ZimbabweZimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers...
an musicMusic is an art form whose medium is sound. Common elements of music are pitch , rhythm , dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture...
includes
folkThe term folk music originated in the 19th century as a term for musical folklore. It has been defined in several ways; as music transmitted by word of mouth, music of the lower classes, music with no known composer...
and
popPopular music belongs to any of a number of musical genres, and stands in contrast to art music, and traditional music which was disseminated orally...
styles, much of it based on the well-known instrument the
mbiraIn African music, the mbira is a musical instrument consisting of a wooden board to which staggered metal keys have been attached. It is often fitted into a resonator...
which is also popular in many other African countries. An annual Zimbabwe Music Festival is held each year in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. People from all over the world attend this festival and share the experience of Zimbabwean music and culture. Popular genres in Zimbabwe include native
ChimurengaChimurenga music is a Zimbabwean popular music genre coined by and popularised by Thomas Mapfumo. Chimurenga is a Shona language word for struggle. The word's modern interpretation has been extended to describe a struggle for human rights, political dignity and social justice...
and imported rumba,
soukousSoukous is a musical genre that originated in the two neighbouring countries of Belgian Congo and French Congo during the 1930s and early 1940s, and which has gained popularity throughout Africa...
and
rock and rollRock and roll is a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States after World War II in the late 1940s, from a combination of the rhythms of the blues, from the African American culture, and from America's country music and gospel music scenes...
. See also:
Shona musicShona music is the music of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. There are several different types of traditional Shona music including mbira, singing, hosho and drumming. Very often, this music will be accompanied by dancing, and participation by the audience...
. Some songs include "Freedom" a song that is very simple but effective, played on the mbira but can be played on the keyboard or base guitar.
Mbira
The
mbiraIn African music, the mbira is a musical instrument consisting of a wooden board to which staggered metal keys have been attached. It is often fitted into a resonator...
, often called a
thumb pianoThe African thumb piano is a musical instrument that is a type of plucked idiophone common throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Thumb pianos traditionally consist of a wooden board to which metal tines of varying lengths are affixed. The longest tines are typically in the center, with shorter tines...
, is an integral part of Zimbabwean music. It is played while in a halved
calabashThe calabash or bottle gourd is a vine grown for its fruit, which can either be harvested young and used as a vegetable or harvested mature, dried, and used as a bottle, utensil, or pipe. For this reason, one of the calabash subspecies is known as the bottle gourd. The fresh fruit has a light...
which amplifies the sound and distorts it using shells or bottle caps placed around the edges. Though musicologist
Hugh TraceyHugh Tracey was an important twentieth century ethnomusicologist. He and his wife collected and archived music from Southern and Central Africa. He began making field recordings of music in the early 20's, through the 70's....
believed the mbira to be nearing extinction in the 1930s, the instrument has been revived since the 60s and 70s, and has gained an international following through the
world musicWorld music is the traditional music or folk music of a culture that is created and played by indigenous musicians that is closely related to the music of the regions of their origin.-Terminology:...
scene. Some renowned mbira players include
Dumisani MaraireAbraham Dumisani Maraire , known to friends as "Dumi," was a master performer of the mbira, a traditional instrument of the Shona ethnic group of Zimbabwe. He specialized in the form of mbira called nyunga nyunga, as well as the Zimbabwean marimba...
,
Ephat MujuruEphat Mujuru , a Zimbabwean musician, was one of the 20th century's finest players of the mbira, a traditional instrument of the Shona ethnic group of Zimbabwe....
,
Forward KwendaForward Kwenda is one of the most respected mbira performers in Zimbabwe. He was born in the rural Buhera area in Manicaland, an area known for its fierce resistance to colonial rulers and respect for Shona tradition. As a young boy, Forward excelled in traditional dance and recitation of ancient...
,
Stella ChiwesheStella Chiweshe is a Zimbabwean musician. She is internationally known for her singing and playing of the mbira dzavadzimu, a traditional instrument of the Shona people of Zimbabwe...
,
Chartwell DutiroChartwell Shorayi Dutiro started playing mbira when he was four at the protected village, Kagande, about two hours drive from Harare where his family was moved by the Salvation Army missionaries during the Chimurenga. Even though the missionaries had banned traditional music, he learned to play...
, Beauler Dyoko,
Cosmas MagayaCosmas Magaya is a renowned Zimbabwean mbira player and teacher. He was born in 1953 in Zimbabwe, and grew up in the rural areas surrounging Mhondoro. He helped Paul Berliner write the book The Soul of Mbira....
, Musekiwa Chingodza, Hakurotwi Mude,
Chiwoniso MaraireChiwoniso Maraire . Daughter of famed Zimbabwean mbira master Dumisani Maraire, she is an accomplished singer, songwriter, and exponent of zimbabwean mbira music....
and Tute Chigamba.
Mbira DzeNjari is a mbira music genre
popular along the eastern border of Zimbabwe. The mbira instrument has 32 keys, far more complicated than other types of mbira instruments. Not a lot is known about this type of mbira. Foreign students from
University of WashingtonUniversity of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. UW is the largest university in the northwestern United States and one of the oldest public universities on the west coast. The university has three campuses, with its flagship campus...
recorded some of the music during the Zimbabwe liberation war in
ZimunyaZimunya is a village in the province of Manicaland, Zimbabwe located 15 km south of Mutare in the Zimunya communal land. According to the 1982 Population Census, the village had a population of 1,381....
communal lands from prominent musicians in the area like Mombo Chiwanza and Nyika Musabayana Zimunya. The latter recorded one known single at Gramma Records, titled: Adzimai garaimwandichema. Other leading mbira groups include MbiraDzenharira, Maungira Enharira and Mbira Dzechirorodziva
There is also pop music in Zimbabwe that incorporates their indigenous instruments. Although the mbira is traditionally played as ceremonial music to call spirits, there are many who play it in world-fusion music and get successful radio play and album sales in Zimbabwe and other countries in Africa. For example, mbira player
Chris BerryChris Berry is a master of both mbira and the ngoma drum, from the Shona people of Southern Africa. He has earned the title of gwenyambira , a distinction reserved only for those who have achieved the highest fusion of the technical and the magical in Shona music...
with his band Panjea have reached platinum record sales in Zimbabwe and
MozambiqueMozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. It was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498...
, playing a style of music based on traditional mbira rhythms and melodies, but incorporating various other instruments and styles (like hip-hop and
dancehallDancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that developed in the late 1970s, initially as a more sparse and less political and religious variant of reggae than the roots style that had dominated much of the 1970s....
).
Sungura
This is the local genre of the Zimbabwe music industry. Sungura music became popular in the early 1980s, pioneered by frontman Ephraim Joe and his band Sungura Boys which counted many notable future hitmakers as members. their roll included John Chibadura (guitar)
Simon ChimbetuSimon Chimbetu a.k.a. Chopper, was a Zimbabwean guitarist, vocalist and composer. He was the founding member his band Orchestra Dendera Kings.- Early life :...
(guitar and vocals) Naison Chimbetu, Ronnie Chataika, Michael Jambo (drums), Ephraim Joe (guitar), Moses Marasha (bass), Never Moyo (lead guitar), Bata Sinfirio (rhythm guitar),
System TazvidaSystem Tazvida was a Zimbabwean musician very popular in his home country mainly in the 1990s, though not as well known internationally. Tazvida wrote and performed songs mainly in his native Shona tongue....
(guitar and vocals).
The Khiama Boys emerged as natural successors to the Sungura Boys after their demise during the mid eighties. Members would include System Tazvida, Nicholas Zacharia, Alick Macheso and Zakaria Zacharia. A great number of these artistes have gone on to forge successful careers with their own bands whilst Nicholas Zacharia has remained as the leader of the band and is still active as of 2008.
James Chimombe,whose romantic ballads and the influential sungura guitar melody, (consisting of Lead, Rhythm and base,) made him the a favorite of late 80s. As he played at popular night spots before he became a permanent resident at Club Hide Out 99 which anybody who was somebody, revelled at from Politicians, Businessmen, Celebrities and all who wanted to have a good time.
The 90s was dominated by musicians include
Leonard DemboLeonard Dembo , was a Zimbabwean guitar-band musician who became extremely popular in Zimbabwe during the 1990s with his band the 'Barura Express'.- Early Childhood :...
, the effervescent Khiama Boys, veteran Simon Chimbetu and up coming artistes Alick Macheso,
Tongai MoyoTongai Moyo is a contemporary Zimbabwean musician, often referred to as Dewa. Born and raised in Kwekwe, Dewa rose to fame in the late 1990s as a solo-artist with the Utakataka express.....
and Somadhla Ndebele. The star of the decade was non other than
Leonard ZhakataLeonard Karikoga Zhakata is a popular Zimbabwean musician and singer. He writes and performs songs mainly in his native Shona tongue....
whose musical project was a spin off of the double play Maungwe Brothers, an act fronted by Zhakata and his cousin Thomas Makion.
The decade 2000 till presence has been characterised by a wrangle for the crown for the kingship of Sungura between the two great superstars of the decade, Alick Macheso and Tongai Moyo. Having dominated sales, tour and concert attendances, the heckling and counter heckling by the artists at shows and in some recorded material is strong proof that there is little doubt that the current feud is far from end.
Other artists to come through this decade include Joseph Garakara, Gift Amuli and Daiton Somanje.
Chimurenga
Thomas MapfumoThomas Tafirenyika Mapfumo is a Zimbabwean musician known as "The Lion of Zimbabwe" and "Mukanya" for his immense popularity and for the political influence he wields through his music, including his sharp criticism of the government of President Robert Mugabe...
, master of
ChimurengaChimurenga music is a Zimbabwean popular music genre coined by and popularised by Thomas Mapfumo. Chimurenga is a Shona language word for struggle. The word's modern interpretation has been extended to describe a struggle for human rights, political dignity and social justice...
, is probably the best known Zimbabwean musician outside of the country. He began his career singing
coversIn popular music, a cover version, or simply cover, is a new rendition of a previously recorded, commercially released song or popular song...
of Western hits in the 1960s, then began moving in a more experimental direction in the following decade. He founded Blacks Unlimited in 1978, by then singing in
ShonaShona is a Bantu language, native to the Shona people of Zimbabwe and southern Zambia; the term is also used to identify peoples who speak one of the Shona language dialects, namely Zezuru, Karanga, Manyika, Ndau and Korekore. Shona is a principal language of Zimbabwe, along with Ndebele and the...
and using traditional rhythms. By the end of the 1980s, he was using actual mbiras in his band. Chimurenga was a tool of social activism and provided a means of communicating without others knowing (since the lyrics were in Shona).
Tuku Music
Oliver "Tuku" Mtukudzi is a prolific recorder who has also appeared in films like
Jit. He plays in a plethora of styles, and is known for penetrating lyrics; for example, he wrote the first song about
AIDSAcquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ....
in Zimbabwe.
Jit
JitJit is a style of popular Zimbabwean dance music. It features a swift rhythm played on drums and accompanied by a guitar. Jit evolved out many diverse influences, including domestic chimurenga, Congolese rumba and Tanzanian guitar styles...
is a generic term for electric guitar-driven pop, and includes wildly popular groups like the New Black Eagles and the
Four Brothers"Four Brothers" is a jazz standard composed by Jimmy Giuffre and performed by the Woody Herman Orchestra.The song features four saxes in an arrangement that gives each "brother" a solo and culminates in a hard-swinging sax section chorus.The song so typifies the sound of Woody Herman's second...
. Internationally, The Bhundu Boys are by far the best-known jit performers, and have worked with numerous American and British musicians.
Rumba
African Rumba, or 'Soukos' is mostly associated with the
Congo-KinshasaThe Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country located in Central Africa, with a small length of Atlantic coastline. It is the third largest country in Africa...
but its popularity has inspired Zimbabwe's own brand of rumba in musicians such as
Simon ChimbetuSimon Chimbetu a.k.a. Chopper, was a Zimbabwean guitarist, vocalist and composer. He was the founding member his band Orchestra Dendera Kings.- Early life :...
and Leonard Karikoga Zhakata. Soukos has been an influence on other artists such as
The R.U.N.N. familyR.U.N.N. family were a Zimbabwean musical group that had several hits in the 1980s, whose songs combined mbira-inspired music with reggae and rhumba influences....
. Nowadays, Zimbabwean rumba is more popular than imported rumba.
Gospel
Gospel music became popular in Zimbabwe in the late 1980s with stars like Jordan Chataika Freedom Sengwayo, Mechanic Manyeruke and
Jonathan WutawunasheJonathan Wutawunashe is a songwriter, guitarist, keyboard player and producer.His whose lead has inspired many artists in Zimbabwe, the Southern African region, and as far afield as the North Atlantic....
was the first star of Zimbabwean gospel, and the genre has continued to grow in popularity. Brian Sibalo and Mechanic Manyeruke also became very popular in the early nineties.
The mid nineties saw the rising of new gospel stars in the mold of Ivy Kombo - Moyo and
Carol Chivengwa - Mujokoro of the EGEA gospel Train whose dubut album Mufudzi Wangu was released in 1994 and contains tracks such as "Be Thou My Vision", "Ndotarisa Kumakomo" and "Utiziro" among others. The two went on to pursue successful solo musical careers and released "Ndaidziwanepi Nyasha" and
Ropa RaJesu as their debut solo albums respectively.
Other gospel artists who emerged from the nineties include Lawrence Haisa, Brother Sam with his hits "Makanaka Jesu" and "Cherechedza", Elias Musakwa, Rita Shinhiwa, The Gospel Trumpet of the "Rose Of Sharon" fame and
Shingisai Suluma who only became popular in the early two thousands with the hit song "Mirira Mangwanani"; though she first recorded in the nineties.
In the late-nineties, Charles Charamba, a rising artist, grew in popularity, and currently holds gospel sales records. His music became popular into the first decade of the 21st century, most likely due to his Sungura-based contemporary style.
In the early two thousands, a lot of gospel artists also recorded, though a few really rose to stardom. These include Fungisai Zvakavapano - Mashavave who has risen to become the most dominant female gospel musician in the current era, Stanley Gwanzura (Pastor Gee), Kudzai Nyakudya and gospel
a cappellaA cappella music is vocal music or singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. A cappella was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style...
outfits like Vabati VaJehovah and Shower Power
Bulawayo
The
NdebeleThe Ndebele are a branch of the Zulus who split from King Shaka in the early 1820s under the leadership of Mzilikazi, a former general in Shaka's army....
-dominated region of the southwest of Zimbabwe, including the city
BulawayoBulawayo is the second largest city in Zimbabwe, after the capital Harare, with a population in 2009 of 1,500,000. It is located in Matabeleland, 439 km south-west of Harare, and is now treated as a separate provincial area from Matabeleland...
, has been instrumental in the development of Zimbabwean music. Seminal 1950s guitarist George Sibanda had a following across Africa, and
Dorothy MasukaDorothy Masuka is a jazz singer who was born in Zimbabwe in 1935, then called Southern Rhodesia. She was the fourth of seven children and her mother was Zulu while her father was a Zambian hotel chef. Still, she attended a Catholic school deemed good by the standards of education allowed blacks....
was a major player on the South African jazz scene, for example. Among the most popular performers of the region within Zimbabwe, however, was 1980s Ndebele pop sensation
Lovemore MajaivanaLovemore "Majaivana" Tshuma , commonly known as Lovemore Majaivana is a Zimbabwean musician, arguably the most popular Ndebele singer, and by far the most prominent to have ever came out of Bulawayo...
. Ndebele musicians who are active are Black Umfolosi, Insingizi Majahawodwa Ndlovu, Sandra Ndebele, Lwazi Tshabangu, Kuxxman,Go Boyz, Achuzi, Beate Mangethe,
Vusa Mkhaya*Vusa Mkhaya is a musician from Bulawayo Zimbabwe. His debut CD is titled The Spirit Of Ubuntu and is released under his label Mkhaya Music Productions. He is also a member of Insingizi, an Acappella trio also from Bulawayo Zimbabwe....
, Afrika Revenge and
RamaduRamadu a.k.a Dumisani Moyo was born on the 26th of June 1975 in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. He began his career as a professional musician by joining imbube group Insingizi in 1990 formally known as Insingizi Emnyama....
. The marginalisation of Bulawayo artists in Zimbabwe saw the influence of South African music dominating hence the emergence of kwaito music in Bulawayo pioneered by Go-Boyz in 1996 and more groups like GTI, Achuzi, Amagangsters etc emerged.A brand of Jazz was created in Bulawayo,in the 1940s and 1950s, and made was popular by August Musarurwa with his African Dance Band of the Cold Storage Commission of Southern Rhodesia . He recorded the legendary song Sikokiana which went on to be recorded in USA by Louis Amstrong and many others.
See also: Zimbabwean hip hopZimbabwean hip hop emerged to significance in the early 1990s.-Description:There are many Zimbabwean Hip hop acts, in and around the world, with varying degrees of success. The majority of them are heavily influenced by American East Coast hip hop, with the younger ones leaning more toward the new...
Lyrics
Zimbabwean musicians' lyrics mostly contain encouragement of upholding good social values in the family and society as whole. Such lyrics can be seen on songs by artists like Oliver Mtukudzi,
Simon ChimbetuSimon Chimbetu a.k.a. Chopper, was a Zimbabwean guitarist, vocalist and composer. He was the founding member his band Orchestra Dendera Kings.- Early life :...
,
Louis MhlangaLouis Mhlanga is a South African based Zimbabwean award-winning guitarist and producer. Mhlanga taught himself playing the guitar at a tender age and is considered one of the best Southern African guitarists....
, John Chibadura, Steve Makoni,
Bhundu BoysThe Bhundu Boys were a Zimbabwean band that played a mixture of chimurenga music with American rock and roll, disco, country, and pop influences...
and many others. Of note however is
Thomas MapfumoThomas Tafirenyika Mapfumo is a Zimbabwean musician known as "The Lion of Zimbabwe" and "Mukanya" for his immense popularity and for the political influence he wields through his music, including his sharp criticism of the government of President Robert Mugabe...
, whose lyrics are mainly political and encourage good leadership and rising against bad governance - Most of his albums are named after a word meaning
UprisingRebellion is a refusal of obedience or order. It may, therefore, be seen as encompassing a range of behaviors from civil disobedience and mass nonviolent resistance, to violent and organized attempts to destroy an established authority such as the government. Those who participate in rebellions are...
or
War of LiberationA War of liberation is a conflict which is primarily intended to bring freedom or independence to a nation or group. Examples might include a war to overthrow a colonial power, or to remove a dictator from power. Such wars are often unconventional....
, "
ChimurengaChimurenga is a Shona word for 'revolutionary struggle'. The word's modern interpretation has been extended to describe a struggle for human rights, political dignity and social justice, specifically used for the African insurrections against British colonial rule 1896-1897 and the guerrilla war...
". His music has earned him the wrath of the ZANU-PF government resulting in the banning of most of his music on state owned radio and TV. Another outstanding musician with striking lyrics is the late
System TazvidaSystem Tazvida was a Zimbabwean musician very popular in his home country mainly in the 1990s, though not as well known internationally. Tazvida wrote and performed songs mainly in his native Shona tongue....
of the
Chazezesa ChallengersChazezesa Challengers are a Zimbabwean Sungura music band formed in 1993 under the direction of the late System Tazvida in Chitungwiza. System, a Khiama Boys alumnus, grew sick of not receiving his fair share of royalties and decided to form his own band. Both his stints in Khiama Boys and the...
. His lyrics were mainly centered on the subject of "
LoveLove is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection and attachment. The word love can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic pleasure to intense interpersonal attraction...
" and this gained him popularity with songs like "Anodyiwa Haataure", "Ukarambwa Usachema", "Vanotipedzera Mashoko" and "Dai Hanzvadzi Yairoorwa".
With the coming of "Urban Grooves" the lyrics content is resembling that of American RnB, Hip Hop and Pop music which the younger generations listen to. One artist Maskiri is known for imitating
EminemMarshall Bruce Mathers III , known by his primary stage name Eminem, or by his alter ego Slim Shady, is an American rapper, record producer and actor. Eminem quickly gained popularity in 1999 with his major-label debut album The Slim Shady LP, which won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album...
's style of controversial lyrics.
Urban Grooves
This is a new type of music in Zimbabwe that is sung by young musicians and generally appeals more to youthful listeners. Coming on the music scene around 1999 Urban grooves mainly gained ground because of the 100% local content policy advocated for by unpopular former Information Minister
Jonathan MoyoJonathan Nathaniel Moyo is a controversial political figure in Zimbabwe. He was Minister of Information from 2000 to 2005 and is currently a Member of Parliament. He is considered the core architect of AIPPA and POSA....
. The policy required all radio stations to play only music by local artists for the sake of promoting local talent. This policy was reversed after the expulsion of the Information Minister from government in 2005. The 100% local content policy saw the rising of many new artists like Sanii Makhalima, Roy and Royce, David Chifunyise, Roqui, Leonard Mapfumo, Betty Makaya, Extra Large,
MaskiriMaskiri is a controversial Zimbabwean rapper whose rapping style is similar to that of the American rapper Eminem. He rose to fame in late 2002 with the track 'Muchinda Wangu' which later featured on his debut album 'Muviri Wese'...
to mention a few. The style of music closely resembles American Rap, Hip Hop, RnB, Soul and other international music genres.
This "imitation" of the West has resulted in Urban Grooves being unpopular with older listeners and artists who accuse the younger generation of shunning their cultural music and identity. At the moment a young lady that has somewhat tried to increase popularity in the Southern African region is Tia. One of her videos was showcased on the popular African Music Channel (Channel O) and this saw her gaining ground on most urban groovers. However, Channel O has not discreminated any musicians in Zimbabwe and has actually encouraged them to bring forth their music videos. To assist these young talented Urban Groovers in their quest for perfection is a company known as Broadshow Events owned by (Sharon Chatambudza) closely working together with (Kevin Mafunga-Events Co-ordinator). Some of the young talent that the company has signed so far includes the top brass of the Urban Groovers Rocqui, Stunner and XQ.
See also
- Paul Berliner
Paul Berliner is a twentieth century ethnomusicologist, best known for specializing in African Music as well as Jazz and other improvisational systems. He is best known for his popular ethnomusicology book on the Zimbabwean mbira, The Soul of Mbira: music and traditions of the Shona people of...
- International Library of African Music
The International Library of African Music is an organization dedicated to the preservation and study of African music. It is seated in Grahamstown, South Africa and is closely affiliated with Rhodes University....
- Mbira
In African music, the mbira is a musical instrument consisting of a wooden board to which staggered metal keys have been attached. It is often fitted into a resonator...
- Shona music
Shona music is the music of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. There are several different types of traditional Shona music including mbira, singing, hosho and drumming. Very often, this music will be accompanied by dancing, and participation by the audience...
- Hugh Tracey
Hugh Tracey was an important twentieth century ethnomusicologist. He and his wife collected and archived music from Southern and Central Africa. He began making field recordings of music in the early 20's, through the 70's....
- Zimbabwean Marimba
- TinMan and Mapounds
External links
- ZimSplash Radio - The African Urban Music Station
- ZimFest Annual Zimbabwean Music Festival in North America
- Ruzivo Marimba Ruzivo Marimba, Seattle, Washington
- Zambuko Solomon Murungu's Shona Music Site
- Mbira.org Erica Azim's site, based in Berkeley
Berkeley is a city on the east shore of the San Francisco Bay in Northern California, United States. Its neighbors to the south are the cities of Oakland and Emeryville. To the north is the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington...
, CA
- Zimvibes Zimbabwe Urban Music, Promoting artists.
- Zimbabwe Music Lyrics, and more - Zimbabwean music on Museke.com
- Dandemutande Shona Music site and mailing list
- Sadza Marimba & Mbira Band, based in Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz is the county seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County, California in the United States of America. As of the 2006 census estimate, Santa Cruz had a total population of 54,778, up 0.3% from the 2000 Census...
, CA
- Harare based in London, UK, Harare are one of the few groups to be playing Zimbabwean dance music in Europe