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Nicolai Hartmann (; February 20, 1882 in Riga
Riga

Riga the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava River. Riga is the largest city in the Baltic states....
, Latvia
Latvia

Latvia The Latvians are a Baltic peoples culturally related to the Estonians and Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian language, but not with the Estonian language....
 – October 9, 1950) was a German
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 philosopher
Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
.

mann was born, of German descent, in Riga
Riga

Riga the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava River. Riga is the largest city in the Baltic states....
, now Latvia
Latvia

Latvia The Latvians are a Baltic peoples culturally related to the Estonians and Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian language, but not with the Estonian language....
 and then capital of the Russian province of Livonia
Livonia

Livonia was once the land of the Finnic Livonians inhabiting the principal ancient Livonian County Metsepole with its center at Turaida Castle....
. He studied Medicine
Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
 at the University of Tartu
University of Tartu

The University of Tartu is a classical university in the city of Tartu, Estonia. Regarded by many Estonians as the country's "national university", it is the highest-ranked university in Estonia as well as one of the highest-ranked in former Eastern Europe....
 (then Jurjev), then Philosophy
Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
 in St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea....
 and, most importantly, at the University of Marburg in Germany, where he took his Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph.D. or PhD for the Latin , meaning "teacher of philosophy", is an postgraduate academic degree awarded by University....
 and Habilitation
Habilitation

Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate , the habilitation requires the candidate to write a postdoctoral thesis based on independent scholarly accomplishments, reviewed by and defended before an academic c...
. He was professor of philosophy in Marburg (1922–25), Cologne
Cologne

Cologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants....
 (1925–31), Berlin
Berlin

Berlin is the Capital of Germany city and one of sixteen States of Germany of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is the country's largest city....
 (1931–45) and Göttingen
Göttingen

G?ttingen is a college town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the Capital of the district of G?ttingen . The Leine river runs through the town. In 2006 the population was 129,686....
 (1945–50), where he died.

Originally a Marburg Neo-Kantian, studying under Hermann Cohen
Hermann Cohen

Hermann Cohen was a Germany-Jewish philosophy, one of the founders of the University of Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism, and he is often held to be "probably the most important Jewish philosopher of the nineteenth century" ....
 and Paul Natorp
Paul Natorp

Paul Gerhard Natorp was a German neo-Kantian philosopher, and educationalist, of the Marburg school. He was known as an authority on Plato.Natorp was born in D?sseldorf....
, Hartmann developed his own philosophy which has been variously described as a variety of existentialism
Existentialism

Existentialism is a term that has been applied to the work of a number of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, took the human subject — not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual and his or her conditions of existence — as a starting point...
 or critical realism
Critical realism

In the philosophy of perception, critical realism is the theory that some of our sense-data can and do accurately represent external objects, properties, and events, while other of our sense-data do not accurately represent any external objects, properties, and events....
.






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Nicolai Hartmann (; February 20, 1882 in Riga
Riga

Riga the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava River. Riga is the largest city in the Baltic states....
, Latvia
Latvia

Latvia The Latvians are a Baltic peoples culturally related to the Estonians and Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian language, but not with the Estonian language....
 – October 9, 1950) was a German
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 philosopher
Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
.

Biography

Hartmann was born, of German descent, in Riga
Riga

Riga the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava River. Riga is the largest city in the Baltic states....
, now Latvia
Latvia

Latvia The Latvians are a Baltic peoples culturally related to the Estonians and Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian language, but not with the Estonian language....
 and then capital of the Russian province of Livonia
Livonia

Livonia was once the land of the Finnic Livonians inhabiting the principal ancient Livonian County Metsepole with its center at Turaida Castle....
. He studied Medicine
Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
 at the University of Tartu
University of Tartu

The University of Tartu is a classical university in the city of Tartu, Estonia. Regarded by many Estonians as the country's "national university", it is the highest-ranked university in Estonia as well as one of the highest-ranked in former Eastern Europe....
 (then Jurjev), then Philosophy
Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
 in St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea....
 and, most importantly, at the University of Marburg in Germany, where he took his Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph.D. or PhD for the Latin , meaning "teacher of philosophy", is an postgraduate academic degree awarded by University....
 and Habilitation
Habilitation

Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate , the habilitation requires the candidate to write a postdoctoral thesis based on independent scholarly accomplishments, reviewed by and defended before an academic c...
. He was professor of philosophy in Marburg (1922–25), Cologne
Cologne

Cologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants....
 (1925–31), Berlin
Berlin

Berlin is the Capital of Germany city and one of sixteen States of Germany of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is the country's largest city....
 (1931–45) and Göttingen
Göttingen

G?ttingen is a college town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the Capital of the district of G?ttingen . The Leine river runs through the town. In 2006 the population was 129,686....
 (1945–50), where he died.

Originally a Marburg Neo-Kantian, studying under Hermann Cohen
Hermann Cohen

Hermann Cohen was a Germany-Jewish philosophy, one of the founders of the University of Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism, and he is often held to be "probably the most important Jewish philosopher of the nineteenth century" ....
 and Paul Natorp
Paul Natorp

Paul Gerhard Natorp was a German neo-Kantian philosopher, and educationalist, of the Marburg school. He was known as an authority on Plato.Natorp was born in D?sseldorf....
, Hartmann developed his own philosophy which has been variously described as a variety of existentialism
Existentialism

Existentialism is a term that has been applied to the work of a number of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, took the human subject — not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual and his or her conditions of existence — as a starting point...
 or critical realism
Critical realism

In the philosophy of perception, critical realism is the theory that some of our sense-data can and do accurately represent external objects, properties, and events, while other of our sense-data do not accurately represent any external objects, properties, and events....
. Hartmann suffered from the comparison with his popular Marburg successor Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger

Martin Heidegger was an influential Germany Philosophy. His best known book, Being and Time, is generally considered to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century....
, whose vision of ontology was considerably broader than Hartmann's.

Among Hartmann's students were Boris Pasternak
Boris Pasternak

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was a Nobel Prize-winning Russian poet and writer. In the West he is best known for his epic novel Doctor Zhivago , a tragedy whose events span the last period of Tsarist Russia and the early days of the Soviet Union....
 and Hans-Georg Gadamer
Hans-Georg Gadamer

Hans-Georg Gadamer was a Germany philosopher of the continental philosophy, best known for his 1960 magnum opus, Truth and Method ....
. He is the modern discoverer of emergence
Emergence

In philosophy, systems theory and science, emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a Multiplicity of relatively simple interactions....
—originally called by him categorial novum. His encyclopedic work is basically forgotten today, although famous during his lifetime. His early work in the philosophy of biology
Philosophy of biology

The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics issues in the biological and biomedical sciences....
 has been cited in modern discussions of genomics
Genomics

Genomics is the study of the genomes of organisms. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts....
 and cloning
Cloning

Cloning in biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce Asexual Reproduction....
, and his views on consciousness and free will are currently in vogue among contributors to the Journal of Consciousness Studies
Journal of Consciousness Studies

The Journal of Consciousness Studies is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated entirely to the field of consciousness studies....
.

The Laws about the Levels of Complexity


In the Construction of the Real World (Der Aufbau der realen Welt), Hartmann postulates four laws of the levels of reality
Integrative level

An integrative level, or level of organization, is a set of phenomena emergence on pre-existing phenomena of lower level. Typical examples include life emerging on non-living substances, and consciousness emerging on nervous systems....
.

1 Law of Recurrence: Lower categories recur in the higher levels as a subaspects of higher categories, ... but never vice versa.

2 Law of Modification: The categorial elements modify during their recurrence in the higher levels (they are shaped by the characteristics of the higher levels).

3 Law of the Novum: ... [the] higher category ... [is] composed of a diversity of lower elements, [it] contains a specific novum, ... which is ... [not] ... included in the lower levels... .

4 Law of Distance between Levels: The different levels do not develop continuously, but in leaps. With other words: The levels can be clearly differentiated.

The levels
Integrative level

An integrative level, or level of organization, is a set of phenomena emergence on pre-existing phenomena of lower level. Typical examples include life emerging on non-living substances, and consciousness emerging on nervous systems....
 of Hartmann (cf. Aristotle
Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
): (1) inorganic (German: anorganische Schicht), (2) organic (German: organische Schicht), (3) emotional (German: seelische Schicht) and (4) intellectual (German: geistige Schicht) level.

Works (in German)

Books:
  • 1921, Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis, Vereinigung wissenschaftlichen. Verleger Berlin.
  • 1923-1929, Die Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus ; 1: Fichte, Schelling und die Romantik. - 1923. 2: Hegel. - 1929, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1926, Ethik, de Gruyter Berlin-Leipzig.
  • 1933, Das Problem des geistigen Seins. Untersuchungen zur Grundlegung der Geschichtsphilosophie und der Geisteswissenschaften, de Gruyter Berlin-Leipzig.
  • 1935, Ontologie, (4 Volumes) I: Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie, de Gruyter Berlin-Leipzig.
  • 1938, II: Möglichkeit und Wirklichkeit, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1940, III: Der Aufbau der realen Welt : Grundriß d. allg. Kategorienlehre , de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1950, IV: Philosophie der Natur : Abriss der speziellen Kategorienlehre, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1942, Systematische Philosophie, Kohlhammer Stuttgart Berlin.
  • 1943, Neue Wege der Ontologie, Kohlhammer Stuttgart.
  • 1951, Teleologisches Denken, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1953, Asthetik, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1954, Philosophische Gespräche, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen.
  • 1955, Der philosophische Gedanke und seine Geschichte, Zeitlichkeit und Substantialität, Sinngebung und Sinnerfüllung, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1955, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 1* Abhandlungen zur systematischen Philosophie, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1957, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 2* Abhandlungen zur Philosophie-Geschichte, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1958, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 3* Vom Neukantianismus zur Ontologie, de Gruyter Berlin.


Some articles:
  • 1912, Philosophische Grundfragen der Biologie in: Wege zur Philosophie, 6,
  • 1924, Diesseits von Idealismus und Realismus : Ein Beitrag zur Scheidg d. Geschichtl. u. Übergeschichtl. in d. Kantischen Philosophie in: Sonderdrucke der Kantischen Studien, Pan Verlag R. Heise Berlin, p. 160-206
  • 1926, Aristoteles und Hegel, Beitrage zur Philosophie des Deutschen Idealismus, 3 (1923): 1-36.
  • 1931, Zum Problem der Realitätsgegebenheit, Philosophische Vorträge, Pan-Verlagsges, Berlin.
  • 1933, Systematische Selbstdarstellung in: Deutsche systematische Philosophie nach ihren Gestaltern, Ebda, Berlin : Junker & Dünnhaupt, p. 283-340
  • 1935, Das Problem des Apriorismus in der Platonischen Philosophie in: Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1935, 15, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1936, Der philosophische Gedanke und seine Geschichte, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1936, Nr 5, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1937, Der megarische und der Aristotelische Möglichkeitsbegriff : Ein Beitr. zur Geschichte d. ontolog. Modalitätsproblems, in; Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1937, 10, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1938, Heinrich Maiers Beitrag zum Problem der Kategorien, in: Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1938, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1939, Aristoteles und das Problem des Begriffs, in: Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg. 1939, Nr 5, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1941, “Zur Lehre vom Eidos bei Platon und Aristoteles”, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. Jg. 1941, Nr 8, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1942, Neue Wege der Ontologie, in: Systematische Philosophie, N. Hartmann, editor, Stuttgart 1942.
  • 1943, Die Anfänge des Schichtungsgedankens in der alten Philosophie, in: Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg. 1943, Nr 3, de Gruyter Berlin.
  • 1946, Leibniz als Metaphysiker, de Gruyter Berlin.


Works (in English):

  • Ethics, London: George Allen & Unwin 1932.
Reprinted with a new introduction by Andreas A.M. Kinneging - New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 2002-2004 in three volumes: I. Moral phenomena (2002); II. Moral values (2004); III. Moral freedom (2004).
  • New Ways of Ontology, Westport: Greenwood Press 1952.


Works about N. Hartmann

  • 1949, Autobiographie in W. Ziegenfuss, Philosophen-Lexikon.
  • 1952, H. Heimsoeth and others, N. Hartmann, der Denker und seine Werk.
  • 1959, H. Hulsmann, Die Methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns.
  • 1962, K. Kanthack, N. Hartmann und das Ende der Ontologie.
  • 1965, I. Wirth, Realismus und Apriorismus in N. Hartmanns Erkentnistheorie.
  • 1965, J.B. Forsche, Zur Philosohie Nicoloai Hartmann
  • 1971, E. Hammer-Kraft, Freiheit und Dependenz im Schichtdenken Nicolai Hartmanns
  • 1973, R. Gamp, Die interkategoriale Relation und die dialektische Methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns.
  • 1974, S.U. Kang, Nächstenliebe und Fernstenliebe Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann.
  • 1989, Arnd. Grötz, Nicolai Hartmanns Lehre vom Menschen, Frankfurt am Main, Lang.
  • 1990, William H. Werkmeister, Nicolai Hartmann's new ontology, Tallahassee, Florida State University Press.
  • 1992, Roland H. Feucht, Die Neoontologie Nicolai Hartmanns im Licht der evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie, Regensburg, Roderer.
  • 1994, Abolghassem Sakersadeh, Immanenz und Transzendenz als ungelöste Problematik in der Philosophie Nicolai Hartmanns, Münster, Lit.
  • 1994, Wolfgang Drechslerand Rainer Kattel, "Nicolai Hartmann", Akademia 6, pp. 1579–1592 (key on his early studies).
  • 1996, João Maurício Adeodato,Filosofia do direito: uma crítica à verdade na ética e na ciência (através de um exame da ontologia de Nicolai Hartmann), São Paulo, Saraiva.
  • 1997, Martin Morgenstern,Nicolai Hartmann zur Einführung, Hamburg, Junius.
  • 2000, Wolfgang, Harich, Nicolai Hartmann - Größe und Grenzen, Wurzburg, Königshausen und Neumann.
  • 2001, Axiomathes (Springer), 12:3-4, special issue on N. Hartmann (Includes papers by Albertazzi, Cicovacki, Da Re, Johansson, Peruzzi, Poli, Tegtmeier, van der Schaar, Wildgen)
  • 2001, Nebil Reyhani, Hermann Weins Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann als sein Weg von der Ontologie zu einer philosophischen Kosmologie.
  • 2003, Gerhard Ehrl, Nicolai Hartmanns philosophische Anthropologie in systematischer Perspektive, Cuxhave, Junghans.
  • 2004, Alessandro Gamba, In principio era il fine. Ontologia e teleologia in Nicolai Hartmann, Milano, Vita e Pensiero.


External links