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In human embryology
Embryology

Embryology is the study of the development of an embryo. An embryo is defined as any organism in a stage before birth or hatching, or in plants, before germination occurs....
, formation of neural plate is the first step of neurulation
Neurulation

Neurulation is a part of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos. Steps of neurulation include the formation of the dorsal nerve cord, and the eventual formation of the central nervous system....
. It is created by a flat thickening opposite to the primitive streak
Primitive streak

The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development....
 of the ectoderm
Ectoderm

The ectoderm is the start of a tissue that covers the body surfaces. It emerges first and forms from the outermost of the germ layers.Generally speaking, the ectoderm differentiates to form the nervous system, Epidermis , and the outer part of integumentary system....
.

During the stage of neural plate formation the embryo consist of three cell layers: the previously mentioned ectoderm that eventually forms the skin and neural tissues, the mesoderm that forms muscle and bone, and the endoderm that will form the cells lining the digestive and respiratory track.






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In human embryology
Embryology

Embryology is the study of the development of an embryo. An embryo is defined as any organism in a stage before birth or hatching, or in plants, before germination occurs....
, formation of neural plate is the first step of neurulation
Neurulation

Neurulation is a part of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos. Steps of neurulation include the formation of the dorsal nerve cord, and the eventual formation of the central nervous system....
. It is created by a flat thickening opposite to the primitive streak
Primitive streak

The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development....
 of the ectoderm
Ectoderm

The ectoderm is the start of a tissue that covers the body surfaces. It emerges first and forms from the outermost of the germ layers.Generally speaking, the ectoderm differentiates to form the nervous system, Epidermis , and the outer part of integumentary system....
.

During the stage of neural plate formation the embryo consist of three cell layers: the previously mentioned ectoderm that eventually forms the skin and neural tissues, the mesoderm that forms muscle and bone, and the endoderm that will form the cells lining the digestive and respiratory track. BMP-4 is a transforming growth factor that causes the cells of the ectoderm to differentiate into skin cells. Without BMP-4 the ectoderm cells would automatically develop into neural cells. Axial
Reflection symmetry

The triangles with this symmetry are isosceles. The quadrilaterals with this symmetry are the kite s and the isosceles trapezoids.For each line or plane of reflection, the symmetry group is isomorphic with Cs , one of the three types of order two , hence algebraically C2....
 mesoderm cells under the ectoderm secrete inhibitory signals called chordin
Chordin

Chordin is a polypeptide that dorsalizes the developing embryo by binding ventralizing TGF? proteins such as Bone morphogenetic proteins. It may also play a role in organogenesis....
, noggin
Noggin (protein)

Noggin is a polypeptide that inhibits TGF beta signal transduction by binding to TGF-? family ligands and preventing them from binding to their corresponding receptors....
 and follistatin
Follistatin

Follistatin is a single chain autocrine glycoprotein found to be ubiquitous within the body of nearly all higher animals, that is the product of a single gene....
. These inhibitory signals inhibit BMP-4 and as a result cause the overlying cells of the ectoderm to develop into neural cells. The cells in the ectoderm that circumvent these neural cells do not receive the BMP-4 inhibitor signals and as a result BMP-4 induces these cells to develop into skin cells.

As the neural plate develops, it becomes surrounded by neural folds
Neural folds

In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line....
, which eventually create the cylindrical neural tube
Neural tube

In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord....
. This process is termed primary neurulation
Neurulation

Neurulation is a part of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos. Steps of neurulation include the formation of the dorsal nerve cord, and the eventual formation of the central nervous system....
.

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