Murata Makoto
Encyclopedia
is a Japan
ese computer scientist
.
He participated in the W3C
(World Wide Web Consortium) XML
Working Group.
The Working Group designed XML1.0, a markup language
specification.
Murata and James Clark
designed RELAX NG
, an XML schema language
.
In 1982, Murata received his bachelor's degree
from the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University
.
In 1985, he joined Fuji Xerox
.
From 1993 to 1995, he researched structured document
at Xerox
Webster Research Center.
As of 1997, he worked at Fuji Xerox Information Systems on lease from Fuji Xerox.
In 2000, he left Fuji Xerox.
Since 2000, he has researched at International University of Japan
.
From 2000 to May 2008, he also researched at IBM
Tokyo
Research Laboratory.
Since September 2008, he has been a Fellow of the Center for Global Communications (GLOCOM), the International University of Japan.
July 2006, Murata obtained the doctor’s degree in Engineering from Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering of the University of Tsukuba.
In November 2009, he assumed the position of Technical Lead at Japan Electronic Publishing Association (JEPA) and has since been leading the EPUB Research Team of JEPA.
Since 2010, Murata has been a Vice Chairman of IVS Technology Promotion Council.
Murata is also a convener of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34.
(World Wide Web Consortium) XML
Working Group.
Jon Bosak
, James Clark
and Tim Bray
were also members of the group.
The Working Group designed XML1.0 specification.
XML1.0 is a markup language
and a subset of SGML
.
XML1.0 became a W3C Recommendation in February 1998.
Murata and collaborators authored XML Japanese Profile, the issues of using Japanese
characters in XML documents.
XML Japanese Profile became a JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) Technical Report.
XML Japanese Profile was translated into English and published as a W3C Technical Report.
RFC 2376 XML Media Types.
The RFC
specifies XML media types for use in exchanging XML data via network
(text/xml and application/xml).
RFC 2376 was revised as RFC 3023.
, had critical attitudes toward XML Schema.
XML Schema is a modern XML schema language
designed by W3C
XML Schema Working Group.
W3C intended XML Schema to supersede traditional DTD
(Document Type Definition).
XML Schema supports so many features that its specification is large and complex.
Murata, James Clark and those who criticised XML Schema, pointed out the following:
Murata and collaborators designed another modern schema language, RELAX
(Regular Language description for XML), more simple and mathematically consistent.
They published RELAX specification in 2000.
RELAX was approved as JIS and ISO
/IEC
standards.
At roughly the same time, James Clark also designed another schema language, TREX
(Tree Regular Expressions for XML).
Murata and James Clark designed a new schema language RELAX NG
based on TREX and RELAX Core.
RELAX NG syntax is the expansion of TREX.
RELAX NG was approved by OASIS
in December 2001.
RELAX NG was also approved as Part 2 of ISO/IEC 19757: Document Schema Definition Languages
(DSDL).
. When East Co., Ltd. started working on the project of EPUB enhancement for Japanese Text Layout, sponsored by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
of the Japanese Government, Murata assumed the project’s technical responsibilities, and by jointly working with Tatsuo Kobayashi
, et al, he called for other browser developers/owners, to take in the enhanced EPUB
, or support Japanese Text Layout, including vertical writing, line breaking rules and emphasis dots.
Murata is a coordinator of Enhanced Global Language Support (EGLS) for the US-based International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF), developer and promoter of EPUB
.
Additionally, Murata authored some papers on structured document
.
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
ese computer scientist
Computer science
Computer science or computing science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems...
.
He participated in the W3C
World Wide Web Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web .Founded and headed by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations which maintain full-time staff for the purpose of working together in the development of standards for the...
(World Wide Web Consortium) XML
XML
Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards....
Working Group.
The Working Group designed XML1.0, a markup language
Markup language
A markup language is a modern system for annotating a text in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from that text. The idea and terminology evolved from the "marking up" of manuscripts, i.e. the revision instructions by editors, traditionally written with a blue pencil on authors' manuscripts...
specification.
Murata and James Clark
James Clark (XML expert)
James Clark, is the author of groff and expat and has done much work with open-source software and XML. Born in London, and educated at Charterhouse and Merton College, Oxford, Clark has lived in Bangkok, Thailand since 1995, and is now a permanent resident...
designed RELAX NG
RELAX NG
In computing, RELAX NG is a schema language for XML, based on Murata Makoto's RELAX and James Clark's TREX. A RELAX NG schema specifies a pattern for the structure and content of an XML document...
, an XML schema language
XML schema
An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself...
.
In 1982, Murata received his bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years, but can range anywhere from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
from the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University
Kyoto University
, or is a national university located in Kyoto, Japan. It is the second oldest Japanese university, and formerly one of Japan's Imperial Universities.- History :...
.
In 1985, he joined Fuji Xerox
Fuji Xerox
is a joint venture partnership between the Japanese photographic firm Fuji Photo Film Co. and the American document management company Xerox to develop, produce and sell xerographic and document-related products and services in the Asia-Pacific region...
.
From 1993 to 1995, he researched structured document
Structured document
A structured document is an electronic document where some method of embedded coding, such as markup, is used to give the whole, and parts, of the document various structural meanings according to a schema...
at Xerox
Xerox
Xerox Corporation is an American multinational document management corporation that produced and sells a range of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction systems, photo copiers, digital production printing presses, and related consulting services and supplies...
Webster Research Center.
As of 1997, he worked at Fuji Xerox Information Systems on lease from Fuji Xerox.
In 2000, he left Fuji Xerox.
Since 2000, he has researched at International University of Japan
International University of Japan
The is a private university located in Minami-Uonuma city in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.IUJ is the first, and one of the few Japanese universities which run their courses entirely in English. It was founded in 1982, primarily with the aim of providing a platform for delegates from all over the...
.
From 2000 to May 2008, he also researched at IBM
IBM
International Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...
Tokyo
Tokyo
, ; officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family...
Research Laboratory.
Since September 2008, he has been a Fellow of the Center for Global Communications (GLOCOM), the International University of Japan.
July 2006, Murata obtained the doctor’s degree in Engineering from Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering of the University of Tsukuba.
In November 2009, he assumed the position of Technical Lead at Japan Electronic Publishing Association (JEPA) and has since been leading the EPUB Research Team of JEPA.
Since 2010, Murata has been a Vice Chairman of IVS Technology Promotion Council.
Murata is also a convener of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34.
XML1.0 and XML Japanese Profile
In 1997, Murata participated in W3CWorld Wide Web Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web .Founded and headed by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations which maintain full-time staff for the purpose of working together in the development of standards for the...
(World Wide Web Consortium) XML
XML
Extensible Markup Language is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards....
Working Group.
Jon Bosak
Jon Bosak
Jon Bosak led the creation of the XML specification at the W3C. From 1996–2008, he worked for Sun Microsystems.-XML:Tim Bray, who was one of the editors of the XML specification, has this to say in his note on Bosak in his annotated version of the specification:In a 1999 posting to the xml-dev...
, James Clark
James Clark (XML expert)
James Clark, is the author of groff and expat and has done much work with open-source software and XML. Born in London, and educated at Charterhouse and Merton College, Oxford, Clark has lived in Bangkok, Thailand since 1995, and is now a permanent resident...
and Tim Bray
Tim Bray
Timothy William Bray is a Canadian software developer and entrepreneur. He co-founded Open Text Corporation and Antarctica Systems. Bray was Director of Web Technologies at Sun Microsystems from early 2004 to early 2010. Since then he has served as a Developer Advocate at Google, focusing on...
were also members of the group.
The Working Group designed XML1.0 specification.
XML1.0 is a markup language
Markup language
A markup language is a modern system for annotating a text in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from that text. The idea and terminology evolved from the "marking up" of manuscripts, i.e. the revision instructions by editors, traditionally written with a blue pencil on authors' manuscripts...
and a subset of SGML
Standard Generalized Markup Language
The Standard Generalized Markup Language is an ISO-standard technology for defining generalized markup languages for documents...
.
XML1.0 became a W3C Recommendation in February 1998.
Murata and collaborators authored XML Japanese Profile, the issues of using Japanese
Japanese language
is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic language family, which has a number of proposed relationships with other languages, none of which has gained wide acceptance among historical linguists .Japanese is an...
characters in XML documents.
XML Japanese Profile became a JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) Technical Report.
XML Japanese Profile was translated into English and published as a W3C Technical Report.
XML Media Types
Murata is one of the authors of IETFInternet Engineering Task Force
The Internet Engineering Task Force develops and promotes Internet standards, cooperating closely with the W3C and ISO/IEC standards bodies and dealing in particular with standards of the TCP/IP and Internet protocol suite...
RFC 2376 XML Media Types.
The RFC
Request for Comments
In computer network engineering, a Request for Comments is a memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force describing methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems.Through the Internet Society, engineers and...
specifies XML media types for use in exchanging XML data via network
Computer network
A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information....
(text/xml and application/xml).
RELAX and RELAX NG
Some people, including Murata and James ClarkJames Clark (XML expert)
James Clark, is the author of groff and expat and has done much work with open-source software and XML. Born in London, and educated at Charterhouse and Merton College, Oxford, Clark has lived in Bangkok, Thailand since 1995, and is now a permanent resident...
, had critical attitudes toward XML Schema.
XML Schema is a modern XML schema language
XML schema
An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself...
designed by W3C
World Wide Web Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web .Founded and headed by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations which maintain full-time staff for the purpose of working together in the development of standards for the...
XML Schema Working Group.
W3C intended XML Schema to supersede traditional DTD
Document Type Definition
Document Type Definition is a set of markup declarations that define a document type for SGML-family markup languages...
(Document Type Definition).
XML Schema supports so many features that its specification is large and complex.
Murata, James Clark and those who criticised XML Schema, pointed out the following:
- It is difficult to implement all features of XML Schema.
- It is difficult for engineers to read and write XML Schema definitions.
- It does not permit nondeterministic content models.
Murata and collaborators designed another modern schema language, RELAX
Regular Language description for XML
REgular LAnguage description for XML is a specification for describing XML-based languages.A description written in RELAX is called a RELAX grammar....
(Regular Language description for XML), more simple and mathematically consistent.
They published RELAX specification in 2000.
RELAX was approved as JIS and ISO
International Organization for Standardization
The International Organization for Standardization , widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization promulgates worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial...
/IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
The International Electrotechnical Commission is a non-profit, non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as "electrotechnology"...
standards.
At roughly the same time, James Clark also designed another schema language, TREX
TREX
Tree Regular Expressions for XML is a simple schema language for XML.TREX's author, James Clark, says: : A TREX pattern specifies a pattern for the structure and content of an XML document. A TREX pattern thus identifies a class of XML documents consisting of those documents that match the pattern...
(Tree Regular Expressions for XML).
Murata and James Clark designed a new schema language RELAX NG
RELAX NG
In computing, RELAX NG is a schema language for XML, based on Murata Makoto's RELAX and James Clark's TREX. A RELAX NG schema specifies a pattern for the structure and content of an XML document...
based on TREX and RELAX Core.
RELAX NG syntax is the expansion of TREX.
RELAX NG was approved by OASIS
OASIS (organization)
The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards is a global consortium that drives the development, convergence and adoption of e-business and web service standards...
in December 2001.
RELAX NG was also approved as Part 2 of ISO/IEC 19757: Document Schema Definition Languages
Document Schema Definition Languages
Document Schema Definition Languages is a framework within which multiple validation tasks of different types can be applied to an XML document in order to achieve more complete validation results than just the application of a single technology....
(DSDL).
Enhancement of EPUB for Japanese Text Layout
In April 2010, Murata made a presentation at JEPA on 14-itemized requirements as extended Japanese-language-related specifications to be incorporated into EPUBEPUB
EPUB is a free and open e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum...
. When East Co., Ltd. started working on the project of EPUB enhancement for Japanese Text Layout, sponsored by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
The ' or Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications is a cabinet-level ministry in the Government of Japan. The English name Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications was used prior to 2004...
of the Japanese Government, Murata assumed the project’s technical responsibilities, and by jointly working with Tatsuo Kobayashi
Tatsuo Kobayashi
is a Japanese Web architect with his focuses on international standardization.Born and raised in Tokyo, he studied history and philosophy of science at the University of Tokyo. After graduating from the university, he joined Shogakukan Inc. and started working as an editor. In 1989, he moved to...
, et al, he called for other browser developers/owners, to take in the enhanced EPUB
EPUB
EPUB is a free and open e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum...
, or support Japanese Text Layout, including vertical writing, line breaking rules and emphasis dots.
Murata is a coordinator of Enhanced Global Language Support (EGLS) for the US-based International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF), developer and promoter of EPUB
EPUB
EPUB is a free and open e-book standard by the International Digital Publishing Forum...
.
Books
- 村田真(編著), 門馬敦仁, 荒井恭一, 『XML入門 HTMLの限界を打ち破るインターネットの新技術』, 日本経済新聞社, January 1998, ISBN 4-532-14610-0
- Hiroshi Maruyama, Kent Tamura, Naohiko Uramoto, Makoto Murata, Andy Clark, Yuichi Nakamura, Ryo Neyama, Kazuya Kosaka and Satoshi Hada, XML and Java: Developing Web Applications, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley Professional, May 2002, ISBN 0-201-77004-0
-
- 丸山宏, 田村健人, 浦本直彦, 村田真, アンディ・クラーク, 中村祐一, 根山亮, 小坂一也, 羽田知史 (著・訳), 『XMLとJavaによるWebアプリケーション開発 第2版』, ピアソンエデュケーション, December 2002, ISBN 4-89471-662-3
Additionally, Murata authored some papers on structured document
Structured document
A structured document is an electronic document where some method of embedded coding, such as markup, is used to give the whole, and parts, of the document various structural meanings according to a schema...
.
External links
- W3C XML 1.0 Specification
- OASIS RELAX NG Specification
- RELAX NG relaxng.org
- RELAX NG 日本語ポータル (Japanese)
- RELAX NG Tutorial (English)
- Fuji Xerox Information Systems (Japanese) - XML Cafe
- RELAX NG (Japanese)
- XML 1.0 specification (Japanese)
- Recommendation for the charset parameter: a mechanism for specifying character encoding schemes (Japanese)
- JIS XML Japanese Profile (Japanese) - The issues of using Japanese characters in XML documents
- W3C XML Japanese Profile (English)
- RFC 3023 - XML Media Types
- RFC 2376 - XML Media Types
- RELAX official site (English)
- 村田 真のXMLブログ (Japanese) - Blog
- Murata Makoto (English)