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Wheat Norin 10 is a semi-dwarf cultivar
Cultivar

A cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics; it is usually distinct from similar plants and when Plant propagation it retains those characteristics....
 of wheat
Wheat

Wheat , is a worldwide cultivated Poaceae from the Levant region of the Middle East. Globally, after maize, wheat is the second most-produced food among the cereal just above rice....
, with very large ears, which was bred
Plant breeding

Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques ....
 in the experimental station
Agricultural experiment station

An agricultural experiment station is a research center that conducts scientific investigations to solve problems and suggest improvements in the food and agriculture industry....
 of Iwate Prefecture
Iwate Prefecture

is a Prefectures of Japan of Japan located in the Tohoku region on Honshu island. The capital is Morioka, Iwate....
, Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
. In 1935, it was registered as a numbered cultivar by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)

The a Cabinet ministry in the government of Japan responsible for oversight of the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry industries. Its acronym is 'MAFF'....
. Norin 10 grew just two feet tall, instead of the usual four, which made it less prone to wind-caused damage.

Norin 10 provided two very important genes, Rht1 and Rht2, that resulted in reduced-height wheats, thus allowing better nutrient uptake and tillerage (when heavily fertilised with nitrogen, tall varieties grow too high, become top-heavy, and lodge).

Cecil Salmon
Cecil Salmon

Samuel Cecil Salmon was an agronomist who was attached to the American occupying forces in Japan after World War II. He worked for the Agricultural Research Service and during his time in Japan, Salmon collected wheat samples and found a dwarf strain which came to be called Norin 10 wheat and which later triggered the Green Revolution....
, biologist and wheat expert on General Douglas MacArthur
Douglas MacArthur

General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, Order of the Bath was an United States General officer, United Nations general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army....
's team in Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
 after 1945 collected 16 varieties of wheat including one called “Norin 10”.






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Encyclopedia


Wheat Norin 10 is a semi-dwarf cultivar
Cultivar

A cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics; it is usually distinct from similar plants and when Plant propagation it retains those characteristics....
 of wheat
Wheat

Wheat , is a worldwide cultivated Poaceae from the Levant region of the Middle East. Globally, after maize, wheat is the second most-produced food among the cereal just above rice....
, with very large ears, which was bred
Plant breeding

Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques ....
 in the experimental station
Agricultural experiment station

An agricultural experiment station is a research center that conducts scientific investigations to solve problems and suggest improvements in the food and agriculture industry....
 of Iwate Prefecture
Iwate Prefecture

is a Prefectures of Japan of Japan located in the Tohoku region on Honshu island. The capital is Morioka, Iwate....
, Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
. In 1935, it was registered as a numbered cultivar by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)

The a Cabinet ministry in the government of Japan responsible for oversight of the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry industries. Its acronym is 'MAFF'....
. Norin 10 grew just two feet tall, instead of the usual four, which made it less prone to wind-caused damage.

Norin 10 provided two very important genes, Rht1 and Rht2, that resulted in reduced-height wheats, thus allowing better nutrient uptake and tillerage (when heavily fertilised with nitrogen, tall varieties grow too high, become top-heavy, and lodge).

Cecil Salmon
Cecil Salmon

Samuel Cecil Salmon was an agronomist who was attached to the American occupying forces in Japan after World War II. He worked for the Agricultural Research Service and during his time in Japan, Salmon collected wheat samples and found a dwarf strain which came to be called Norin 10 wheat and which later triggered the Green Revolution....
, biologist and wheat expert on General Douglas MacArthur
Douglas MacArthur

General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, Order of the Bath was an United States General officer, United Nations general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army....
's team in Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
 after 1945 collected 16 varieties of wheat including one called “Norin 10”. Solomon sent the Norin 10 seeds to Orville Vogel
Orville Vogel

Orville A. Vogel was U.S. Department of Agriculture--Agriculture Research Service scientist at Washington State University from 1931-1972. He bred wheats that helped usher in the Green Revolution....
. These samples were used in 1952 by Norman Borlaug
Norman Borlaug

Norman Ernest Borlaug is an United States agronomist, humanitarian, Nobel Peace Prize, and has been called the father of the Green Revolution. Borlaug is one of five people in history to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal....
 and collaborators and crossed with Mexican traditional varieties. They obtained the high-output varieties which were tested in India (Lerma Rojo 64 and Sonora 64) during the green revolution
Green Revolution

Green Revolution usually refers to the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945. One significant factor came at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to develop more varieties of wheat that could be used to feed the rapidly growing population of the country....
.

Norin 10 helped developing countries, such as India and Pakistan to increase the productivity of their crops from approximately 60% during the green revolution
Green Revolution

Green Revolution usually refers to the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945. One significant factor came at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to develop more varieties of wheat that could be used to feed the rapidly growing population of the country....
.

See also

  • Biodiversity
    Biodiversity

    Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth. Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems....
  • Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan


External links

  • , The Economist
    The Economist

    The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international relations publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd. and edited in London....
    , December 20, 2005