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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

 

 
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
 
 
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+, in older notation triphosphopyridine nucleotide, TPN) is used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid
Lipid

Lipids are broadly defined as any fat-soluble , naturally-occurring molecule, such as fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others....
 and nucleic acid
Nucleic acid

A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within Cell ....
 synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent
Reducing agent

A reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that reduces another Chemical species. In doing so, it becomes oxidized, and is therefore the electron donor in the redox....
.

NADPH is the reduced
Redox

Redox describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number changed.This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane , or it can be a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body through a ser...
 form of NADP+, and NADP+ is the oxidized form of NADPH. NADP+ differs from NAD+ by the presence in NADP+ of an additional phosphate group on the 2' position of the ribose ring that carries the adenine moiety.

a class="link1" onMouseover='showByLink("m8249407",this)' onMouseout='hide("m8249407")'href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Chloroplast">chloroplast
Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryote organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve Thermodynamic free energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis....
s, NADP is reduced by ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase
Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase

In enzymology, a ferredoxin---NADP+ reductase is an enzyme that catalysis the chemical reactionThe 3 substrate of this enzyme are reduced ferredoxin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and hydrogen ion, whereas its two product are oxidized ferredoxin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate....
 in the last step of the electron chain of the light reactions of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....
.






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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+, in older notation triphosphopyridine nucleotide, TPN) is used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid
Lipid

Lipids are broadly defined as any fat-soluble , naturally-occurring molecule, such as fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins , monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others....
 and nucleic acid
Nucleic acid

A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within Cell ....
 synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent
Reducing agent

A reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that reduces another Chemical species. In doing so, it becomes oxidized, and is therefore the electron donor in the redox....
.

NADPH is the reduced
Redox

Redox describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number changed.This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane , or it can be a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body through a ser...
 form of NADP+, and NADP+ is the oxidized form of NADPH. NADP+ differs from NAD+ by the presence in NADP+ of an additional phosphate group on the 2' position of the ribose ring that carries the adenine moiety.

In plants

In chloroplast
Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryote organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve Thermodynamic free energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis....
s, NADP is reduced by ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase
Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase

In enzymology, a ferredoxin---NADP+ reductase is an enzyme that catalysis the chemical reactionThe 3 substrate of this enzyme are reduced ferredoxin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and hydrogen ion, whereas its two product are oxidized ferredoxin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate....
 in the last step of the electron chain of the light reactions of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....
. The NADPH produced is then used as reducing power for the biosynthetic reactions in the Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemistry reactions that take place in the Stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthesis organisms. It was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley ....
 of photosynthesis.

In animals

The oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway

The pentose phosphate pathway is a process that serves to generate NADPH and the synthesis of pentose sugars. There are two distinct phases in the pathway....
 is the major source of NADPH in cells.

NADPH provides the reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions and for oxidation-reduction involved in protection against the toxicity of ROS (reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species are ions or very small molecules that include oxygen ions, radical , and peroxides, both inorganic and organic peroxide....
).

NADPH is also used for anabolic pathways, such as lipid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid chain elongation.

It is the source of reducing equivalents for cytochrome 450 hydroxylation
Hydroxylation

Hydroxylation is any chemistry process that introduces one or more hydroxyl groups into a compound thereby oxidation it. In biochemistry, hydroxylation reactions are often facilitated by enzymes called hydroxylases....
 of aromatic compounds, steroid
Steroid

A steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings, generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion.Steroids vary by the functional groups attached to these rings and the oxidation state of the rings....
s, alcohol
Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl Functional group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group....
s, and drug
Drug

A drug, broadly speaking, is any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function....
s.





See also

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD+, is a coenzyme found in all living cell s. The compound is a dinucleotide, since it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups: with one nucleotide containing an adenine base, and the other containing nicotinamide....