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Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich (July 18 ,1862 (July 30, New Style
Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus....
 ) – October 5, 1933), was a commander of the Russian Caucasus Army
Caucasus Campaign

The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Democratic Republic of Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire as part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I or alternatively part of the Caucasian Front during World War I....
 and one of the most successful generals of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I
World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
. He was later a leader of the counterrevolution
White movement

The White movement , whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard and whose members are known as Whites comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1923...
 in Northwestern Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 during the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in Saint Petersburg....
 of 1918-1920.

Yudenich was born in Moscow. He graduated from the Alexandrovsky Military College in 1881 and the General Staff Academy
General Staff Academy

General Staff Academy may refer to one of the following.*Soviet General Staff Academy, now the Russian Federation's General Staff Academy*General Staff Academy ...
 in 1887.






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Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich (July 18 ,1862 (July 30, New Style
Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus....
 ) – October 5, 1933), was a commander of the Russian Caucasus Army
Caucasus Campaign

The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Democratic Republic of Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire as part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I or alternatively part of the Caucasian Front during World War I....
 and one of the most successful generals of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I
World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
. He was later a leader of the counterrevolution
White movement

The White movement , whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard and whose members are known as Whites comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1923...
 in Northwestern Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 during the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in Saint Petersburg....
 of 1918-1920.

Yudenich was born in Moscow. He graduated from the Alexandrovsky Military College in 1881 and the General Staff Academy
General Staff Academy

General Staff Academy may refer to one of the following.*Soviet General Staff Academy, now the Russian Federation's General Staff Academy*General Staff Academy ...
 in 1887. Yudenich commanded a regiment
Regiment

A regiment is a military unit, composed of variable numbers of battalions, commanded by a Colonel. Depending on the nation, military branch, mission, and organization, a modern regiment resembles a brigade, in that both range in size from a few hundred to 5,000 soldiers ....
 during the Russo-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War

The Russo-Japanese War or the Manchurian Campaign in some English sources, was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialism ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea....
 of 1904-1905. He was appointed Chief of Staff of the Kazan
Kazan

Kazan is the capital types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture....
 1912 and Caucasus
Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is home to Europe's highest mountain ....
 (1913) military districts.

World War One

In the beginning of the World War I
World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
 Yudenich was appointed Chief of Staff of the Russian Caucasus Army
Russian Caucasus Army

The Russian Caucasus Army of World War I was the Russian field army that fought at the Caucasian Front . The Army was engaged at Caucasus Campaign and Persian Campaign....
. He won the Battle of Sarikamis
Battle of Sarikamis

The Battle of Sarikamish between the Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire from December 22, 1914 to January 17, 1915 - part of the Caucasus Campaign - resulted in a Russian victory....
 against Enver Pasha.

In January 1915 he was appointed commander of the Caucasus Campaign
Caucasus Campaign

The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Democratic Republic of Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire as part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I or alternatively part of the Caucasian Front during World War I....
, replacing Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov
Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov

Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov was the last notable representative of the Vorontsov family, who served as Minister of Imperial Properties in 1881-97 and the General Governor of Caucasus in 1905-15....
. Yudenich tried to exploit the Turkish defeat by attacking into Turkish territory, specifically around Lake Van
Lake Van

Lake Van is the largest lake in Turkey, located in the far east of the country. It is a salt lakes and soda lake, receiving water from numerous small streams that descend from the surrounding mountains....
 during Van Resistance
Van Resistance

The Resistance at Van was an insurgency against the Ottoman Empire's attempts to eliminate the Ottoman Armenian population population in the Van Province, Ottoman Empire....
. While the Russians did capture Van
Van, Turkey

Van is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province Provinces of Turkey, and is located on the eastern shore of Lake Van. The city's population in 2005 was 284,464....
 in May 1915, they were forced to withdraw from the city two months later. Ottoman 3rd Army
Third Army (Ottoman Empire)

The Ottoman Third Army was originally established in the Balkans and later defended the northern and eastern parts of the Ottoman Empire. Its initial headquarter was at Salonica....
 re-occupied Van in August.

At this time, Grand Duke Nicholas, having been removed from command of all of Russia's armies, was put in charge of the Caucasus region. General Yudenich was given a free hand by the Grand Duke and, in September, the Russian retook Van and re-established Administration for Western Armenia
Administration for Western Armenia

The Administration for Western Armenia was an Armenian provisional government, with the autonomous region initially set up around Lake Van after the Van Resistance of the Caucasus Campaign, with the leadership of Aram Manougian of Armenian Revolutionary Federation....
 in June 1916. Fighting back and forth around this region continued for the next 14 months without a clear victory for either side.

In 1916 Yudenich successfully carried out an offensive, winning the Battle of Erzurum (1916)
Battle of Erzurum (1916)

The Erzerum Offensive or Battle of Erzerum was a major winter offensive by the Imperial Russian Army on the Caucasus Campaign that led to the capture of the strategic city of Erzurum....
 and Trebizond Campaign
Trebizond Campaign

The Trebizond Campaign, also known as the Battle of Trebizond was a series of brilliant Russian naval and land operations that resulted in the capture of Trabzon....
. In the summer of that year, his forces fought off a Turkish counter attack culminating in the Battle of Erzincan
Battle of Erzincan

The Battle of Erzinjan was a Russian Empire victory over the Ottoman Empire during the World War I.In February 1916, Yudenich had taken the cities of Erzurum and Trebizond....
 (despite the presence of Turkish General Mustapha Kemal). The success of the Russian army (limited though it was) in Eastern Anatolia
Anatolia

Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
 had some influence over the course of the Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide , also known as the Armenian Holocaust, the Armenian Massacres and, by Armenians, the Great Calamity —refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian people population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I....
.

Following the February Revolution, in 1917 he was appointed commander of the Caucasus Front, but already in May the Russian Provisional Government
Russian Provisional Government

The Russian Provisional government Government was formed in Saint Petersburg in 1917 after the February Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia....
 removed Yudenich from the Caucasus for insubordination. Soon thereafter, he retired from the army.

White Army

A year after the October Revolution of 1917, Yudenich emigrated to France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 and then Estonia
Estonia

Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden across the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russia ....
. In July 1919 he joined the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in Saint Petersburg....
, as commander of the Northwestern White Army. He also became a member of the counterrevolutionary
Counterrevolutionary

A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part....
 Northwestern "government", created with the help of Britain
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
.

Yudenich spent the next three months organizing and training his army. Funds for this effort were supplied by the British government. Eventually Yudenich had a fairly well organized army some 20,000 strong. In early October, 1919, Yudenich launched his army against Petrograd.

With the Bolshevik
Bolshevik

Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxism Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union....
 armies actively engaged on several other fronts fighting Kolchak
Aleksandr Kolchak

Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak was a Imperial Russian Navy commander, polar explorer and later head of part of the anti-Bolshevik White movement during the Russian Civil War....
's forces in Siberia and several Cossack
Cossack

The term Cossacks is applied to specific militaristic communities of various ethnicities living in the southern steppe regions of Ukraine and Russia....
 armies in the Ukraine) only small forces stood between Yudenich and Petrograd.

Yudenich's friend from the Imperial Russian Army, Mannerheim, asked the president of Finland
Finland

Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
, Ståhlberg
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg

Kaarlo Juho St?hlberg was a prominent jurist and academic, who played a central role in the drafting of the Constitution of Finland in 1919. He was the first President of Finland and a nationalist Liberalism....
, to join Yudenich's force and attack Petrograd with the help from the White Finns
White Guard (Finland)

The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta , which has received many different approximations in English language, including Security Guard, Civil Guard, Civic Guards, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militi...
. Yudenich would recognize Finland's independence and Finland's pro-Triple Entente
Triple Entente

File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svgThe Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment of the British Empire, French Third Republic, and Russian Empire after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907....
 relationships would be recognized. But Kolchak (who was nominally the leader of the White Armies) did not recognise Finland's independence. Stålhberg refused and Yudenich attacked Petrograd alone. On October 19 1919 his troops reached the edges of the city, but the attack failed and by November 1, Yudenich began to retreat.

His forces took refuge in Estonia
Estonia

Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden across the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russia ....
 where they agreed to be disarmed. In 1920 his forces were evacuated by British ships out of Estonia.

Later life

Yudenich went into exile in France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
. In his remaining 13 years he played no significant role among White Army émigrés.

He died at Saint-Laurent-du-Var
Saint-Laurent-du-Var

Saint-Laurent-du-Var is a Communes of France in the Alpes-Maritimes Departments of France in the Provence-Alpes-C?te d'Azur R?gion in France on the French Riviera....
, near Nice
Nice

Nice is a city in Southern France France located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, between Marseille, France, and Genoa, Italy, with 1,197,751 inhabitants in the 2007 estimate....
 on the French Riviera
French Riviera

The C?te d'Azur , often known in English as the French Riviera, is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeastern corner of France, extending from Menton near the Italy border on the east to either Hy?res or Cassis in the west....
, on October 5 1933.

Sources



See also

  • Caucasus Campaign
    Caucasus Campaign

    The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Democratic Republic of Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship, and the British Empire as part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I or alternatively part of the Caucasian Front during World War I....
  • White movement
    White movement

    The White movement , whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard and whose members are known as Whites comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1923...