Nicaraguan general election, 1990
Encyclopedia
A general elections were held in Nicaragua
to elect a president and parliament on 25 February 1990.
William I. Robinson
wrote that "massive foreign interference completely distorted an endogenous political process and undermined the ability of the elections to be a free choice regarding the destiny of the country. U.S. intervention undercut the Nicaraguan people's right to exercise self-determination."
(*) Including two seats for unsuccessful presidential candidates.
(**) Includes defeated presidential] candidate.
(***) As defeated presidential candidate.
(****) PNC – 5; APC – 6; PLI – 5; PLC – 5; PALI – 3; PAN – 3; PDCN – 5; PC de N – 3; PSN – 3; PSD – 5; MDN – 3; PIAC – 1; ACN – 2; PPSC – 2.
Nicaragua
Nicaragua is the largest country in the Central American American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean...
to elect a president and parliament on 25 February 1990.
William I. Robinson
William I. Robinson
William I. Robinson is an American professor of sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His work focuses on political economy, globalization, Latin America and historical materialism...
wrote that "massive foreign interference completely distorted an endogenous political process and undermined the ability of the elections to be a free choice regarding the destiny of the country. U.S. intervention undercut the Nicaraguan people's right to exercise self-determination."
Presidential election results
| Candidate | Party/Alliance | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violeta Barrios de Chamorro | National Opposition Union National Opposition Union National Opposition Union was a wide-range cartel of opposition parties formed to contest Nicaragua's president Daniel Ortega in 1990 election. Its candidate Violeta Chamorro eventually won the race... (UNO) = National Conservative Party (PNC) / Popular Conservative Alliance Popular Conservative Alliance The Popular Conservative Alliance is a right-wing conservative Nicaraguan political party. The APC split from the Democratic Conservative Party in 1984 and received legal status in 1989. As of 2006, the APC and its leader, Miriam Argüello, is in alliance with the Sandinista National Liberation... (APC) / National Conservative Action National Conservative Action The National Conservative Action is a right-wing conservative Nicaraguan political party founded in 1956. The ANC was part of the National Opposition Union coalition in the 1990 elections and got two representatives in the National Assembly, out of UNO's 51... (ACN) / Democratic Party of National Confidence Democratic Party of National Confidence The Democratic Party of National Confidence is a Nicaraguan political party founded by Agustín Jarquín and Adán Fletes after a split from Social Christian Party in 1986. The PDCN received legal status on appeal in 1989... (PDCN) / Independent Liberal Party Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua) The Independent Liberal Party is a Nicaraguan centre-right political party separated from Somoza's Nationalist Liberal Party in 1944, and formed in 1947. PLI participated in 1984 election, winning 9.6% of vote for President with its candidate Virgilio Godoy... (PLI) / Neoliberal Party (PALI) / Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC) / National Action Party National Action Party (Nicaragua) The National Action Party is a right-wing Nicaraguan political party founded by Eduardo Rivas Gasteazoro in 1985 as a split from the Social Christian Party in 1985. The PAN received legal status on appeal in 1989. PAN was part of the National Opposition Union coalition and won 3 seats in the... (PAN) / Nicaraguan Socialist Party Nicaraguan Socialist Party The Nicaraguan Socialist Party is a political party in Nicaragua. Founded in July 1944 by Dr. Mario Flores Ortiz. PSN operated as the official communist party in the country. At the time of its foundation, PSN supported the regime of Anastasio Somoza García. PSN considered that Somoza was an... (PSN) / Communist Party of Nicaragua Communist Party of Nicaragua Communist Party of Nicaragua is a communist political party in Nicaragua. Founded as the Partido Obrero Socialista in 1967... (PC de N) / Popular Social Christian Party Popular Social Christian Party The Popular Social Christian Party , a 1978 off-shoot of the Social Christian Party is a Nicaraguan political party. The PPSC got 6 seats in the 1984 Legislative elections and 3 seats seats in the 1990 elections. In 1992 the PPSC and the Democratic Party of National Confidence formed the... (PPSC) / Nicaraguan Democratic Movement Nicaraguan Democratic Movement The Nicaraguan Democratic Movement is a right-wing Nicaraguan political party with social democratic ideology. The MDN was formed in 1978 and re-registered in 1989. MDN was the first Contra party given legal status in Nicaragua. After receiving a small amount of votes, the MDN lost its legal... (MDN) / Social Democratic Party Social Democratic Party (Nicaragua) The Social Democratic Party is a right-wing Nicaraguan political party that split from Conservatives in 1979. The party sought affiliation to the Socialist International, but its application was rejected.... (PSD) / Central American Integrationist Party (PIAC) |
54.74% | 777,552 |
| Daniel Ortega Saaveda Daniel Ortega José Daniel Ortega Saavedra is a Nicaraguan politician and revolutionary, currently serving as the 83rd President of Nicaragua, a position that he has held since 2007. He previously served as the 79th President, between 1985 and 1990, and for much of his life, has been a leader in the Sandinista... |
Sandinista National Liberation Front Sandinista National Liberation Front The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas in both English and Spanish... (FSLN) |
40.82% | 579,886 |
| Erick Ramírez Beneventes | Social Christian Party (PCS) | 01.18% | 16,751 |
| Issa Moisés Hassán Morales | Revolutionary Unity Movement Revolutionary Unity Movement The Revolutionary Unity Movement is a Nicaraguan political party, founded in 1988 as a new Marxist party by defectors from the Marxist-Leninist Party of Nicaragua , Nicaraguan Communist Party , and the Sandinista National Liberation Front... (MUR) |
00.78% | 11,136 |
| Bonifacio Miranda Bengoechea | Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT) | 00.60% | 8,590 |
| Isidro Téllez Toruño | Marxist-Leninist Popular Action Movement (MAP ML) | 00.57% | 8,115 |
| Fernando Bernabé Agüero Rocha | Social Conservative Party Social Conservative Party The Social Conservative Party is a right-wing conservative Nicaraguan political party founded by its leader Fernando Agüero back in 1988. The PSC received legal status in 1989 and participated in the 1990 elections as an independent party... (PSC) |
00.41% | 5,798 |
| Blanca Rojas Echaverry | Central American Unionist Party Central American Unionist Party The Central American Unionist Party is a center-right Nicaraguan political party.PUCA was originally established as a cultural grouping advocating 'Central Americanization' in 1904. Renamed the Committee of State in 1944, it began to act as a political party after the Sandanistas gained power in... (PUCA) |
00.36% | 5,065 |
| Eduardo Molina Palacios | Democratic Conservative Party of Nicaragua Democratic Conservative Party The Democratic Conservative Party is a Nicaraguan political party with a traditional conservative ideology. The party was formed in 1979... (PCDN) |
00.32% | 4,500 |
| Rodolfo Robelo Herrera | Independent Liberal Party for National Unity Independent Liberal Party for National Unity The Independent Liberal Party for National Unity is a Nicaraguan centre-right party that split from the Independent Liberal Party in 1984 as a consequence of PLI's decision to participate in the 1984 elections. PLIUN received legal status in 1989... (PLIUN) |
00.22% | 3,151 |
| Total valid votes | 100% | 1,420,544 | |
| Spoilt and invalid votes | 05.97% | 90,249 | |
| Total votes/Turnout | 86.23% | 1,510,838 | |
| Registered voters | – | 1,752,088 | |
| Population | – | 3,800,000 | |
Legislative election
| Parties and alliances | Votes | % | Seats* |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Opposition Union National Opposition Union National Opposition Union was a wide-range cartel of opposition parties formed to contest Nicaragua's president Daniel Ortega in 1990 election. Its candidate Violeta Chamorro eventually won the race... (UNO) = National Conservative Party (PNC) / Popular Conservative Alliance Popular Conservative Alliance The Popular Conservative Alliance is a right-wing conservative Nicaraguan political party. The APC split from the Democratic Conservative Party in 1984 and received legal status in 1989. As of 2006, the APC and its leader, Miriam Argüello, is in alliance with the Sandinista National Liberation... (APC) / National Conservative Action National Conservative Action The National Conservative Action is a right-wing conservative Nicaraguan political party founded in 1956. The ANC was part of the National Opposition Union coalition in the 1990 elections and got two representatives in the National Assembly, out of UNO's 51... (ACN) / Democratic Party of National Confidence Democratic Party of National Confidence The Democratic Party of National Confidence is a Nicaraguan political party founded by Agustín Jarquín and Adán Fletes after a split from Social Christian Party in 1986. The PDCN received legal status on appeal in 1989... (PDCN) / Independent Liberal Party Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua) The Independent Liberal Party is a Nicaraguan centre-right political party separated from Somoza's Nationalist Liberal Party in 1944, and formed in 1947. PLI participated in 1984 election, winning 9.6% of vote for President with its candidate Virgilio Godoy... (PLI) / Neoliberal Party (PALI) / Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC) / National Action Party National Action Party (Nicaragua) The National Action Party is a right-wing Nicaraguan political party founded by Eduardo Rivas Gasteazoro in 1985 as a split from the Social Christian Party in 1985. The PAN received legal status on appeal in 1989. PAN was part of the National Opposition Union coalition and won 3 seats in the... (PAN) / Nicaraguan Socialist Party Nicaraguan Socialist Party The Nicaraguan Socialist Party is a political party in Nicaragua. Founded in July 1944 by Dr. Mario Flores Ortiz. PSN operated as the official communist party in the country. At the time of its foundation, PSN supported the regime of Anastasio Somoza García. PSN considered that Somoza was an... (PSN) / Communist Party of Nicaragua Communist Party of Nicaragua Communist Party of Nicaragua is a communist political party in Nicaragua. Founded as the Partido Obrero Socialista in 1967... (PC de N) / Popular Social Christian Party Popular Social Christian Party The Popular Social Christian Party , a 1978 off-shoot of the Social Christian Party is a Nicaraguan political party. The PPSC got 6 seats in the 1984 Legislative elections and 3 seats seats in the 1990 elections. In 1992 the PPSC and the Democratic Party of National Confidence formed the... (PPSC) / Nicaraguan Democratic Movement Nicaraguan Democratic Movement The Nicaraguan Democratic Movement is a right-wing Nicaraguan political party with social democratic ideology. The MDN was formed in 1978 and re-registered in 1989. MDN was the first Contra party given legal status in Nicaragua. After receiving a small amount of votes, the MDN lost its legal... (MDN) / Social Democratic Party Social Democratic Party (Nicaragua) The Social Democratic Party is a right-wing Nicaraguan political party that split from Conservatives in 1979. The party sought affiliation to the Socialist International, but its application was rejected.... (PSD) / Central American Integrationist Party (PIAC) |
764,748 | 53.88% | 51**** |
| Sandinista National Liberation Front Sandinista National Liberation Front The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas in both English and Spanish... (FSLN) |
579,723 | 40.84% | 39** |
| Social Christian Party (PCS) | 22,218 | 01.57% | 01 |
| Revolutionary Unity Movement Revolutionary Unity Movement The Revolutionary Unity Movement is a Nicaraguan political party, founded in 1988 as a new Marxist party by defectors from the Marxist-Leninist Party of Nicaragua , Nicaraguan Communist Party , and the Sandinista National Liberation Front... (MUR) |
13,995 | 00.99% | 01*** |
| Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT) | 10,586 | 00.75% | 00 |
| Marxist-Leninist Popular Action Movement (MAP ML) | 7,643 | 00.54% | 00 |
| Social Conservative Party Social Conservative Party The Social Conservative Party is a right-wing conservative Nicaraguan political party founded by its leader Fernando Agüero back in 1988. The PSC received legal status in 1989 and participated in the 1990 elections as an independent party... (PSC) |
6,308 | 00.44% | 00 |
| Central American Unionist Party Central American Unionist Party The Central American Unionist Party is a center-right Nicaraguan political party.PUCA was originally established as a cultural grouping advocating 'Central Americanization' in 1904. Renamed the Committee of State in 1944, it began to act as a political party after the Sandanistas gained power in... (PUCA) |
5,565 | 00.39% | 00 |
| Democratic Conservative Party of Nicaragua Democratic Conservative Party The Democratic Conservative Party is a Nicaraguan political party with a traditional conservative ideology. The party was formed in 1979... (PCDN) |
5,083 | 00.36% | 00 |
| Independent Liberal Party for National Unity Independent Liberal Party for National Unity The Independent Liberal Party for National Unity is a Nicaraguan centre-right party that split from the Independent Liberal Party in 1984 as a consequence of PLI's decision to participate in the 1984 elections. PLIUN received legal status in 1989... (PLIUN) |
3,515 | 00.25% | 00 |
| Total valid votes | 1,419,384 | 100% | 92* |
| Spoilt and invalid votes | 92,723 | 06.13% | – |
| Total votes/Turnout | 1,512,107 | 86.30% | – |
| Registered voters | 1,752,088 | – | – |
| Population | 3,870,700 | – | – |
(*) Including two seats for unsuccessful presidential candidates.
(**) Includes defeated presidential] candidate.
(***) As defeated presidential candidate.
(****) PNC – 5; APC – 6; PLI – 5; PLC – 5; PALI – 3; PAN – 3; PDCN – 5; PC de N – 3; PSN – 3; PSD – 5; MDN – 3; PIAC – 1; ACN – 2; PPSC – 2.