New England New State Movement

The '''New England New State Movement''' was an [[Australia]]n political movement in the twentieth century. Originally called the Northern Separation Movement, the aim of the movement was to seek the [[secession]] of the [[New England (Australia)|New England]] region and surrounding areas from the [[States and Territories of Australia|State]] of [[New South Wales]] (NSW) and the establishment of a new State of New England. While initially popular and the subject of two [[Royal Commission]]s, the movement was ultimately unsuccessful, following defeat at a [[referendum]] in 1967. ==Geographical Description== [[Image:New england location in NSW australia.PNG|thumb|right|Approximate location of New England within [[New South Wales]]; red a narrow definition, yellow a broader definition]] Because New England has never had a formal identity, its claimed boundaries have varied with time. In broad terms, it covers the humid coastal strip including the [[Hunter Valley]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} to the [[Queensland]] border, the [[Northern Tablelands|New England Tablelands]] and the immediately adjoining Western Slopes and Plains. In economic and geographic terms, New England forms a natural unit that has survived to the present day. In political terms, the boundaries have varied. The initial separation discussions excluded the Hunter, in part because of tensions between the industrial and mining heartland of the lower Hunter and the rest of the area. This created a problem because an urban/industrial centre like [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] and the Hunter were seen as an essential part of New England, or any new state, in economic and geographic terms. The boundaries recommended by the 1935 report of the Nicholas [[Royal Commission]] into areas of NSW suitable for self-government included Newcastle and the Hunter. These boundaries were adopted by the New England New State Movement and used as the basis for the 1967 self-government referendum. ==Name== New England was initially called Northern NSW, the North, the Northern Districts or the Northern Provinces. The name New England was originally the name of the Tableland area forming New England's core. The Tablelands are known as the Northern Tablelands, the New New England Tablelands or sometimes just the New England to distinguish them from the broader New England area. The name New England was adopted for the whole area by the Northern Separation Movement at its 1931 [[Maitland, New South Wales|Maitland]] convention. From there its usage spread, contracting again as the new state movement went into decline after 1967. ==New State Agitation== [[Image:EarlePage.jpg|thumb|Earl Page, activist in the New State movement and later [[Prime Minister of Australia]]]] The first separatist agitation occurred during colonial times at the time of the separation of Queensland from NSW. While this was followed by outbreaks of agitation, these remained sporadic. This changed in the twentieth century. Agitation began again at [[Grafton, New South Wales|Grafton]] towards the end of the [[World War I|First World War]] led by [[Earle Page]], a local doctor and later a prominent politician, rising to caretaker [[Prime Minister of Australia]]. This was picked up a little later by Victor Thompson, editor of the [[Tamworth, New South Wales|Tamworth]] ''[[Northern Daily Leader]]'' who launched a sustained newspaper campaign that involved papers as far south as [[Cessnock, New South Wales|Cessnock]] in the lower Hunter. This led to the creation of a formal movement. In 1922 a formal request to the Commonwealth was made by the lower house to establish a new state in northern New South Wales. One outcome was the 1924 Cohen Royal Commission into New States. The Cohen Commission ruled against to the movement and it went into decline, resurging at the start of the [[Great Depression in Australia|Great Depression]]. This forced another Royal Commission, the Nicholas Commission. While this recommended in favour, the movement was again in decline as economic conditions improved. Agitation started again at the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]] and this time was sustained by permanent staff. In 1953, 21 councils defied the state government and held unofficial referendum on the issue of a new state. The people voted overwhelmingly in favor of the referendum. In 1961 the movement launched Operation Seventh State, raising over [[Australian pound|AU₤]]100,000. This allowed more staff and greater agitation. This acceptance of boundaries determined by the Nicholas Commission proved to be the movement's critical strategic error. It assumed that a state was not viable unless it was dominated by a large urban population on the English/London model. Yet, the evidence from similar federations like Canada and the USA revealed numerous successful "farm states", like Wyoming, Montana and the Dakotas, with comparatively small capital city populations tied to a single, essentially rural community of interest. This metrocentric mindset ensured that two quite distinct communities of interest were being pressured into a doomed arranged marriage. It was also the very antithesis of an "act of free choice" as that choice involved imposing a majority rural will over a geographically distinct urban community. A new state proposal based in most part on boundaries formed by those Local Councils with majorities that actually wanted the change would have acquired a critical momentum. Premier [[Robert Askin]] and the Cabinet believed in 1966 that a secession referendum would win, so they had the upper [[Hunter Valley]] and [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] included within the boundaries of the proposed new state before putting it to a vote. ==Referendum== A [[referendum]] of New England electors was held on 29 April 1967. The no vote was led by the [[Australian Labor Party]] who campaigned hard. The referendum was narrowly defeated with 54% voting no. The very high no vote in the Labor strongholds of Newcastle and the Lower Hunter offset the majority yes vote elsewhere, although the no margin was not high. The threat of restricted access to the highly regulated Sydney milk and dairy products market also boosted the no vote in rural areas. Despite this defeat, four New State candidates stood for election at the [[New South Wales state election, 1968|1968]] state election and gained 0.80% of the total state vote with [[Garry Nehl]], in the seat of [[Electoral district of Clarence|Clarence]], winning 35% of the primary vote. However this was a brief twilight in the campaign and, exhausted, the movement again went into decline for the next four decades. ==21st century revival== The movement underwent a resurgence in 2004, primarily in response to State (Labor) Government shire amalgamations and farmers responses to new vegetation management policies. The Annual General Meetings of NSW Farmers passed resolutions to investigate the feasibility of a non-metropolitan state in both 2004 and 2005. A task force was formed chaired by then NSWF President Mr Malcolm Peters. Some polling was commissioned and a convention was held but little further effort appears to have taken place. ==See also== *[[Proposals for new Australian States]] * [http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=106438812712957 New England New State Movement on FaceBook] {{coord missing|New South Wales}}