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Murray Gell-Mann (born September 15, 1929) is an American
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
 physicist
Physicist

A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many Physics#Major fields of physics spanning all length scales: from atom particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole ....
 who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics
Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in chemistry, Nobel Prize in literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine....
 for his work on the theory of elementary particle
Particle physics

Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary particle constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them....
s.

Among his many accomplishments, he formulated the quark model
Quark model

In physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks, i.e., the quarks which give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons....
 of hadronic resonances, and identified the SU(3) flavor symmetry of the light quarks, extending isospin
Isospin

In physics, and specifically, particle physics, isospin is a quantum number related to the strong interaction. This term was derived from isotopic spin, but the term is confusing as two isotopes of a nucleus have different numbers of nucleons; in contrast, rotations of isospin maintain the number of nucleons....
 to include strangeness
Strange quark

The strange quark is a second-generation quark with a charge of −elementary charge and a strangeness of −1. It is the third-lightest quark after the up quark and down quarks, with a mass of somewhere between 80 and 130 MeV....
, which he also discovered. He discovered the V-A theory of chiral neutrinos in collaboration with Richard Feynman
Richard Feynman

Richard Phillips Feynman was an United States physicist known for the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as work in particle physics ....
.






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Murray Gell-Mann (born September 15, 1929) is an American
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
 physicist
Physicist

A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many Physics#Major fields of physics spanning all length scales: from atom particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole ....
 who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics
Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in chemistry, Nobel Prize in literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine....
 for his work on the theory of elementary particle
Particle physics

Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary particle constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them....
s.

Among his many accomplishments, he formulated the quark model
Quark model

In physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks, i.e., the quarks which give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons....
 of hadronic resonances, and identified the SU(3) flavor symmetry of the light quarks, extending isospin
Isospin

In physics, and specifically, particle physics, isospin is a quantum number related to the strong interaction. This term was derived from isotopic spin, but the term is confusing as two isotopes of a nucleus have different numbers of nucleons; in contrast, rotations of isospin maintain the number of nucleons....
 to include strangeness
Strange quark

The strange quark is a second-generation quark with a charge of −elementary charge and a strangeness of −1. It is the third-lightest quark after the up quark and down quarks, with a mass of somewhere between 80 and 130 MeV....
, which he also discovered. He discovered the V-A theory of chiral neutrinos in collaboration with Richard Feynman
Richard Feynman

Richard Phillips Feynman was an United States physicist known for the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as work in particle physics ....
. He created current algebra
Current algebra

Current algebra is a mathematical framework in quantum field theory where the fields form a Lie algebra under their commutation relations.For instance, in a non-Abelian Yang?Mills symmetry, where ρ is the charge density,...
 in the 1960s as a way of extracting predictions from quark models when the fundamental theory was still murky, which led to model-independent sum rule
Sum rule

Sum rule may refer to:*Sum rule in differentiation*Sum rule in integration*Rule of sum, a counting principle in combinatorics*Sum rule in quantum mechanics...
s confirmed by experiment.

Gell-Mann, along with Levy, discovered the sigma model of pions, which describes low energy pion interactions. Modifying the integer-charged quark model of Han and Nambu, Fritsch and Gell-Mann were the first to write down the modern accepted theory of quantum chromodynamics
Quantum chromodynamics

Quantum chromodynamics is a theory of the strong interaction , a fundamental force describing the interactions of the quarks and gluons making up hadrons ....
 although they did not anticipate asymptotic freedom
Asymptotic freedom

In physics, asymptotic freedom is the property of some gauge theory in which the interaction between the particles, such as quarks, becomes arbitrarily weak at ever shorter distances, i.e....
.

Gell-Mann is responsible for the see-saw theory of neutrino masses, that produces masses at the inverse-GUT scale in any theory with a right-handed neutrino, like the SO(10) model.

He is also known to have played a large role in keeping string theory alive through the 1970s, supporting that line of research at a time when it was unpopular.

Biography

Born on New York's Lower East Side into a family of Jewish immigrants from Czernowitz , Gell-Mann quickly revealed himself as a child prodigy
Child prodigy

A child prodigy is someone who at an early age masters one or more skills at an adult level. One heuristic for classifying prodigies is: a prodigy is a child, typically younger than 13 years old, who is performing at the level of a highly trained adult in a very demanding field of endeavor....
. Propelled by an intense boyhood curiosity and love for nature, he entered Yale
Yale University

Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, Yale is the Colonial Colleges institution of higher education in the United States and is a member of the Ivy League....
 at fifteen after graduating valedictorian
Valedictorian

Valedictorian is an academic title typically conferred in North America upon the highest ranked student among those being graduated from an educational institution....
 from the Columbia Grammar and Preparatory School. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 1969 for his discovery of a system for classifying subatomic particles.

Gell-Mann's work in the 1950s involved recently discovered cosmic ray
Cosmic ray

Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on Earth's atmosphere. Almost 90% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are protons, about 9% are helium nuclei and about 1% are electrons ....
 particles that came to be called kaon
Kaon

In particle physics, a kaon is any one of a group of four mesons distinguished by the fact that they carry a quantum number called Strangeness ....
s and hyperon
Hyperon

In particle physics, a hyperon is any baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm quarks or bottom quarks....
s. Classifying these particles led him to propose a new quantum number
Quantum number

Quantum numbers describe values of conserved numbers in the dynamics of the quantum system. They often describe specifically the energies of electrons in atoms, but other possibilities include angular momentum, Spin etc....
 called strangeness. Another of Gell-Mann's triumphs is the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula

The Gell-Mann?Nishijima formula relates the baryon number B, the strangeness S, the isospin Iz of hadrons to the charge Q....
, which was, initially, a formula from empirical results, but was later explained by the quark model. Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais
Abraham Pais

Abraham Pais was a Netherlands-born United States physicist and science historian. Pais earned his Ph.D. from University of Utrecht just prior to a Nazi ban on Jews participation in Dutch universities during World War II....
 were involved in explaining many puzzling aspects of the physics of these particles.

In 1961, this led him (and Kazuhiko Nishijima) to introduce a classification of elementary particles called hadron
Hadron

In particle physics, a hadron is a bound state of quarks. Hadrons are held together by the strong interaction, similarly to how molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force....
s (also independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman
Yuval Ne'eman

Yuval Ne'eman , was an Israeli soldier, Physics and politician, serving as a Minister during the 1980s and early 1990s. He was a self-declared atheist....
 at six months earlier). This scheme is now explained by the quark model
Quark model

In physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks, i.e., the quarks which give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons....
. Gell-Mann's own name for the classification scheme was the eightfold way
Eightfold way (physics)

In physics, the Eightfold Way is a term coined by United States physicist Murray Gell-Mann for a theory organizing subatomic baryons and mesons into octets ....
, because of the octets of particles in the classification. The term is a reference to the eightfold way of Buddhism
Noble Eightfold Path

The Noble Eightfold Path is one of the principal Dharma of Gautama Buddha, who described it as the way leading to the cessation of suffering and the achievement of self-awakening....
 — a choice which is reflective of Gell-Mann's eclectic interests.

Gell-Mann, and, independently, George Zweig
George Zweig

George Zweig was originally trained as a particle physicist under Richard Feynman and later turned his attention to neurobiology. He spent a number of years as a Research Scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory and MIT, but as of 2004, has gone on to work in the financial services industry....
, went on, in 1964, to postulate the existence of quark
Quark

Quarks are a type of elementary particle and major constituents of matter. They are the only particles in the Standard Model to experience all four fundamental interaction, which are also known as fundamental interactions....
s, the particles from which the hadron
Hadron

In particle physics, a hadron is a bound state of quarks. Hadrons are held together by the strong interaction, similarly to how molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force....
s are composed. The name was coined by Gell-Mann and is a reference to the novel Finnegans Wake
Finnegans Wake

Finnegans Wake is a work of Comic novel by Irish literature James Joyce, which is recognised for its difficulty for the reader and its experimental style....
, by James Joyce
James Joyce

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Ireland expatriate author of the 20th century. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake , as well as the short story collection Dubliners and the semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ....
 ("Three quarks for Muster Mark!" - book 2, episode 4). Zweig had referred to the particles as "aces" but Gell-Mann's name caught on.

Quarks were soon accepted as the underlying elementary objects in the study of the structure of hadrons. In 1972 he introduced with Harald Fritzsch the quantum number 'color' and later, in a joint paper with Heinrich Leutwyler, the full theory of quantum chromodynamics
Quantum chromodynamics

Quantum chromodynamics is a theory of the strong interaction , a fundamental force describing the interactions of the quarks and gluons making up hadrons ....
 (QCD) was released as the gauge theory of strong interactions (cf. references).

The quark model is part of QCD, and has been robust enough to survive the discovery of other flavour
Flavour (particle physics)

In particle physics, flavour or flavor is a quantum number of elementary particles. In quantum chromodynamics flavour is a global symmetry....
s of quarks.

Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman
Richard Feynman

Richard Phillips Feynman was an United States physicist known for the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as work in particle physics ....
, working together, and a rival group of George Sudarshan
George Sudarshan

Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan , also named E.C.G. Sudarshan, is a prominent Indian American physicist, author, and professor at University of Texas at Austin....
 and Robert Marshak
Robert Marshak

Robert Eugene Marshak was an American physicist dedicated to learning, research, and education.Marshak was born in the Bronx, New York City. His parents, Harry Marshak and Rose Marshak, were immigrants to New York from Minsk....
, were the first to discover the vector structure of the weak interaction
Weak interaction

The weak interaction is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. In the Standard Model of particle physics, it is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons....
 in physics. This work followed the seminal discovery of parity violation by Chien-Shiung Wu
Chien-Shiung Wu

Chien-Shiung Wu was a China-born United States physicist with an expertise in radioactivity. She worked on the Manhattan Project and disproved the conservation of Parity ....
, as suggested by Chen-Ning Yang and T. D. Lee.

In the 1990s his interest turned to the emerging study of complexity
Complexity

In general usage, complexity tends to be used to characterize something with many parts in intricate arrangement. In science there are at this time a number of approaches to characterizing complexity, many of which are reflected in this article....
, where he was closely associated with the Santa Fe Institute
Santa Fe Institute

The Santa Fe Institute is a non-profit research institute located in Santa Fe, New Mexico and dedicated to the study of complex systems....
. He wrote a popular science book about these matters, The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. The title of the book is taken from a line of an Arthur Sze poem: "The world of the quark has everything to do with a jaguar circling in the night."

George Johnson
George Johnson (writer)

George Johnson is a science writer and author working from Santa Fe, New Mexico....
 wrote a major biography of Gell-Mann, which is entitled Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.

Gell-Mann is also a collector of East Asian antiquities and a keen linguist.

Timeline

Gell-Mann earned a bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree

A bachelor's degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three, four, or in some cases and countries, five or six years....
 in physics from Yale University
Yale University

Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, Yale is the Colonial Colleges institution of higher education in the United States and is a member of the Ivy League....
 in 1948, and a PhD in physics from MIT
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private university research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Massachusetts, United States....
 in 1951. He was a postdoctoral research associate in 1951, and a visiting research professor at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a public university research university in the state of Illinois, United States. It is the oldest and largest campus in the University of Illinois system....
 from 1952 to 1953. After serving as Visiting Associate Professor at Columbia University
Columbia University

Columbia University in the City of New York , is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia's main campus lies in the Morningside Heights, Manhattan neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City....
 in 1954-55, he became a professor at the University of Chicago
University of Chicago

The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park, Chicago neighborhood of Chicago. Although an older university by the same name existed prior to its founding, the modern University of Chicago credits its founding to the oil magnate John D....
 before moving to the California Institute of Technology
California Institute of Technology

The California Institute of Technology is a private university research university located in Pasadena, California, United States. Caltech maintains a strong emphasis on the natural sciences and engineering....
, where he taught from 1955 until 1993.

He is currently the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at Caltech as well as a University Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico
University of New Mexico

The University of New Mexico is a public university in Albuquerque, New Mexico, New Mexico, USA. It was founded in 1889. It offers multiple bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and professional degree programs in all areas of the arts, sciences, and engineering....
 in Albuquerque, New Mexico
New Mexico

New Mexico is a U. S. State located in the Southwestern United States of the United States. Inhabited by Native Americans in the United States populations for many centuries, it has also has been part of the Spanish Empire viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S....
. He is a member of the editorial board of the Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica

The Encyclop?dia Britannica is a general English language encyclopedia published by Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc., a privately held company....
. In 1984 Gell-Mann co-founded the Santa Fe Institute
Santa Fe Institute

The Santa Fe Institute is a non-profit research institute located in Santa Fe, New Mexico and dedicated to the study of complex systems....
 — a non-profit research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico
Santa Fe, New Mexico

Santa Fe is the Capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is the List of cities in New Mexico and is the county seat of . Santa Fe had a population of 62,203 at the United States Census, 2000; the estimate for July 1, 2006, is 72,056....
 — to study complex systems and disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory.

Personal life

Spouse: J. Margaret Dow (m. 1955, d. 1981) and Marcia Southwick (m. 1992) Children: Elizabeth Sarah Gell-Mann (b. 1956), Nicholas Webster Gell-Mann (b. 1963), Nicholas Southwick Levis (b. 1978), stepson

Trivia

  • Gell-Mann appeared in a commercial for Enron
    Enron

    Enron Creditors Recovery Corporation was an American energy company based in Houston, Texas, Texas. Before its bankruptcy in late 2001, Enron employed approximately 22,000 and was one of the world's leading electricity, natural gas, pulp and paper, and communications companies, with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion in 2000....
     .
  • Gell-Mann has an Erdös number of 3
  • Gell-Mann is left-handed
  • Gell-Mann is a Fellow of the American Physical Society
    American Physical Society

    The American Physical Society was founded in 1899 and is the world's second largest organization of physicists, behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft....
    ; Member, National Academy of Sciences
    United States National Academy of Sciences

    The National Academy of Sciences is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine."...
    , Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
    American Academy of Arts and Sciences

    The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an organization dedicated to scholarship and the advancement of learning. It serves as a nationwide honor society for the United States....
  • His name is an idiosyncratic spelling of the Russian-Jewish name Gel'man (where the apostrophe denotes palatalization of the l).


Hobbies:
  • Bird watching
  • Linguistics


Awards

  • Dannie Heineman Prize
    Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics

    Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics is an award given each year since 1959 jointly by the American Physical Society and American Institute of Physics....
     (1959)
  • Erice
    Erice

    Erice is a historic town in the province of Trapani in Sicily, Italy.Erice is located on top of Mount Erice, at around 750m above sea level, overlooking the city of Trapani, the low western coast towards Marsala, the dramatic Punta del Saraceno and Capo san Vito to the north-east, and the Aegadian Islands on Sicily's north-western coast, p...
     Prize (1990)
  • Ernest O. Lawrence Award
    Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award

    The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award was established in 1959 in honor of a scientist who helped elevate United States physics to world leadership....
     (1966)
  • Franklin Medal
    Franklin Institute

    Founded in honor of Benjamin Franklin, The Franklin Institute is a museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and one of the oldest and premier centers of science education and development in the United States....
     (1967)
  • John J. Carty Medal
    John J Carty Award for the Advancement of Science

    The John J Carty Award for the Advancement of Science is an award granted by the United States National Academy of Sciences. The award, which appears to be named in honor of its first John J....
     (1968)
  • Nobel Prize
    Nobel Prize

    The Nobel Prize , established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize in Literature, and Nobel Peace Prize in 1901....
     in Physics (1969)
  • Humanist of the Year
    American Humanist Association

    The American Humanist Association is an educational organization in the United States that advances Humanism. It embraces secular, religious, and other manifestations of Humanist philosophy....
     (2005)
  • Albert Einstein Award
    Albert Einstein Award

    The Albert Einstein Award is an award in theoretical physics, that was established to recognize high achievement in the natural sciences. It was endowed by the Lewis and Rosa Strauss Memorial Fund in honor of Albert Einstein's 70th birthday....


Awards and honors

  • Yale University
    Yale University

    Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School, Yale is the Colonial Colleges institution of higher education in the United States and is a member of the Ivy League....
     — D.Sc
    Doctor of Science

    Doctor of Science , usually abbreviated D.Sc., Sc.D., S.D. or Dr.Sc., is an academic research degree awarded in a number of countries throughout the world....
     (h.c.), 1959
  • American Physical Society
    American Physical Society

    The American Physical Society was founded in 1899 and is the world's second largest organization of physicists, behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft....
     — Dannie Heineman
    Dannie Heineman

    Dannie N. Heineman was a Belgian-American engineer and businessman. He was a prolific sponsor of science especially through Heineman Foundation in medical sciences and awards in Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics and Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics....
     Prize, 1959
  • Ernest O. Lawrence Award, 1966
  • University of Chicago
    University of Chicago

    The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park, Chicago neighborhood of Chicago. Although an older university by the same name existed prior to its founding, the modern University of Chicago credits its founding to the oil magnate John D....
     — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1967
  • Franklin Institute
    Franklin Institute

    Founded in honor of Benjamin Franklin, The Franklin Institute is a museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and one of the oldest and premier centers of science education and development in the United States....
     of Philadelphia
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population city in the United States. It is the fifth-largest metropolitan area and fourth-largest urban area by population in the United States, the nation's fourth-largest consumer media market as ranked by the Nielsen Media Research, and the 49th-most...
     — Franklin
    Benjamin Franklin

    Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and Printer , Satire, list of political philosophers, politician, scientist, inventor, activism, statesman, and diplomacy....
     Medal, 1967
  • National Academy of Sciences
    United States National Academy of Sciences

    The National Academy of Sciences is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine."...
     — John J. Carty
    John J. Carty

    John Joseph Carty was an United States electrical engineer and a major contributor to the development of telephone wires and related technology....
     Medal, 1968
  • University of Illinois
    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

    The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a public university research university in the state of Illinois, United States. It is the oldest and largest campus in the University of Illinois system....
     — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1968
  • Wesleyan University
    Wesleyan University

    Wesleyan University is a private university Liberal arts colleges in the United States founded in 1831 and located in Middletown, Connecticut, Connecticut....
     — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1968
  • Research Corporation
    Research Corporation

    The Research Corporation is an organization in the United States devoted to the advancement of science, funding research projects in the physical sciences....
     Award, 1969
  • University of Turin
    University of Turin

    The University of Turin is a university in the city of Turin in the Piedmont region of north-western Italy. It is considered the 4th most important university in Italy....
    , Italy
    Italy

    Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
     — Honorary Doctorate, 1969
  • Nobel Prize in Physics
    Nobel Prize in Physics

    The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in chemistry, Nobel Prize in literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine....
    , 1969
  • University of Utah
    University of Utah

    The University of Utah is a public university research university in Salt Lake City, Utah. One of ten institutions that make up the Utah System of Higher Education and Utah's premier research school currently enrolls 21,526 undergraduate and 6,684 graduate student students and has 1,419 regular Faculty members....
     — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1970
  • Columbia University
    Columbia University

    Columbia University in the City of New York , is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia's main campus lies in the Morningside Heights, Manhattan neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City....
     — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1977
  • University of Cambridge
    University of Cambridge

    The University of Cambridge , located in Cambridge, England, is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation university in the Anglosphere....
    , England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
     — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1980
  • United Nations Environment Programme
    United Nations Environment Programme

    The UN Environment Programme coordinates United Nations environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and encourages sustainable development through sound environmental practices....
     Roll of Honor for Environmental Achievement (The Global 500
    Global 500

    Global 500 may refer to:* Fortune Global 500, a list of the largest companies.* Global 500 Roll of Honour, an award given by the United Nations Environment Program....
    ), 1988
  • World Federation of Scientists — Erice
    Erice

    Erice is a historic town in the province of Trapani in Sicily, Italy.Erice is located on top of Mount Erice, at around 750m above sea level, overlooking the city of Trapani, the low western coast towards Marsala, the dramatic Punta del Saraceno and Capo san Vito to the north-east, and the Aegadian Islands on Sicily's north-western coast, p...
     Prize, 1990
  • University of Oxford
    University of Oxford

    The University of Oxford , located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation in the English-speaking world....
    , England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
     — D.Sc.(h.c.), 1992
  • Southern Illinois University
    Southern Illinois University

    Southern Illinois University is a state university located in southern Illinois with two institutions and multiple campuses. Glenn Poshard is President of Southern Illinois University....
     — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1993
  • University of Florida
    University of Florida

    The University of Florida is a Public university land-grant university, sea grant colleges, Space grant colleges major research university located on a campus in Gainesville, Florida, in the United States....
     — Sc.D.(h.c.), Doctorate of Natural Resources, 1994
  • Southern Methodist University
    Southern Methodist University

    Southern Methodist University is a private university, coeducational university in University Park, Texas, Texas . Founded in 1911 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, SMU currently operates campuses in University Park, Plano, Texas, and Taos, New Mexico....
     — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1999
  • Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology, Telluride, Colorado, 2002
  • American Humanist Association
    American Humanist Association

    The American Humanist Association is an educational organization in the United States that advances Humanism. It embraces secular, religious, and other manifestations of Humanist philosophy....
     - Humanist of the Year, 2005


External links

  • , from the Department of Energy, Office of Scientific & Technical Information