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The Napoleonic Era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution
French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudalism for the aristocracy and Roman Catholic Church clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Age of Enlightenment principles of cit...
, the first being the National Assembly
National Assembly

The National Assembly is either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. The best known National Assembly, and the first legislature to be known by this title, was that established during the French Revolution in 1789, known as the National Assembly ....
, the second being the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly

Legislative Assembly is the name given in some countries to either a legislature, or to one of its chambers of parliament. The name is used by a number of member-states of the Commonwealth of Nations, as well as in a number of Latin American countries....
, and the third being the Directory
French Directory

The Executive Directory was a body of five Directors that held executive branch in France following the French Convention and preceding the French Consulate....
. The Napoleonic Era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état, overthrowing the Directory, establishing the French Consulate
French Consulate

The Consulate was the government of France between the fall of the French Directory in the 18 Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the First French Empire in 1804....
, and ends at the Hundred Days
Hundred Days

The Hundred Days marked the period between Napoleon I of France's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII of France on 8 July 1815 ....
 and his defeat
Battle of Waterloo

In the Battle of Waterloo forces of the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte and Michel Ney were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition, including a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Bl?cher and an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington....
 at Waterloo
Waterloo, Belgium

Waterloo is a Wallonia municipality located in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium. On January 1, 2006, Waterloo had a total population of 29,315....
 (November 9 1799 - June 28 1815).






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The Napoleonic Era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution
French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudalism for the aristocracy and Roman Catholic Church clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Age of Enlightenment principles of cit...
, the first being the National Assembly
National Assembly

The National Assembly is either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. The best known National Assembly, and the first legislature to be known by this title, was that established during the French Revolution in 1789, known as the National Assembly ....
, the second being the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly

Legislative Assembly is the name given in some countries to either a legislature, or to one of its chambers of parliament. The name is used by a number of member-states of the Commonwealth of Nations, as well as in a number of Latin American countries....
, and the third being the Directory
French Directory

The Executive Directory was a body of five Directors that held executive branch in France following the French Convention and preceding the French Consulate....
. The Napoleonic Era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état, overthrowing the Directory, establishing the French Consulate
French Consulate

The Consulate was the government of France between the fall of the French Directory in the 18 Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the First French Empire in 1804....
, and ends at the Hundred Days
Hundred Days

The Hundred Days marked the period between Napoleon I of France's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII of France on 8 July 1815 ....
 and his defeat
Battle of Waterloo

In the Battle of Waterloo forces of the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte and Michel Ney were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition, including a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Bl?cher and an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington....
 at Waterloo
Waterloo, Belgium

Waterloo is a Wallonia municipality located in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium. On January 1, 2006, Waterloo had a total population of 29,315....
 (November 9 1799 - June 28 1815). The Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815....
 soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days.

Rulers of the Napoleonic Era

(after 1807)
  • Frederick I
    Frederick I of Württemberg

    Frederick I was the first King of W?rttemberg. He was known for his size, 2.11 m and about 200 kg , which put him in contrast to Napoleon who recognized him as King of W?rttemberg....
     - Württemberg
    Württemberg

    W?rttemberg [], formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in southwestern Germany, including parts of the regions Swabia and Franconia....
  • Frederick William III
    Frederick William III of Prussia

    Frederick William III was king of Kingdom of Prussia from 1797 to 1840....
     - Prussia
    Prussia

    Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
  • Charles IV
    Charles IV of Spain

    Charles IV was list of Spanish monarchs from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808....
     and later Ferdinand VII
    Ferdinand VII of Spain

    Ferdinand VII was list of Spanish monarchs twice, in 1808, and from 1813 to 1833 . He was also known as 'Ferdinand, the desired'.The eldest surviving son of Charles IV of Spain, king of Spain, and of his wife Maria Louisa of Parma, he was born in the vast palace of El Escorial near Madrid....
     - Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  • Mary I (with John VI
    John VI of Portugal

    Don John Mary Joseph Francis Javier of Paula Louis Anthony Dominic Raphael of Braganza , the Clement , Kings of Portugal of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was born in Lisbon in 1767....
     acting as regent) - Portugal
    Portugal

    Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
  • Ferdinand IV
    Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

    Ferdinand I was King variously of Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sicily, and the Two Sicilies from 1759 until his death. He was the third son of King Charles III of Spain, later Charles III of Spain, King of Sicily by his wife Maria Amalia of Saxony....
     and Maria Carolina - Naples
    Naples

    Naples is a city in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. The city is known for its rich history, art, culture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,800 years old....
     and the Two Sicilies
  • Ferdinand III
    Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

    Ferdinand I was King variously of Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sicily, and the Two Sicilies from 1759 until his death. He was the third son of King Charles III of Spain, later Charles III of Spain, King of Sicily by his wife Maria Amalia of Saxony....
     - Sicily
    Sicily

    Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
     and the Two Sicilies
  • Charles Emmanuel IV
    Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia

    Charles Emmanuel IV was Kingdom of Sardinia from 1796 to 1802....
     - Piedmont-Sardinia
  • William V of Orange - Netherlands
    Netherlands

    The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
  • Alexander I
    Alexander I of Russia

    Alexander I of Russia , also known as Alexander the Blessed served as Tsar of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland....
     - Russian empire
    Russian Empire

    File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
  • Christian VII
    Christian VII of Denmark

    Christian VII was King of Denmark and Norway, and Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1766 until his death. He was the son of Frederick V of Denmark, King of Denmark, and his first consort Louise of Great Britain, daughter of George II of Great Britain....
     - Denmark-Norway
  • Gustav IV
    Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden

    Gustav IV Adolf , was King of Sweden from 1792 until his abdication in 1809. He was the son of Gustav III of Sweden and his queen consort Sophie Magdalena of Denmark, eldest daughter of Frederick V of Denmark and his first wife Louise of Great Britain....
     and later Charles XIII
    Charles XIII of Sweden

    Charles XIII & II , was Monarch of Sweden from 1809 and King of Norway from 1814 until his death. He was the second son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great....
     - Sweden
    Sweden

    Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
  • Selim III
    Selim III

    Selim III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. He was a son of Mustafa III and succeeded his uncle Abdul Hamid I ....
    , Mustafa IV
    Mustafa IV

    Mustafa IV , son of Abd-ul-Hamid I , reigned briefly as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808. He was born in Istanbul. His mother was Valide Sultan Ayse Seniyeperver, Aisha Sina Parvar or Ayse Sine-perver, :tr:Ayse Seniyeperver Sultan, haseki sultan....
    , and Mahmud II
    Mahmud II

    Mahmud II was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. He was born at Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I....
     - Ottoman Empire
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
  • George III of Great Britain, succeeded by King George IV of the United Kingdom
    George IV of the United Kingdom

    George IV was the king of Kingdom of Hanover and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from the death of his father, George III of the United Kingdom, on 29 January 1820 until his own death ten years later....
     as regent from 1811
  • Louis XVIII - Kingdom of France
    Bourbon Restoration

    Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814, the Allies restored the House of Bourbon to the France throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics....
     (6 April 1814 - 20 March 1815; 8 July 1815 - 16 Sept. 1824)
  • Presidents John Adams
    John Adams

    John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
    , Thomas Jefferson
    Thomas Jefferson

    Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States....
    , and James Madison
    James Madison

    James Madison was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States....
      of the newly founded United States of America


Wars of the Napoleonic Era

  • French Revolutionary Wars
    French Revolutionary Wars

    The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts, from 1792 until 1802, fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states....
     (1792 - 1802)
    • French invasion of Egypt (1798)
    • War of the Second Coalition
      War of the Second Coalition

      The "Second Coalition" was the second attempt by other European power s to contain or eliminate French Revolution French First Republic. While Napoleon Bonaparte was leading an expedition to Egypt, a number of France's enemies formed a new alliance and attempted to roll back his previous conquests....
      , (1799 - 1802)
  • Napoleonic Wars
    Napoleonic Wars

    The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
     (1803 - 1815)
    • Napoleon's invasion of England
      Napoleon's invasion of England

      Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom at the start of the War of the Third Coalition, although never carried out, was a major influence on British naval strategy and their fortification of the coast of south-east England....
       (1803 - 1805)
    • War of the Third Coalition, (1805)
    • War of the Fourth Coalition
      War of the Fourth Coalition

      The Fourth Coalition against Napoleon I of France First French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806–1807. Coalition partners included Kingdom of Prussia, Imperial Russia, Kingdom of Saxony, First War against Napoleon, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland....
      , (1806 - 1807)
    • Gunboat War
      Gunboat War

      The Gunboat War was the naval conflict between Denmark?Norway and the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. The war's name is derived from the Danish tactic of employing small gunboats against the conventional Royal Navy....
      , (1809 - 1814)
    • Peninsular War
      Peninsular War

      The Peninsular War or Spanish War of Independence was a contest between First French Empire and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Kingdom of Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars....
      , (1808 - 1814)
    • War of the Fifth Coalition
      War of the Fifth Coalition

      The War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 pitted a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against Napoleon I of France's First French Empire and Bavaria....
      , (1809)
    • French invasion of Russia (1812)
      French invasion of Russia (1812)

      The French invasion of Russia of 1812 was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign reduced the First French Empire and allied invasion forces to a tiny fraction of their initial strength....
    • War of the Sixth Coalition
      War of the Sixth Coalition

      In the War of the Sixth Coalition , a coalition of Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, Russian Empire, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and a number of Confederation of the Rhine finally defeated First French Empire and drove Napoleon I of France into exile on Elba....
      , (1812 - 1814)
    • Hundred Days
      Hundred Days

      The Hundred Days marked the period between Napoleon I of France's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII of France on 8 July 1815 ....
      , (1815)
  • War of 1812
    War of 1812

    The War of 1812, between the United States of America and the British Empire , was fought from 1812 to 1815.There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S....
    , (1812 - 1815)


Major battles during the Napoleonic Era

  • Battle of Abukir
    Battle of Abukir (1801)

    The Battle of Abukir was the second battle of the Egyptian campaign in the French Revolutionary Wars, fought on 8 March 1801 at Abu Qir on the Mediterranean coast, near the Nile delta....
     1801
  • Battle of Aspern-Essling
    Battle of Aspern-Essling

    In the Battle of Aspern-Essling , Napoleon I of France attempted a forced crossing of the Danube near Vienna, but the French and their allies were driven back by the Austrian Empire under Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen....
     1809
  • Battle of Austerlitz
    Battle of Austerlitz

    The Battle of Austerlitz also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon I of France greatest victories, effectively destroying the Third Coalition against the First French Empire....
     1805
  • Battle of Bautzen
    Battle of Bautzen

    In the Battle of Bautzen a combined Imperial Russia/Kingdom of Prussia army was pushed back by Napoleon I of France, but escaped destruction, some sources claim, because Michel Ney failed to block their retreat....
     1813
  • Battle of Borodino
    Battle of Borodino

    The Battle of Borodino , fought on September 7, 1812, was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars, involving more than 250,000 troops and resulting in at least 70,000 casualties....
     1812
  • Battle of Copenhagen
    Battle of Copenhagen (1801)

    In the Battle of Copenhagen , a United Kingdom of Great Britain fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, fought against and decisively defeated a Denmark?Norway Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy anchored just off Copenhagen on April 2, 1801....
     1801
  • Battle of Dresden
    Battle of Dresden

    The Battle of Dresden was fought on August 26-27 August, 1813 around Dresden, Germany, resulting in a France victory under Napoleon I of France against forces of the Sixth Coalition of Austrian Empirens, Imperial Russians and Prussians under Field Marshal Karl Philipp F?rst zu Schwarzenberg....
     1813
  • Battle of Eckmühl
    Battle of Eckmühl

    The Battle of Eckm?hl fought on 21 April – 22 April, 1809, was the turning point of the 1809 Campaign, also known as the War of the Fifth Coalition....
     1809
  • Battle of Eylau
    Battle of Eylau

    The Battle of Eylau or Battle of Preussisch-Eylau was a bloody and inconclusive battle between Napoleon I of France Grande Arm?e and a mostly Russian Empire army under Levin August, count von Bennigsen near the town of Preu?isch Eylau in East Prussia....
     1807
  • Battle of Friedland
    Battle of Friedland

    The Battle of Friedland saw Napoleon Bonaparte's French army decisively defeat Levin August, Count von Bennigsen's Russian army about twenty-seven miles southeast of K?nigsberg....
     1807
  • Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
    Battle of Jena-Auerstedt

    The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia....
     1806
  • Battle of Leipzig
    Battle of Leipzig

    The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations, fought on 16?19 October, 1813, was one of the most decisive defeats suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte....
     1813
  • Battle of Lützen
    Battle of Lützen (1813)

    In the Battle of L?tzen , Napoleon I of France lured a combined Prussian and Russian force into a trap, halting the advances of the War of the Sixth Coalition after his Napoleon's invasion of Russia....
     1813
  • Battle of Marengo 1800
  • Battle of Salamanca
    Battle of Salamanca

    The Battle of Salamanca saw an United Kingdom-Spain-Portugal army under General Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington defeat Marshal Auguste Marmont's France forces among the hills around Arapiles, Salamanca south of Salamanca, Spain on July 22 1812 during the Peninsular War....
     1812
  • Battle of Somosierra
    Battle of Somosierra

    At the Battle of Somosierra a heavily outnumbered Spanish force failed to prevent Napoleon I of France from capturing Madrid in the Peninsular War....
     1808
  • Battle of Talavera 1809
  • Battle of Trafalgar
    Battle of Trafalgar

    The Battle of Trafalgar was a sea battle fought between the United Kingdom Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French Navy and Spanish Navy , during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars ....
     1805
  • Battle of Vimiero 1808
  • Battle of Vitoria
    Battle of Vitoria

    At the Battle of Vitoria an allied United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Portugal, and Spain army under Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington broke the France army under Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan near Vitoria-Gasteiz in Spain, leading to eventual victory in the Peninsular War....
     1813
  • Battle of Wagram
    Battle of Wagram

    In the Battle of Wagram Napoleon I of France's First French Empire forces defeated Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Austrian Empire army, near Vienna, effectively bringing the War of the Fifth Coalition to an end....
     1809
  • Battle of Waterloo
    Battle of Waterloo

    In the Battle of Waterloo forces of the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte and Michel Ney were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition, including a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Bl?cher and an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington....
     1815