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Nikolai Myaskovsky
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Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (ru: ??????? ????????? ??????????, also transliterated as Miaskovskii or Miaskovsky) (April 20,1881 – August 8,1950) was a Russian composer. He is sometimes referred to as the "father of the Soviet symphony".
Early years and first important works
Myaskovsky was born in Novogeorgiyevsk (Polish - Modlin Fortress), near Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, the son of an engineer officer in the Russian army.
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Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (ru: ??????? ????????? ??????????, also transliterated as Miaskovskii or Miaskovsky) (April 20,1881 – August 8,1950) was a Russian composer. He is sometimes referred to as the "father of the Soviet symphony".
Early years and first important works
Myaskovsky was born in Novogeorgiyevsk (Polish - Modlin Fortress), near Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, the son of an engineer officer in the Russian army. After the death of his mother the family was brought up by his father's sister, Yelikonida Konstantinovna Myaskovskaya, who had been a singer at the Saint Petersburg Opera. The family moved to Saint Petersburg in his teens.
Though he learned piano and violin he was discouraged from a musical career, and entered the military; however, a performance of Tchaikovsky’s Pathétique Symphony conducted by Arthur Nikisch in 1896 made him decide to become a composer. In 1902 he completed his training as an engineer, like his father. As a young subaltern with a Sappers Battalion in Moscow, he took some private lessons with Reinhold Glière and when he was posted to St Petersburg he studied with Ivan Krizhanovsky as preparation for entry into the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where he enrolled in 1906 and became a student of Lyadov and Rimsky-Korsakov.
A late starter, Myaskovsky was the oldest student in his class but soon became firm friends with the youngest, Sergei Prokofiev, and they remained friends throughout the older man's life . At the conservatory, they shared a dislike of their professor Anatoly Lyadov, which, since Lyadov disliked the music of Edvard Grieg, led to Myaskovsky's choice of a theme by Grieg for the variations with which he closed his String Quartet No. 3 .
Prokofiev and Myaskovsky worked together at the conservatory on at least one work, a lost symphony, parts of which were later scavenged to provide material for the slow movement of Prokofiev's Piano Sonata No. 4. They both later produced works using materials from this period — in Prokofiev's case the Third and Fourth piano sonatas; in Myaskovsky's, other works, such as his Tenth string quartet and what are now the Fifth and Sixth piano sonatas, all revisions of works he wrote at this time.
Early influences on Myaskovsky's emerging personal style were Tchaikovsky, strongly echoed in the first of his surviving symphonies (in C minor, Op. 3, 1908/1921), which was his Conservatory graduation piece, and Scriabin, whose influence comes more to the fore in Myaskovsky's First Piano Sonata in D minor, Op. 6 (1907-10), described by Glenn Gould as 'perhaps one of the most remarkable pieces of its time', and his Third Symphony in C minor, Op. 15 of 1914, a turbulent and lugubrious work in two large movements.
Myaskovsky graduated in 1911 and afterwards taught in Saint Petersburg, where he also developed a subsidiary career as a penetrating musical critic. (He was one of the most intelligent and supportive advocates in Russia for the music of Stravinsky, though the story that Stravinsky dedicated The Rite of Spring to Myaskovsky is untrue.)
Called up during World War I, he was wounded and suffered shell-shock on the Austrian front, then worked on the naval fortifications at Tallinn. During this period he produced two diametrically opposed works, his Symphony No. 4 (Op. 17, in E minor) and his Fifth (Op. 18, in D major). The next few years saw the violent death of his father at the hands of a revolutionary, and the death of his aunt to whom he was closely attached. He served in the Red Army from 1917 to 1921; in the latter year he was appointed to the teaching staff of the Moscow Conservatory and membership of the Composers' Union.
Works of his middle years
In the 1920s and 30s Myaskovsky was the leading composer in the USSR dedicated to developing basically traditional, sonata-based forms. He wrote no opera - though in 1918 he planned one based on Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot, with a libretto by Pierre Souvtchinsky; but he would eventually write a total of 27 symphonies (plus three sinfoniettas, three concertos and works in other orchestral genres), 13 string quartets, 9 piano sonatas as well as many miniatures and vocal works. Through his devotion to these forms, and the fact that he always maintained a high standard of craftsmanship, he was sometimes referred to as 'the musical conscience of Moscow'. His continuing commitment to musical modernism was shown by the fact that along with Mossolov, Popov and Roslavets, Myaskovsky was one of the leaders of the Association for Contemporary Music. While he remained in close contact with Prokofiev during the latter's years of exile from the USSR, he never followed him there.
Nevertheless, in the 1920s and 30s Myaskovsky's symphonies were quite frequently played in Western Europe and the USA. In 1935, a survey made by CBS of its radio audience asking the question 'Who, in your opinion, of contemporary composers will remain among the world's great in 100 years?' placed Myaskovsky in the top ten along with Prokofiev, Rachmaninov, Shostakovich, Richard Strauss, Stravinsky, Sibelius, Ravel, Manuel de Falla and Fritz Kreisler.
His most immediate reaction to the events of 1917-21 inspired his Symphony No. 6 (1921–1923, rev. 1947 — this is the version that is almost always played or recorded) his only choral symphony and the longest of his 27 symphonies, sets a brief poem (in Russian though the score allows Latin alternatively — see the American Symphony Orchestra page below on the origins of the poem, — the soul looking at the body it has abandoned.) The finale contains quite a few quotes — the Dies Irae theme, as well as French revolutionary tunes.
The years 1921–1933, the first years of his teaching at the Conservatory were the years in which he experimented most, producing works such as the Tenth and Thirteenth symphonies, the fourth piano sonata and his first string quartet. Perhaps the best example of this experimentative phase is the Thirteenth symphony, which was the only one of his works to be premiered in the United States.
The next few years after 1933 is characterized mostly by his apparent discontinuation of this trend, though with no general decrease in craftsmanship.
The Violin Concerto dates from these years. the first of two or three concerti, depending on what one counts, the second being for Cello, and a third if one counts the Lyric Concertino, Op. 32 as a concerto work.
Another work one might mention from this period up to 1940 besides the Violin Concerto is the one-movement Symphony no. 21 in F-sharp minor (Op. 51), a compact and mostly lyrical work, very different in harmonic language from the Thirteenth.
Despite his personal feelings about the Stalinist regime Myaskovsky did his best not to engage in overt confrontation with the Soviet State, and while some of his works refer to contemporary themes, they do not do so in a programmatic or propagandistic way. The Twelfth Symphony was inspired by a poem about the collectivization of farming, while the Sixteenth was prompted by the crash of the huge airliner Maxim Gorky and was known under the Soviets as the Aviation Symphony. This symphony, sketched immediately after the disaster and premiered in Moscow on 24 October 1936. includes a big funeral march as its slow movement, and the finale is built on Myaskovsky's own song for the Red Air Force, 'The Aeroplanes are Flying'. The Salutation Overture was dedicated to Stalin on his Sixtieth Birthday.
Last ten years and classicizing
The year 1941 saw Myaskovsky evacuated, along with Prokofiev and Khatchaturian among others, to what were then the Kabardino-Balkar regions. Here he completed the Symphony-Ballade (Symphony No. 22) in B minor, inspired in part by the first few months of the war. Prokofiev's Second String Quartet and Myaskovsky's 23rd Symphony and Seventh String Quartet contain themes in common — they are Kabardinian folk-tunes the composers took down during their sojourn in the region. The sonata-works (symphonies, quartets, etc.) written after this period and into the post-war years (especially starting with the 24th symphony, the piano sonatina, the 9th quartet) while Romantic in tone and style, are direct in harmony and development. He does not deny himself a teasingly neurotic scherzo, as in his last two string quartets (that in the Thirteenth Quartet, his last published work, is frantic, and almost chiaroscuro but certainly contrasted) and the general paring down of means usually allows for direct and reasonably intense expression, as with the cello concerto and second cello sonata, the latter dedicated to Rostropovich.
What there is not, is much experiment, to suggest as with some earlier works that Scriabin or Schoenberg might still be an influence. Some things may work better and some worse in a late style like this. This may have been, of course, and in part or in whole, an attempt to dodge condemnation by the authorities, especially after the Zhdanov Decree. There was of course no dodging possible, and in 1947 Myaskovsky was singled out, with Shostakovich, Khachaturian and Prokofiev, as one of the principal offenders in writing music of anti-Soviet, 'anti-proletarian' and formalist tendencies. Myaskovsky refused to take part in the proceedings, despite a visit from Tikhon Khrennikov pointedly inviting him to deliver a speech of repentance at the next meeting of the Composers' Union. He was only rehabilitated posthumously after his death from cancer in 1950, leaving an output of eighty-seven published opus numbers spanning some forty years and students with recollections. (There is also a recollection in the Volkov-Shostakovich Testimony.) Myaskovsky was awarded with the Stalin Prize six times — no other composer was awarded this prize so often.
Character and influence
Myaskovsky was long recognized as an individualist even by the Soviet establishment. In the 1920s the critic Boris Asafiev commented that he was 'not the kind of composer the Revolution would like; he reflects life not through the feelings and spirit of the masses, but through the prism of his personal feelings. He is a sincere and sensible artist, far from "life's enemy", as he has been portrayed occasionally. He speaks not only for himself, but for many others'. He never married and was shy, sensitive and retiring; Pierre Souvtchinsky believed that a 'brutal youth (in military school and service in the war)' left him 'a fragile, secretive, introverted man, hiding some mystery within. It was as if his numerous symphonies provide a convenient if not necessary refuge in which he could hide and transpose his soul into sonorities'. Stung by the many accusations in the Soviet press of 'individualism, decadence, pessimism, formalism and complexity', Myaskovsky wrote to Asafiev in 1940 'Can it be that the psychological world is so foreign to these people?' When somebody described Zhdanov's decree against 'formalism' to him as 'historic', he is reported to have retorted 'Not historic - hysterical'. Shostakovich, who visited Myaskovsky on his deathbed, described him afterwards to the musicologist Marina Sabinina as 'the most noble, the most modest of men'. Mstislav Rostropovich, for whom Myaskovsky wrote his Second Cello Sonata late in life, described him as 'a humorous man, a sort of real Russian intellectual, who in some ways resembled Turgenev'.
As professor of composition at Moscow Conservatory from 1921 until his death, Myaskovsky exercised an important influence on his many pupils. The young Shostakovich considered leaving Leningrad to study with him, and those who did become his students were eventually to include such composers as Khachaturian, Dmitri Kabalevsky, Vissarion Shebalin, Rodion Shchedrin, German Galynin, Andrei Eshpai, Alexander Lokshin, Boris Tchaikovsky, and Evgeny Golubev, a teacher and prolific composer whose students included Alfred Schnittke — the degree and nature of his influence on his students is difficult to measure. What is lacking is an account of his teaching methods, what and how he taught, or more than brief accounts of his teaching; Shchedrin makes a mention in an interview he did for the American music magazine Fanfare, and that section in Testimony, if authentic, is another. It has been said that the earlier music of Khachaturian, Kabalevsky and other of his students has a Myaskovsky flavor, with this quality decreasing as the composer's own voice emerges (since Myaskovsky's own output is internally diverse such a statement needs further clarification, of course. See biographical essay on Kabalevsky's music for a case in point) — while some composers, for instance the little-heard Evgeny Golubev, kept something of his teacher's characteristics well into their later music. The latter's sixth piano sonata is dedicated to Myaskovsky's memory and the early 'Symphony No.0' of Golubev's pupil Alfred Schnittke, released on CD in 2007, has striking reminiscences of Myaskovsky's symphonic style and procedures.
Recordings
Few of Miaskovsky's works have been recorded more than once, though the Cello Concerto, Cello Sonatas, and Symphonies 6, 10, 21 and 27 are among the notable exceptions. Between 1991 and 1993 the conductor Evgeny Svetlanov realized a massive project to record Miaskovsky's entire symphonic output and most of his other orchestral works on 16 CDs, with the Symphony Orchestra of the USSR and the State Symphony Orchestra of the Russian Federation. In the chaotic conditions prevailing at the end of the USSR Svetlanov is rumoured to have had to pay the orchestral musicians himself in order to undertake the sessions. The recordings began to be issued in the West by Olympia Records in 2001, but ceased after volume 10; volumes 11 and 12 were issued by Alto Records in the first half of 2008, but in July 2008 Warner Music France issued the entire 16-CD set, boxed, as volume 35 of their 'Édition officielle Evgeny Svetlanov'. In a testimony printed in French and English in the accompanying booklet, Svetlanov describes Miaskovsky as 'the founder of Soviet symphonism, the creator of the Soviet school of composition, the composer whose work has become the bridge between Russian classics and Soviet music ... Miaskovsky entered the history of music as a great toiler like Haydn, Mozart and Schubert. ... He invented his own style, his own intonations and manner while enriching and developing the glorious tradition of Russian music'. He also likens the current neglect of his symphonies to the neglect formerly suffered by the symphonies of Mahler and Bruckner.
List of works (selective)
Symphonies
- No.1 in C minor, op. 3 (1908, rev. 1921)
- No.2 in C sharp minor, op. 11 (1911)
- No.3 in A minor, op.15 (1914)
- No.4 in E minor, op.17 (1918)
- No.5 in D major, op. 18 (1919)
- No.6 in E flat minor, op. 23 (1923)
- No.7 in B minor, op. 24 (1922)
- No.8 in A major, op. 26 (1925)
- No.9 in E minor, op. 28 (1927)
- No.10 in F minor, op. 30 (1927)
- No.11 in B flat minor, op. 34 (1932)
- No.12 in G minor, op.35 (1932) Kolkhoznaya (Collective Farm)
- No.13 in B flat minor, op. 36 (1933)
- No.14 in C major, op. 37 (1933)
- No.15 in D minor, op. 38 (1934)
- No.16 in F major, op. 39 (1934) known at the time as the Aviation Symphony
- No.17 in G sharp minor, op. 41 (1937)
- No.18 in C major, op. 42 (1937)
- No.19 in E flat major, op. 46 (1939) for wind orchestra
- No.20 in E major, op. 50 (1940)
- No.21 in F sharp minor, op. 51 (1940)
- No.22 in B minor, op.54 (1941) Symphony-Ballad
- No.23 in A minor, op. 56 (1941) Symphony-Suite on Kabardanian Themes
- No.24 in F minor, op. 63 (1943)
- No.25 in D flat major, op. 69 (1946, rev. 1949)
- No.26 in C major, op. 79 (1948) Symphony on Russian Themes
- No.27 in C minor, op. 85 (1949)
Other orchestral works
- Silence (Molchaniye), symphonic poem after Edgar Allan Poe, op.9 (1910)
- Overture for symphony orchestra, op. 9 bis (1909 orchestration of 1907 piano sonata in G major; rev. 1948)
- Sinfonietta No.1 in A major for small orchestra, op. 10 (1911)
- Alastor, symphonic poem after Shelley, op. 14 (1913)
- Diversions (Razvlyichenie), op.32 (1929),), op.32 consisting of
- - Serenade for small orchestra, op. 32 no.1 (1929)
- - Sinfonietta No.2 in B minor for string orchestra, op. 32 no.2 (1929)
- - Lyric Concertino for flute, clarinet, horn, bassoon, harp and string orchestra, op. 32 no.3 (1929)
- Violin Concerto in D minor, op. 44 (1938)
- 2 Pieces for string orchestra, op.46 bis, arranged from Symphony No.19 (1939)
- Salutation Overture in C minor, op.48 (1939)
- 2 Marches for wind orchestra, op.53 (1941)
- Dramatic Overture for wind orchestra, op. 60 (1942)
- Links (Zvenya) – Suite for orchestra, op.65 (1945) Orchestrations of early piano pieces
- Cello Concerto in C minor, op. 66 (1944)
- Sinfonietta No.3 in A minor for string orchestra, op. 68 (1946)
- Slavonic Rhapsody in D minor, op. 71 (1946)
- Pathetic Overture in C minor, op.76 (1947)
- Divertissement for small orchestra, op. 80 (1948)
Chamber music
- Cello Sonata No.1 in D major, op.12 (1911, rev. 1935)
- String Quartet No.1 in A minor, op. 33 no. 1 (1929-30)
- String Quartet No.2 in C minor, op. 33 no.2 (1930)
- String Quartet No.3 in D minor, op. 33 no. 3 (1930 revision of early quartet of 1910)
- String Quartet No.4 in F minor, op. 33 no. 4 (1930 revision of early quartet of 1911)
- String Quartet No.5 in E minor, op. 47 (1938-39)
- String Quartet No.6 in G minor, op. 49 (1939-40)
- String Quartet No.7 in F major, op. 55 (1941)
- String Quartet No.8 in F sharp minor, op. 59 (1942)
- String Quartet No.9 in D minor, op.62 (1943)
- String Quartet No.10 in F major, op. 67 no. 1 (1945 revision of early quartet of 1907)
- String Quartet No.11 in E flat major, op. 67 no. 2 (1945)
- Violin Sonata in F major, op. 70 (1946)
- String Quartet No.12 in G major, op.77 (1947)
- Cello Sonata No.2 in A minor, op. 81 (1948)
- String Quartet No.13 in A minor, op. 86 (1950)
Piano music
Before his official Piano Sonata No.1 Myaskovsky composed four or five unpublished piano sonatas. One of these was orchestrated as the Overture for small orchestra, two more were revised in 1944 to become the official Sonatas Nos.5 and 6. From about 1907 to 1919 Myaskovsky wrote dozens of short piano pieces as studies or exploratory drafts: he provisionally collected these in eight (unpublished) albums and referred to them collectively as Flofion or by the diminutive Flofionchiki, an apparently made-up word meaning something like 'Frolics' or 'Whimsies'. Several of these were re-worked into the published piano collections opp. 25, 29, 31, 78 and the orchestral suite op. 65, while others provided movements - e.g. the slow movement of Piano Sonata No.4 – or thematic material for later chamber and orchestral works.
- Sonata No.1 in D minor, op. 6 (1907)
- Sonata No.2 in F sharp minor, op. 13 (1912)
- Sonata No.3 in C minor, op. 19 (1920; second, much altered version 1939)
- Sonata No.4 in C minor, op. 27 (1924, rev. 1945)
- Whimsies (Prichudi), 6 sketches, op. 25 (1917-19, rev. 1923)
- Reminiscences (Vospominaniya), 6 pieces, op. 29 (1907-8; rev. 1927)
- Yellowed Leaves (Pozheltevshiye Straniytsi), 6 Pieces, op. 31 (1907-19, rev. 1928)
- Sonatina in E minor, op. 57 (1941)
- Song and Rhapsody (later called Prelude and Rondo-Sonata), op. 58 (1942)
- Sonata No.5 in B major, op. 64 no. 1 (1944 revision of early sonata of 1907)
- Sonata No.6 in A flat major op. 64 no. 2 (1944 revision of early sonata)
- Polyphonic Sketches, op. 78 (1947)
- Sonata No.7 in C major, op. 82 (1948)
- Sonata No.8 in D minor, op. 83 (1949)
- Sonata No.9 in F major, op. 84 (1949)
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