Mou Zongsan was a Chinese

China

Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...

 New Confucian philosopher. He was born in Shandong

Shandong

' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...

 province and graduated from Peking University

Peking University

Peking University , colloquially known in Chinese as Beida , is a major research university located in Beijing, China, and a member of the C9 League. It is the first established modern national university of China. It was founded as Imperial University of Peking in 1898 as a replacement of the...

. In 1949 he moved to Taiwan

Taiwan

Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...

 and later to Hong Kong, and he remained outside of Mainland China

Mainland China

Mainland China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China . According to the Taipei-based Mainland Affairs Council, the term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and...

 for the rest of his life. His thought was heavily influenced by Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from Königsberg , researching, lecturing and writing on philosophy and anthropology at the end of the 18th Century Enlightenment....

, whose three Critiques he translated into Chinese, and above all by Tiantai

Tiantai

Tiantai is an important school of Buddhism in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. In Japan the school is known as Tendai, and in Korea it is known as Cheontae. Tiantai is also called the "Lotus School", due to its emphasis on the Lotus Sūtra as its doctrinal basis...

 Buddhist philosophy.

Over the last 40 years of his life, Mou wrote histories of "Neo-Daoist," Confucian, and Buddhist philosophy (totaling six volumes) a group of constructive philosophic treatises, culminating in his 1985 work, On the Summum Bonum , in which he attempts to rectify the problems in Kant's system through a Confucian-based philosophy reworked with a set of concepts appropriated from Tiantai Buddhism.

In the People's Republic of China, Mou is especially famous for his cultural traditionalism and his defense of democracy as a traditional Chinese value.

Works

Mou's complete works contains more than 30 volumes written over about 60 years. In religious studies and philosophy programs, attention is paid mostly to his production in his last 30 years. These can be divided into histories of Chinese philosophy and philosophic treatises.

Histories of Philosophy

Physical Nature and Speculative Reason 才性與玄理 (1963). Mou's main treatise on "Neo-Daoism" or xuanxue 玄學. Analysis of intellectual developments of the Wei-Jin dynasties (220-420 AD), said to set the agenda for much of later Chinese philosophy and anticipate the developments in Buddhist philosophy later understood by Mou as pattern underlying the main line of Song-Ming Confucianism.

Substance of Mind and Substance of Human Nature 心體與性體 (1968–1969). Probably the most studied of Mou's books, and by far the most famous in the West. Three volume history of Confucianism (often called "Neo-Confucianism" by westerners) in the Song (960-1279) and Ming (1368–1644) dynasties. Challenges usual two-part division of Neo-Confucian thought into a "school of principle" (lixue 理學), the "Cheng-Zhu" school represented by the Cheng brothers and Zhu Xi, and a "school of mind" (xinxue 心學) or "Lu-Wang" school represented by Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming. Mou identifies a third lineage, whose main figures are Hu Hong (Hu Wufeng) and Liu Zongzhou (Liu Jishan), which best conveys the basic message of the classical sage Mencius. Mou's later book "From Lu Xiangshan to Liu Jishan" (從陸象山到劉蕺山) (1979) is treated as the fourth volume of this book.

Buddha-Nature and Prajna 佛性與般若 (1977). Mou's main examination of Buddhist philosophy. Two volumes. Upends usual Chinese recognition of Huayan as most well-developed form of Buddhism and puts the Tiantai school in first place. Mou credits Tiantai with having the best concepts for understanding the authoritative Hong-Liu line of Confucianism.

Philosophical Treatises

Intellectual Intuition and Chinese Philosophy 智的直覺與中國哲學 (1971). Mou applies Kantian idea of 'intellectual intuition' to Chinese philosophy, which he believes affirms idea that human beings can have such awareness. Expresses strong interest in the utility of Buddhist philosophy for Confucian purposes. This book is often thought of as an early version of Phenomenon and Thing-in-Itself.

Phenomenon and Thing-in-Itself 現象與物自身 (1975). Develops Mou's famous doctrine of "two-level ontology," patterned off of Kantian and Buddhist metaphysics.

Treatise on Summum Bonum (圓善論) (1985). Mou's last major work. Mou did not intend it as his final book, but scholars generally treat it as the definitive summary of his thinking. Attempts to use Tiantai ontological concepts as inspiration to find Confucian solution to Kant's problem of the highest good or summum bonum. Includes chapter with Mou's commentary on the Mencius and more complete evaluation of the place of Daoist and Buddhist philosophy for the modern Confucian.

Biography

Born into the family of an innkeeper in Qixia, Shandong. Went to Peking University for college prep (1927) and undergraduate courses (1929). During that time became follower of Xiong Shili, author of the New Consciousness-Only treatise and soon to be the most eminent philosopher in China until supplanted by Mou himself. After graduating in 1933, Mou moved around the country working as a secondary school teacher and a faculty at different universities. In 1949 followed the Nationalist government to Taiwan. In 1960 moved to Hong Kong and eventually took up a post at New Asia College in Hong Kong (now part of the Chinese University of Hong Kong). During the last two decades of his life Mou was something of an intellectual celebrity. He lectured frequently on Confucian, Buddhist, Daoist, and Kantian philosophy at Hong Kong University, National Taiwan Normal University, and National Taiwan University. He died in Taipei in 1995, leaving dozens of disciples in top academic jobs in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

Scholarship in English

Billioud, Sebastien. Thinking Through Confucian Modernity: A Study of Mou Zongsan's Moral Metaphysics. Leiden & Boston: Brill, forthcoming.

Clower, Jason T. The Unlikely Buddhologist: Tiantai Buddhism in the New Confucianism of Mou Zongsan. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2010.

Kantor, Hans-Rudolf. "Ontological Indeterminacy and Its Soteriological Relevance: An Assessment of Mou Zongsan's (1909-1995) Interpretation of Zhiyi's (538-597) Tiantai Buddhism." Philosophy East and West 56(1): 16-68.

Lin Chen-kuo. "Dwelling in Nearness to the Gods: The Hermeneutical Turn from MOU Zongsan to TU Weiming." Dao 7: 381-392.

Lin Tongqi and Zhou Qin. "The Dynamism and Tension in the Anthropocosmic Vision of Mou Zongsan." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 22.

Students

• Cai Renhou 蔡仁厚
• Dai Lianzhang 戴璉璋
• Wang Bangxiong 王邦雄
• Zeng Zhaoxu 曾昭旭
• Lu Xuekun 盧雪崑
• You Huizhen 尤惠貞
• Chen Guimiao 陳癸淼

• Wei Zhengtong 韋政通
• He Shujing 何淑靜
• Zhu Jianmin 朱建民
• Fan Liangguang 范良光
• Wang Caigui 王財貴
• Li Ruiquan 李瑞全
• Zhou Yangshan 周楊山

• Yang Zuhan 楊祖漢
• Yan Guoming 顏國明
• Lin Yuehui 林月惠
• Li Minghui 李明輝
• Zhuang Yaolang 莊耀郎
• Liu Jinxian 劉錦賢

• Xie Daning 謝大寧
• Lin Anwu 林安梧
• Fan Kewei 樊克偉
• Tu Weiming 杜維明
• Wu Rujun (Ng Yu-kwan) 吳汝鈞
• Chen Rongzhuo (Wing-cheuk Chan) 陳榮灼