova

Galina Gorchakova is a distinguished Russian lyric soprano....
, Hasmik Papian

Hasmik Papian

Hasmik Papian is an Armenians soprano....
, Maria Guleghina

Maria Guleghina

Maria Guleghina is a Ukraine-Russia soprano opera singer, particularly associated with the Italy repertory....
, Nelly Miricioiu

Nelly Miricioiu

Nelly Miricioiu is a United Kingdom operatic soprano of Romanian birth, one of the most versatile artists of recent years, singing a large repertoire ranging from bel canto to verismo with equal success....
, June Anderson, and Edita Gruberová

Edita Gruberová

Edita Gruber?va is a Slovaks soprano who is one of the most acclaimed coloraturas of recent decades. She is noted for her great tonal clarity, agility, drammatic interpretation, and ability to sing high notes with great power, which made her an ideal Die Zauberfl?te in her early years....
- of whom the last three have had careers as bel canto specialists.

Roles

Role	Voice type	Premiere Cast, December 26, 1831 (Conductor: - )
Norma, daughter of Oroveso, High-priestess of the Celts	soprano Soprano A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four part chorale style harmony the soprano takes the highest part which usually encompasses the melody....	Giuditta Pasta Giuditta Pasta Giuditta Angiola Maria Costanza Pasta , born in Saronno, Italy, was a soprano considered among the greatest of opera singers, to whom the 20th-century soprano Maria Callas was compared....
Adalgisa, priest Priest A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities.... ess in the grove of the Irminsul statue	soprano or mezzo soprano	Giulia Grisi Giulia Grisi Giulia Grisi , was an Italy opera singer.Born in Milan, she was the daughter of one of Napoleon I of France's Italian officers. She came from a musically gifted family, her maternal aunt Giuseppina Grassini being a favourite opera-singer both on the continent and in London; her mother had also been a singer, and her elder sister Giuditta...
Pollione, Roman Ancient Rome Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC.... proconsul Proconsul Ancient RomeIn the Roman Republic, a proconsul was a promagistrate who, after serving as consul, spent a year as a Roman governor of a Roman province.... in Gaul Gaul Gaul is the name used for the region of Western Europe comprising part of present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the River Rhine....	tenor Tenor The tenor is a type of male voice type and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between the C one octave below middle C to the A above in choral music, and up to high C in solo work....	Domenico Donzelli Domenico Donzelli Domenico Donzelli was an Italian tenor....
Oroveso, chief of the Druid Druid A druid was a member of the priestly and learned class in the ancient Celts societies of Western Europe, Great Britain and Ireland. They were suppressed by the Ancient Rome and disappeared from the written record by the second century CE.... s	bass	Vincenzo Negrini
Clotilde, Norma’s friend	soprano	Marietta Sacchi
Flavio, Pollione’s companion	tenor	Lorenzo Lombardi

Synopsis

Act 1

The grove. A secret love unites the seeress Norma with Pollione, the Roman proconsul, by whom she has borne two children. But Pollione has grown tired of the aging druidess and has fallen in love with Adalgisa, a young temple virgin. Despite Adalgisa's piety and virtue, she agrees to flee to Rome with Pollione. Adalgisa innocently tells Norma of her love, and Norma curses Pollione for his treachery.

Act 2

Norma’s apartment. She is about to kill her children, but her love for her children finally confides them to the care of Adalgisa. When Pollione comes to take Adalgisa from the temple, Norma denounces him and he is seized by the Druids, after having refused to give up Adalgisa. Norma proclaims herself equally guilty with him. The pyre is lighted, and ascending it, Norma dies with her lover.

Noted arias

Sinfonia
Sinfonia

Sinfonia is the Italian word for symphony . In music Sinfonia has however some specific meanings and connotations, that are understood when the word sinfonia is used outside the realm of Latin-based languages:...
Casta diva, cavatina
Cavatina

Cavatina is a musical term, originally a short song of simple character, without a second strain or any repetition of the air. It is now frequently applied to a simple melodious air, as distinguished from a brilliant aria, recitative, etcetera, and often forms part of a large movement or scena in oratorio or opera....
of Norma (Act I)
Sola, furtiva al tempio, duet between Norma and Adalgisa (Act I)
Ah! di qual sei tu vittima, terzetto between Norma, Pollione and Adalgisa (Act I)
Teneri figli, arioso
Arioso

In European classical music, arioso is a style of Solo opera singing between recitative and aria. Literally, arioso means airy. The term arose in the 16th century along with the aforementioned styles and monody....
of Norma (Act II)
Deh, con te, con te li prendi, duet between Norma and Adalgisa (Act II)
Guerra, guerra! le galliche selve, chorus (Act II)
In mia man alfin tu sei, duet between Norma and Pollione (Act II)
Deh! non volerli vittime, final of Act II

Selected recordings

Year	Cast (Norma, Pollione, Adalgisa, Oroveso)	Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra	Label
1937	Gina Cigna Gina Cigna Gina Cigna was a French-Italian opera singer, one of the leading dramatic soprano of the inter-war period.... , Giovanni Breviario Giovanni Breviario Giovanni Breviario was an Italian operatic tenor, particularly associated with Italian dramatic roles.He studied in Milan with Dante Lari, and made his stage debut in Pola, as Il trovatore, in 1924.... , Ebe Stignani Ebe Stignani Ebe Stignani was an Italian opera singer, who was pre-eminent in the dramatic mezzo-soprano roles of the Italian repertoire during a stage career of more than thirty years.... , Tancredi Pasero Tancredi Pasero Tancredi Pasero was an Italian bass . Particularly associated with the Italian repertory, he enjoyed a long and distinguished career largely based in his native country....	Vittorio Gui Vittorio Gui Vittorio Gui was an Italy conductor and composer.In 1933 Bruno Walter invited him to be guest conductor at the Salzburg Festival.His 1949 recording of Giuseppe Verdi's opera A Masked Ball has been reissued on CD, as has his 1950 performance of Richard Wagner's Parsifal with Maria Callas.... , Orchestra and Chorus of the Teatro Regio di Torino	Audio CD: Aura/Lyrica ASIN: B00001ZWJ3
1952	Maria Callas Maria Callas Maria Callas was an American-born Greeks soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the twentieth century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts.... , Mirto Picchi Mirto Picchi Mirto Picchi was an Italian tenor, particularly associated with the Italian repertory, and with contemporary works.Picchi studied in Milan with Giulia Tess and Giuseppe Armani, and made his debut there as Aida in A?da, in 1946.... , Ebe Stignani Ebe Stignani Ebe Stignani was an Italian opera singer, who was pre-eminent in the dramatic mezzo-soprano roles of the Italian repertoire during a stage career of more than thirty years.... , Giacomo Vaghi	Vittorio Gui Vittorio Gui Vittorio Gui was an Italy conductor and composer.In 1933 Bruno Walter invited him to be guest conductor at the Salzburg Festival.His 1949 recording of Giuseppe Verdi's opera A Masked Ball has been reissued on CD, as has his 1950 performance of Richard Wagner's Parsifal with Maria Callas.... , Royal Opera House Covent Garden Chorus and Orchestra Royal Opera, London The Royal Opera is London and the United Kingdom's most famous and most wealthy List of important opera companies, which, as the Covent Garden Opera Company, began in 1946....	Audio CD: EMI Classics EMI Classics EMI Classics is a record label of EMI, formed in 1990 in order to reduce the need to create country-specific packaging and catalogs for internationally distributed european classical music releases.... ASIN: B0000BWTK9
1954	Maria Callas Maria Callas Maria Callas was an American-born Greeks soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the twentieth century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts.... , Mario Filippeschi Mario Filippeschi Mario Filippeschi was an Italian tenor, particularly associated with the Italian repertory, renowed for his ringing upper register.Filippeschi studied the clarinet for two years as a teenager, before joining military service.... , Ebe Stignani Ebe Stignani Ebe Stignani was an Italian opera singer, who was pre-eminent in the dramatic mezzo-soprano roles of the Italian repertoire during a stage career of more than thirty years.... Nicola Rossi-Lemeni Nicola Rossi-Lemeni Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, , was a basso opera singer of mixed Italy-Russian parentage.Rossi-Lemeni was born in Istanbul, Turkey, the son of an Italian colonel and a Russian mother....	Tullio Serafin Tullio Serafin Tullio Serafin was an Italy Conducting.... , Chorus and Orchestra of the Teatro alla Scala	Audio CD: EMI Classics EMI Classics EMI Classics is a record label of EMI, formed in 1990 in order to reduce the need to create country-specific packaging and catalogs for internationally distributed european classical music releases.... ASIN: B000002RXP
1955	Maria Callas Maria Callas Maria Callas was an American-born Greeks soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the twentieth century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts.... , Mario del Monaco Mario del Monaco Mario Del Monaco was an Italian tenor and is regarded by his admirers as being one of the greatest dramatic tenors of the 20th Century.Del Monaco was born Florence to a musical upper-class family.... , Ebe Stignani Ebe Stignani Ebe Stignani was an Italian opera singer, who was pre-eminent in the dramatic mezzo-soprano roles of the Italian repertoire during a stage career of more than thirty years.... , Giuseppe Modesti	Tullio Serafin Tullio Serafin Tullio Serafin was an Italy Conducting.... , Milan Radio Symphony Orchestra	Audio CD: Opera d'Oro ASIN: B0000DEQXC
	Maria Callas Maria Callas Maria Callas was an American-born Greeks soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the twentieth century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts.... , Mario del Monaco Mario del Monaco Mario Del Monaco was an Italian tenor and is regarded by his admirers as being one of the greatest dramatic tenors of the 20th Century.Del Monaco was born Florence to a musical upper-class family.... , Giulietta Simionato Giulietta Simionato Giulietta Simionato is an Italy mezzo-soprano and one of the great singers of the post-war operatic stage. Her career spanned from the 1930s until her retirement in 1966.... , Nicola Zaccaria Nicola Zaccaria Nicola Zaccaria was a Greece bass-baritone.Born in Piraeus, Zaccaria studied in Athens where he enjoyed his debut in 1949, aged 26. He sang at La Scala in 1953 and his position as a mainstay of the bass operatic repertoire was assured thereafter....	Antonino Votto Antonino Votto Antonino Votto was an Italian operatic conductor. Votto developed an extensive discography with the La Scala in Milan during the 1950s, when EMI produced the bulk of its studio recordings featuring Maria Callas.... , Chorus and Orchestra of the Teatro alla Scala	Audio CD: Istituto Discografico Italiano ASIN: B0009J2RSU
1960	Maria Callas Maria Callas Maria Callas was an American-born Greeks soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the twentieth century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts.... , Franco Corelli Franco Corelli Franco Corelli was an Italian tenor active in opera from 1951 to 1976. Associated in particular with the big spinto and dramatic tenor roles of the Italian repertory, he was celebrated internationally for his handsome stage presence and thrilling upper register.... , Christa Ludwig Christa Ludwig Christa Ludwig is a Germany retired mezzo-soprano, distinguished for her performances of opera and Lieder. Her career spanned from the late 1940s until the early 1990s.... , Nicola Zaccaria Nicola Zaccaria Nicola Zaccaria was a Greece bass-baritone.Born in Piraeus, Zaccaria studied in Athens where he enjoyed his debut in 1949, aged 26. He sang at La Scala in 1953 and his position as a mainstay of the bass operatic repertoire was assured thereafter....	Tullio Serafin Tullio Serafin Tullio Serafin was an Italy Conducting.... , Chorus and Orchestra of the Teatro alla Scala	Audio CD: EMI Classics EMI Classics EMI Classics is a record label of EMI, formed in 1990 in order to reduce the need to create country-specific packaging and catalogs for internationally distributed european classical music releases.... ASIN: B00000630R
1964	Joan Sutherland Joan Sutherland Dame Joan Alston Sutherland, Order of Merit, Order of Australia, Order of the British Empire is an Australian voice type soprano noted for her contribution in the renaissance of the bel canto repertoire in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.... , John Alexander John Alexander John Alexander may refer to:* John Alexander , Scottish historical painter and engraver* John Alexander , scriptural commentator* John Alexander , - United States Representative from Ohio... , Marilyn Horne Marilyn Horne Marilyn Horne is an United States mezzo-soprano opera singer who is particularly associated with the music of Gioacchino Rossini and George Frideric Handel.... , Richard Cross Richard Cross Professor Richard Alan Cross is Rev. John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He was formerly Professor of Medieval Theology at the University of Oxford and Tutor in Theology at Oriel College, Oxford, and holds a master's degree and a doctorate ....	Richard Bonynge Richard Bonynge Richard Bonynge, Order of the British Empire , is an Australian conductor and pianist.He was born in Sydney, Australia and educated at Sydney Boys High School before studying piano at the Royal College of Music in London.... , London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus London Symphony Orchestra The London Symphony Orchestra is a major orchestra of the United Kingdom, as well as one of the best-known orchestras in the world. Since 1982, the LSO has been based in London's Barbican Arts Centre....	Audio CD: Decca Decca Records Decca Records is a British record label established in 1929 in music by Edward Lewis . Its U.S. label was established in late 1934; later the link with the British company was broken for several decades.... ASIN: B000I8OFGE
1964	Leyla Gencer Leyla Gencer Leyla Gencer, or Ayse Leyla ?eyrekgil was a world-renowned Turkish soprano opera singer.Known as "La Diva Turca" and "La Regina" in the opera world, Gencer was a notable bel canto soprano who spent most of her career in Italy, from the early 1950s through the mid-1980s, and had a repertoire encompassing more than seventy ro... , Bruno Prevedi Bruno Prevedi Bruno Prevedi was an Italian tenor, particularly associated with the Italian repertory.... , Adriana Lazzarini, William Wildermann	Bruno Bartoletti, Orquesta y Coro Estables del Teatro Colon	Audio CD: Myto Records
1972	Montserrat Caballé Montserrat Caballé Montserrat Caball? is a Spain Catalan people operaticsoprano. One of the greatest sopranos of the 20th century,she possesses a voice of remarkable beauty and of great range... , Placido Domingo Plácido Domingo Jos? Pl?cido Domingo Embil Order of the British Empire , better known as Pl?cido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, known for his versatile and strong voice, possessing a ringing and dramatic tone throughout its range.... , Fiorenza Cossotto Fiorenza Cossotto Fiorenza Cossotto is an Italian mezzo soprano. She is considered by many to be one of the great mezzo-sopranos of the 20th century, a natural successor to Giulietta Simionato.... , Ruggero Raimondi Ruggero Raimondi Ruggero Raimondi is an Italian bass-baritone opera singer and sometime screen actor....	Carlo Felice Cillario, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Ambrosian Opera Chorus	Audio CD: RCA Victor Cat: 6502-2 RG
1974	Montserrat Caballé Montserrat Caballé Montserrat Caball? is a Spain Catalan people operaticsoprano. One of the greatest sopranos of the 20th century,she possesses a voice of remarkable beauty and of great range... , Jon Vickers Jon Vickers Jon S. Vickers, Order of Canada is a Canada tenor.Born in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, he was the sixth in a family of eight children. In 1950, he was awarded a scholarship to study opera at Toronto?s Royal Conservatory of Music .... , Josephine Veasey Josephine Veasey Josephine Veasey is a British mezzo-soprano, particularly associated with Wagner and Berliozroles.... Agostino Ferrin	Giuseppe Patané, Orchestra and Chorus of the Teatro Regio di Torino	DVD: VAI ASIN: B000083C73
1984	Joan Sutherland Joan Sutherland Dame Joan Alston Sutherland, Order of Merit, Order of Australia, Order of the British Empire is an Australian voice type soprano noted for her contribution in the renaissance of the bel canto repertoire in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.... , Luciano Pavarotti Luciano Pavarotti Luciano Pavarotti Italian orders of merit was an Italian opera tenor, who also crossed over into popular music. He was the most commercially successful tenor of all.... , Montserrat Caballé Montserrat Caballé Montserrat Caball? is a Spain Catalan people operaticsoprano. One of the greatest sopranos of the 20th century,she possesses a voice of remarkable beauty and of great range... , Samuel Ramey Samuel Ramey Samuel Edward Ramey is an United States opera singer and considered by many to be one of the finest basso cantante singers of his generation. He is greatly admired for his range and versatility, having both the bel canto technique to sing George Frideric Handel, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Gioacchino Rossini, as well as the power to handle the...	Richard Bonynge Richard Bonynge Richard Bonynge, Order of the British Empire , is an Australian conductor and pianist.He was born in Sydney, Australia and educated at Sydney Boys High School before studying piano at the Royal College of Music in London.... , Orchestra and Chorus of the Welsh National Opera Welsh National Opera Welsh Nationne Opera is an opera company founded in Cardiff, Wales in 1946. The WNO tours Wales, the United Kingdom and the rest of the world extensively....	Audio CD: Decca ASIN: B0000041QF
2001	June Anderson, Shin Young Hoon, Daniela Barcellona, Ildar Abdrazakov	Fabio Biondi Fabio Biondi Fabio Biondi is an Italy violinist and Conducting.Born in Palermo, Sicily, Biondi began his international career at the age of 12 playing a concerto with the RAI Symphony Orchestra.... , Teatro Regio di Parma Teatro Regio di Parma Teatro Regio di Parma is a famous 19th century opera house and opera company in Parma, Italy, Italy. The theatre was originally known as the Teatro Ducale....	DVD: TDK ASIN: B00007M5K0

Note: "Cat:" is short for catalogue number by the label company; "ASIN" is amazon.com product reference number.

External links

performed by the Scuola dell'Opera Italiana, and the orchestra and chorus of the Teatro Comunale di Bologna
Teatro Comunale di Bologna

The Teatro Comunale di Bologna is an opera house in Bologna, Italy, and is one of the most important opera venues in Italy. Typically, it presents eight operas with six performances during its November to April season....
on Magazzini-Sonori.