The
National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) was the first organization governing
AmericanThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
baseballBaseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The goal is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or diamond...
. The first, 1857 convention of sixteen
New York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is among the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment...
clubs
practically terminated the
Knickerbocker eraThe New York Knickerbockers were one of the first organized baseball teams which played under a set of rules similar to the game today. The team was founded by Alexander Cartwright, considered one of the original developers of modern baseball....
, when that club privately deliberated on the rules of the game. The last convention, with hundreds of members represented only via state associations, provoked the establishment of separate professional and amateur associations in 1871. The succeeding
National Association of Professional Base Ball PlayersThe National Association of Professional Base Ball Players , or simply the National Association , was founded in 1871 and continued through the 1875 season...
is considered the first
professional sports leagueProfessional sports leagues are organized in numerous ways. The most common are those in the North American mode and those in the European mode. Generally, the North American structure is characterized by its use of franchises and closed membership; the European structure is characterized by its...
; through 1875 it governed professional baseball and practically set playing rules for all. Because the amateur successor never attracted many members and it convened only a few times, the NABBP is sometimes called "the amateur Association" in contrast to its professional successor.
Beside the playing rules and its own organization, the Association governed official scoring (reporting), "match" play, a championship, amateurism, and hippodroming or the integrity of the contest. It permitted professionalism only for the
1869-American football:* College football national championship – Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights * 6 November — the first American intercollegiate football game is played, between Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights, although the rules are closer to modern Association football...
and 1870 seasons. In its December 1867 meeting, its rules committee voted unanimously to bar any club "composed of one or more colored persons", effecting the first known color line in baseball.
Growth
Prior to the
Civil WarThe American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America...
, baseball competed for public interest with
cricketCricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that is first documented as being played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, cricket had developed to the point where it had become the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being...
and regional variants of baseball, notably
town ballThe term town ball, or townball, describes the bat-and-ball, safe haven games played in North America in the 18th and 19th centuries, which were similar to rounders and were precursors to modern baseball. In some areas - such as Philadelphia and along the Ohio River and Mississippi River - the...
played in Philadelphia and the Massachusetts Game played in
New EnglandNew England is a region of the United States. It is located at the northeastern corner of the US, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada and the state of New York, consisting of the modern U.S...
. In the 1860s, aided by the War,
"New York" styleThe Knickerbocker Rules are a set of baseball rules formalized by Alexander Cartwright in 1845. They are considered to be the basis for the rules of the modern game.-The rules:...
baseball expanded into a national game and the NABBP, as its governing body, expanded into a true national organization, although most of the strongest clubs remained those based in
New York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is among the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment...
,
BrooklynBrooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City, located southwest of Queens on the western tip of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area...
and Philadelphia. By the end of
1865-Association football:* Nottingham Forest, then called Forest FC, is founded in December by its parent hockey club. It is the third oldest club in the Football League after Notts County and Stoke City...
, almost 100 clubs were members of the organization. By 1867, it had over 400 members, including some clubs from as far away as San Francisco and
LouisianaThe State of Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state divided into parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties...
. Because of this growth, regional and state organizations began to assume a more prominent role in the governance of the sport.
Professionalism
The NABBP was initially established upon principles of amateurism. However, even early in its history some star players, such as
James CreightonJames Creighton, Jr. was a pitcher in baseball's earliest era. Among his many accomplishments, he was in all likelihood the first professional ballplayer, threw the first fastball, completed the first recorded triple play, and is considered by baseball historians to be the game's first superstar...
of
ExcelsiorThe Brooklyn Excelsiors were an amateur baseball team that played in Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 1854, the Excelsior ballclub featured stars such as Jim Creighton, Asa Brainard, and Candy Cummings.-1860 Championship Season:...
, received compensation, either secretly or indirectly. In
1866-Athletics :* The Amateur Athletics Club is founded and becomes the governing body of athletics in the United Kingdom, hosting the first national championships and introducing a definition of "amateur" that will determine eligibility for athletics competitions until the late 20th...
, the NABBP investigated
Athletic of PhiladelphiaAthletic of Philadelphia was a prominent professional baseball team that played in the second half of the 19th century.-Early History:...
for paying three players including
Lip PikeLipman Emanuel "Lip" Pike was one of the stars of 19th century baseball in the United States. He was the first player to be revealed as a professional , as well as the first Jewish ballplayer...
, but ultimately took no action against either the club or the players. To address this growing practice, and to restore integrity to the game, at its December
1868-Baseball:* National Association of Base Ball Players champion – New York Mutuals* A few clubs count base hits and total bases on hits for every player, beside the commonplace "official scoring" of runs and times put out...
meeting the NABBP established a professional category for the
1869-American football:* College football national championship – Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights * 6 November — the first American intercollegiate football game is played, between Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights, although the rules are closer to modern Association football...
season. Clubs desiring to pay players were now free to declare themselves
professionalA professional is a member of a vocation founded upon specialised educational training.The word professional traditionally means a person who has obtained a degree in a professional field...
.
CincinnatiThe Cincinnati Red Stockings of were baseball's first fully professional team, with ten salaried players. The Cincinnati Base Ball Club formed in 1866 and fielded competitive teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players 1867–1870, a time of a transition that ambitious Cincinnati,...
was the first to so declare and among the most aggressive in recruiting the best available players. Twelve, including most of the strongest clubs in the NABBP, ultimately declared themselves professional for the
1869-American football:* College football national championship – Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights * 6 November — the first American intercollegiate football game is played, between Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights, although the rules are closer to modern Association football...
season.
Conflict arose, however, between amateur and professional interests. Important issues included how the championship was to be decided and regulating players jumping from one team to another. As a result, in
1871-American football:* College football national championship – none* The 1871 college football season is the only one since the first season in 1869 until the present day that no games are played in the entire season...
most of the leading professional clubs broke away to found the
National Association of Professional Base Ball PlayersThe National Association of Professional Base Ball Players , or simply the National Association , was founded in 1871 and continued through the 1875 season...
. The NABBP continued for approximately two years thereafter in a diminished status before disbanding into state and regional organizations.
Members
Contrary to the organization name, NABBP members were clubs not players. Generally the clubs joined the association and retained membership by sending delegates to the annual convention, usually in the preceding December (the ancestor of baseball's so-called Winter Meetings). Membership mediated by state associations was introduced only after ten years; then dozens of clubs from a distant state (or even New Jersey) could join and remain in the NABBP by organizing a state association whose delegates would participate in the national meeting.
The number of clubs at the convention, and thus in the association, increased from 16 to 25 to 50 by spring 1859. This list gives the sixteen who convened in 1857 followed by the three who survived to be charter members of the
National LeagueThe National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the National League , is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball, and the world's oldest extant professional team sports league...
in 1876.
- Brooklyn: Brooklyn Atlantics
The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseball's first champion and its first dynasty.Established in 1855, Atlantic was a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic emerged as the recognized champions of...
(to 1870, professional), Bedford (1857), Continental (to 1863), Brooklyn Eckfords (to 1870, professional), Excelsior (to 1870, amateur), Harmony (1857), Nassau (to 1859), Olympic (1857 and 1859), Putnam (to 1862)
- Morrisania (now in the Bronx): Union (to 1870, professional)
- New York: Baltic (to 1863 and later?), Eagle (to 1869?), Empire (to 1869), Gotham (to 1870, amateur), Harlem (to 1869?), New York Knickerbockers
The New York Knickerbockers were one of the first organized baseball teams which played under a set of rules similar to the game today. The team was founded by Alexander Cartwright, considered one of the original developers of modern baseball....
(to 1868?)
- New York Mutuals
The Mutual Base Ball Club of New York was a leading American baseball club almost throughout its 20-year history. It was established during 1857, the year of the first baseball convention, just too late to be a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players. It was a charter...
(1858–1870, professional)
- Philadelphia Athletic
Athletic of Philadelphia was a prominent professional baseball team that played in the second half of the 19th century.-Early History:...
(1861–1870, professional)
- Chicago White Stockings
White Stockings or "Chicago White Stockings" was an original name of two professional baseball clubs in Chicago, Illinois, namely the two Major League Baseball clubs that operate today* Chicago Cubs...
(1870, professional)
The five
named in bold were sometime members of the 1871-1875
National AssociationNational Association can refer to;* National Association, or "N.A.", the official designation of federally-chartered banks in the United States....
, the first
professional leagueProfessional sports leagues are organized in numerous ways. The most common are those in the North American mode and those in the European mode. Generally, the North American structure is characterized by its use of franchises and closed membership; the European structure is characterized by its...
. Dates refer to NABBP membership not baseball activity or legal organization but not all clubs retained membership annually; in particular, the Civil War curtailed membership for 1862 to 1865.
Newark, New JerseyBrick City redirects here. For the township in Ocean County, see Brick Township, New Jersey.Newark is the largest city in New Jersey, and the county seat of Essex County. Newark has a population of 281,402, making it the largest municipality in New Jersey and the 65th largest city in the U.S...
is one of the cities across the
Hudson RiverThe Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south through eastern New York. It rises at Lake Tear of the Clouds, on the slopes of Mount Marcy in the Adirondack Mountains, flows past Albany, and finally forms the border between New York City and New Jersey at its mouth before emptying into...
from New York. Eight Newark clubs were sometime members and two more, Empire in 1858 and Eckford in 1870, played matches with members.
- Newark Newark (1860–1869)
- Newark Eurekas
-Eureka Baseball Club of Newark:The Eureka team was part of the NABBP in the 1850's and 1860's. The Eureka Club first began playing other members of the NABBP in 1860. They played at a field at Ferry Street and Adams Street in the Ironbound.-Players*:...
(1860–1869)
- Newark Adriatics
-Adriatic Base Ball Club of Newark:The Adriatic club was a member of the National Association of Base Ball Players before the American Civil War. The Adriatics first played another member in September 1857 and joined the NABBP for the 1858 to 1861 seasons.-Games:...
(1861–1862)
- Newark Americus (1865–1869)
- Newark Pioneers (1865–1867)
- Newark Active (1867-?)
- Newark Excelsior (1869)
- Newark Amateurs (1870)
The members farthest from New York in the early years were the Liberty club of
New Brunswick, New JerseyNew Brunswick is a city and the county seat of Middlesex County, New Jersey, USA. It is 31 miles southwest of New York City on the southern bank of the Raritan River about 15 miles from its mouth. The 2006 United States Census Bureau population estimate of New Brunswick was 50,172...
in 1858, the only one of 25 members outside modern New York City; Niagara of
Buffalo, New YorkBuffalo is the second most populous city in the state of New York, second only to New York City. Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River, Buffalo is the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area and the seat of Erie...
in 1859, when the next furthest of 50 members was based in
Trenton, New JerseyTrenton is the capital of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County. As of 2007, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the City of Trenton had a population of 82,804....
; and Detroit of
Detroit, MichiganDetroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the seat of Wayne County. Detroit is a major port city on the Detroit River, in the Midwest region of the United States. Located north of Windsor, Ontario, Detroit is the only major U.S. city that looks south to Canada. It was founded...
in 1860. Five of 59 members were then from outside New Jersey and New York states, the others being in Washington, Baltimore, New Haven, and Boston. Six Philadelphia clubs joined for 1861 but war curtailed the season, some of the 55 members never played a game of any kind, and then war curtailed membership for 1862.
For 1865 there were 30 members with none in New England and western outliers merely in Washington,
AltoonaAltoona is a city in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the principal city of the Altoona, PA MSA. The population was 49,523 at the 2000 census, making it the ninth most populous city in Pennsylvania, after Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, Reading, Scranton, Bethlehem and...
in central Pennsylvania, and Utica in central New York state. But the December meeting attracted triple the membership with scattered clubs from
Chattanooga, TennesseeChattanooga is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee , and the seat of Hamilton County. Located in southeastern Tennessee on Chickamauga Lake and Nickajack Lake, which are both part of the Tennessee River, Chattanooga lies approximately 120 miles to the northwest of Atlanta, Georgia, about 135...
to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In 1867 and 1868, the association "filled" with clubs from St Louis and Iowa to Boston and Maine. Membership via state associations was introduced for 1868 and, perhaps for that reason, there is no reliable enumeration for 1868-1870.
Champions
The
1857-Baseball:* In May, sixteen base ball clubs from modern New York City convene and revise the rules including replacement of 21 runs by 9 innings. The convention will be known as the first of the National Association of Base Ball Players although there is yet no annual commitment or formal...
Atlantic ClubThe Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseball's first champion and its first dynasty.Established in 1855, Atlantic was a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic emerged as the recognized champions of...
of
BrooklynBrooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City, located southwest of Queens on the western tip of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area...
and the
1858-Baseball:* "All New York" and "All Brooklyn" Nines play three matches at the Fashion Race Course in Brooklyn, with the All New York Nine winning the first and third...
Mutual ClubThe Mutual Base Ball Club of New York was a leading American baseball club almost throughout its 20-year history. It was established during 1857, the year of the first baseball convention, just too late to be a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players. It was a charter...
of New York appear to have been recognized as the best clubs of these respective seasons, but scheduling was insufficient overall between
New YorkNew York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is among the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment...
and
BrooklynBrooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City, located southwest of Queens on the western tip of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area...
clubs to establish a definitive
championA champion is the victor in a challenge or contest.More broadly, and particularly in American English, a champion is one who has repeatedly come out first among contestants in challenges or other test, one who is outstandingly skilled in their field...
. In
1859-Australian rules football:* 14 May — Melbourne Football Club is founded* 17 May — Australian rules football codified* 18 July — Geelong Football Club is founded-Baseball:* National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Brooklyn Atlantics...
, though, Atlantic did emerge as decisive champions of
baseballBaseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The goal is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or diamond...
with an overall record of 11 wins and 1 loss and series victories over both
Eckford of BrooklynEckford of Brooklyn, or simply Eckford, was an American baseball club from 1855 to 1872. When the pioneering Union Grounds opened for baseball in 1862, the Eckfords must have been the most important tenant, for they played more games than any other club that year and won the "national"...
and Mutual. Thereafter, a formalized challenge system developed whereby the championship, symbolized by a "pennant", would change hands upon the defeat of the existing champion in a two out of three series. Such "series" could actually occur over several weeks or months, with games against other clubs played in between, so the format does not closely resemble the modern
World SeriesThe World Series has been the annual championship series of the highest level of professional baseball in the United States and Canada since 1903, concluding the postseason of Major League Baseball...
in determining baseball's champion. But a series was limited to a season; one win in one or two games did not carry over to next spring.
Without a regular schedule of games, neither the number of wins nor winning percentage necessarily indicates team strength, much less identifies the best team or a credible champion. A challenge format makes sense for that purpose, and it fits the convention whereby contestants meet on the field with money or a trophy at stake. A trophy base ball, provided by the home club and used in the game, was commonly at stake; the pennant provided by the Association was a second trophy at stake in some games. Unfortunately, the strongest team in a given year did not always have an opportunity to play for the championship, as the strongest box or chess player may annually have an opportunity in the challenge formats that developed in those sports.
Indeed, for more than one NABBP season it appears that the strongest team never played a series for the championship: at least,
Athletic of PhiladelphiaAthletic of Philadelphia was a prominent professional baseball team that played in the second half of the 19th century.-Early History:...
in
1868-Baseball:* National Association of Base Ball Players champion – New York Mutuals* A few clubs count base hits and total bases on hits for every player, beside the commonplace "official scoring" of runs and times put out...
and Cincinnati in
1869-American football:* College football national championship – Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights * 6 November — the first American intercollegiate football game is played, between Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights, although the rules are closer to modern Association football...
.
Cincinnati Red StockingsThe Cincinnati Red Stockings of were baseball's first fully professional team, with ten salaried players. The Cincinnati Base Ball Club formed in 1866 and fielded competitive teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players 1867–1870, a time of a transition that ambitious Cincinnati,...
were undefeated with victories over all of the leading clubs, including ultimate 1868 and 1869 champions Mutual and Atlantic. But they never faced a reigning champion in a deciding game, partly because in scheduling tours of continental scope they practically opted out.
Decisive games were marred by disputes, too. In
1860-Baseball:* National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Brooklyn Atlantics* The Excelsior club from Brooklyn, led by the sensational fast pitcher Jim Creighton, tours as far as Buffalo, New York, spreading the game, advanced points of play and baseball fever.-Boxing:* 17 April — one of the...
reigning champion Atlantic of Brooklyn and challenger
Excelsior of BrooklynThe Brooklyn Excelsiors were an amateur baseball team that played in Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 1854, the Excelsior ballclub featured stars such as Jim Creighton, Asa Brainard, and Candy Cummings.-1860 Championship Season:...
split their first two games. In the third, Excelsior was leading 8-6 and had men on base, but chose to withdraw because of rowdy behavior by Atlantic partisans and gamblers. The game was declared a draw, and the championship retained by Atlantic.
In
1870-American football:* College football national championship – Princeton Tigers* Columbia Lions joins the college football circuit and loses to Rutgers Scarlet Knights in its only game. Princeton Tigers beats Rutgers...
, Mutual of New York was leading 13-12 in the deciding game of its series with the
Chicago White StockingsThe Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. They are members of the Central Division of Major League Baseball's National League. They are one of two Major League clubs based in Chicago , the Cubs are also one of the two remaining charter members of the...
when Mutual left the field in protest. Officials decided to revert the score to the end of the last completed inning and awarded the game, and thus the championship, to Chicago. The Mutual club declared itself champion.
End of Year Champions
- 1859 Atlantic of Brooklyn
The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseball's first champion and its first dynasty.Established in 1855, Atlantic was a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic emerged as the recognized champions of...
- 1860 Atlantic of Brooklyn
The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseball's first champion and its first dynasty.Established in 1855, Atlantic was a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic emerged as the recognized champions of...
- 1861 Atlantic of Brooklyn
The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseball's first champion and its first dynasty.Established in 1855, Atlantic was a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic emerged as the recognized champions of...
- 1862 Eckford of Brooklyn
Eckford of Brooklyn, or simply Eckford, was an American baseball club from 1855 to 1872. When the pioneering Union Grounds opened for baseball in 1862, the Eckfords must have been the most important tenant, for they played more games than any other club that year and won the "national"...
- 1863 Eckford of Brooklyn
Eckford of Brooklyn, or simply Eckford, was an American baseball club from 1855 to 1872. When the pioneering Union Grounds opened for baseball in 1862, the Eckfords must have been the most important tenant, for they played more games than any other club that year and won the "national"...
- 1864 Atlantic of Brooklyn
The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseball's first champion and its first dynasty.Established in 1855, Atlantic was a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic emerged as the recognized champions of...
- 1865 Atlantic of Brooklyn
The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseball's first champion and its first dynasty.Established in 1855, Atlantic was a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic emerged as the recognized champions of...
- 1866 Atlantic of Brooklyn
The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseball's first champion and its first dynasty.Established in 1855, Atlantic was a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic emerged as the recognized champions of...
- 1867 Union of Morrisania
- 1868 Mutual of New York
The Mutual Base Ball Club of New York was a leading American baseball club almost throughout its 20-year history. It was established during 1857, the year of the first baseball convention, just too late to be a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players. It was a charter...
- 1869 Atlantic of Brooklyn
The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseball's first champion and its first dynasty.Established in 1855, Atlantic was a founding member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic emerged as the recognized champions of...
- 1870 Chicago White Stockings
The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. They are members of the Central Division of Major League Baseball's National League. They are one of two Major League clubs based in Chicago , the Cubs are also one of the two remaining charter members of the...
Teams with most wins
The won-lost-tied records compiled by Marshall Wright (2000) are not consistently limited to matches between NABBP members.
- 1857 Atlantic (Brooklyn, NY) 7-1-1
- 1858 Mutual (New York, NY) 11-1
- 1859 Excelsior (Brooklyn, NY) 12-3
- 1860 Excelsior (Brooklyn, NY) 18-2-1
- 1861 Mutual (New York, NY) 8-2
- 1862 Eckford (Brooklyn, NY) 14-2
- 1863 Eckford (Brooklyn, NY) 10-0
- 1864 Atlantic (Brooklyn, NY) 20-0-1
- 1865 Atlantic (Brooklyn, NY) 18-0
- 1866 Union (Morrisania, NY) 25-3
- 1867 Athletic (Philadelphia, PA) 44-3
- 1868 Athletic (Philadelphia, PA) 47-3
- 1869 Cincinnati (Cincinnati, OH) 57-0
- 1870 Mutual (New York, NY) 68-17-3