Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Encyclopedia
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University) , abbreviated MIPT, MIPT (SU) or informally Phystech (alternative transliterations: MFTI, Fizteh; ) is a leading Russia
n university, originally established in the Soviet Union
. It prepares specialists in theoretical
and applied physics
, applied mathematics, and related disciplines. It is sometimes referred to as "the Russian MIT."
MIPT is famous in the countries of the former Soviet Union, but is less known abroad. This is largely due to the specifics of the MIPT educational process (see "Phystech System" below). University rankings such as The Times Higher Education Supplement
are based primarily on publications and citations. With its emphasis on practical research in the educational process, MIPT "outsources" education and research beyond the first two or three years to institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences
. MIPT's own faculty is relatively small, and many of its distinguished lecturers are visiting professors from those institutions. Student research is typically performed outside of MIPT, and research papers do not identify the authors as MIPT students. This effectively hides MIPT from the academic radar, an effect not unwelcome during the Cold War
era when leading scientists and engineers of the Soviet arms and space programs studied there.
The word "phystech," without the capital P, is also used in Russian
to refer to Phystech students and graduates.
The main MIPT campus is located in Dolgoprudny
, a northern suburb of Moscow
. However the Aeromechanics Faculty is based in Zhukovsky
, a suburb south-east of Moscow.
In a letter to Stalin
in February 1946, Kapitsa argued for the need for such a school, which he tentatively called the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, to better maintain and develop the country's defense potential. The institute would follow the principles outlined above, and was supposed to be governed by a board of directors of the leading research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. On March 10, 1946, the government issued a decree mandating the establishment of a "College of Physics and Technology" .
For unknown reasons, the initial plan came to a halt in the summer of 1946. The exact circumstances are not documented, but the common assumption is that Kapitsa's refusal to participate in the atomic bomb project, and his disfavor with the government and communist party that followed, cast a shadow over an independent school based largely on his ideas. Instead, a new government decree was issued on November 25, 1946 establishing the new school as a Department of Physics and Technology within Moscow State University
. November 25 is celebrated as the date of MIPT's founding.
Kapitsa foresaw that within a traditional educational institution, the new school would encounter bureaucratic obstacles, but even though Kapitsa's original plan to create the new school as an independent organization did not come to fruition exactly as envisioned, its most important principles survived intact. The new Department enjoyed considerable autonomy within Moscow State University. Its facilities were in Dolgoprudny (the two buildings it occupied are still part of the present day campus), away from the MSU campus. It had its own independent admissions and education system, different from the one centrally mandated for all other universities. It was headed by the MSU "vice rector for special issues"--a position created specifically to shield the department from the University management.
As Kapitsa expected, the special status of the new school with its different "rules of engagement" caused much consternation and resistance within the university. The immediate cult status that Phystech gained among talented young people, drawn by the challenge and romanticism of working on the forefront of science and technology, and on projects of "government importance," many of them classified, made it an untouchable rival of every other school in the country, including MSU's own Department of Physics. At the same time, the increasing disfavor of Kapitsa with the government (in 1950 he was essentially under house arrest), and anti-semitic repressions of the late 40's made Phystech an easy target of intrigues and accusations of "elitism" and "rootless cosmopolitanism." In the summer of 1951, the Phystech department at MSU was shut down.
A group of academicians, backed by Air Force general Ivan Fedorovich Petrov, who was a Phystech supporter influential enough to secure Stalin's personal approval on the issue, succeeded in re-establishing Phystech as an independent institute. On September 17, 1951, a government decree re-established Phystech as the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
Apart from Kapitsa, other prominent scientists who taught at MIPT in the years that followed included Nobel prize winners Nikolay Semyonov
, Lev Landau
, Alexandr Prokhorov
, Vitaly Ginzburg
; and Academy of Sciences members Sergey Khristianovich
, Mikhail Lavrentiev, Mstislav Keldysh
, Sergey Korolyov
, and Boris Rauschenbach
. MIPT alumni include Andre Geim
and Konstantin Novoselov
, the 2010 winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics.
In its implementation, the Phystech System combines highly competitive admissions, extensive fundamental education in mathematics, as well as theoretical and experimental physics in the undergraduate years, and immersion in research work at leading research institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences
starting as early as the second or third year.
The eleventh faculty, Information Business Systems, offers only a Master's programme and accepts students with Bachelor's degree
s from other faculties or other institutes.
Traditionally, applicants were required to take written and oral exams in both mathematics and physics, write an essay, and have an interview with the faculty. The interview has always been an important part of the selection process. Sometimes an applicant with lower exam grades could be admitted, and one with higher grades rejected, based solely on the interview results.
In recent years, oral exams have been eliminated, but the interview remains an important part of the selection process.
The strongest performers in national physics and mathematics competitions and IMO/IPhO participants are granted admission without exams, subject only to the interview.
In accordance with the traditions of the Soviet education system
, education at MIPT is free for most students. Further, students receive small scholarships (as of 2009, $75–$90 per month, depending on the student's performance), and effectively free housing on campus, which allows them to study full time.
It normally takes six years for a student to graduate from MIPT. The curriculum of the first three years consists exclusively of required courses, with emphasis on mathematics, physics, and English. There are no significant curriculum differences between the departments in the first three years. A typical course load during the first and second years can be over 48 hours a week, not including homework. Classes are taught five days a week, beginning at 9:00 am or 10:30 am, and continuing until 5:00 pm, 6:30 pm, or 8:00 pm. Most subjects include a combination of lectures and seminars (problem-solving study sessions in smaller groups) or laboratory experiments. Lecture attendance is optional, while seminar and lab attendance affects grades.
MIPT follows a semester system. Each semester includes 15 weeks of instruction, two weeks of finals, and then three weeks of oral and written exams on the most important subjects covered in the preceding semester.
Starting with the third year, the curriculum matches each student's area of specialization, and also includes more elective courses. Most importantly, starting with the third year, students begin work at base institutes (or "base organizations," usually simply called bases). The bases are the core of the Phystech system. Most of them are research institutes, usually belonging to the Russian Academy of Sciences
. At the time of enrollment, each student is assigned to a base that matches his or her interests. Starting with the third year, a student begins to commute to their base regularly, becoming essentially a part-time employee. During the last two years, a student spends 4–5 days a week at their base institute, and only one day at MIPT.
The base organization idea is somewhat similar to an internship in that students participate in "real work." However, the similarity ends there. All base organizations also have a curriculum for visiting students, and besides their work, the students are required to take those classes and pass exams. In other words, a base organization is an extension of MIPT, specializing in each particular student's area of interests.
While working at the base organization, a student prepares a thesis
based on his or her research work and presents ("defends") it before the Qualification Committee consisting of both MIPT faculty and the base organization staff. Defending the thesis is a requirement for graduation.
In addition, a number of Russian and Western companies act as base organizations of MIPT. These include:
in Applied Mathematics and Physics and, beginning in the early 90s, a Master's degree
in Physics.
Since 1998, students have been awarded a Bachelor's degree
diploma after four years of study and the defense of a Bachelor's "qualification work" (effectively a smaller and less involved version of the Master's thesis
). An estimated 90% of students continue their education after receiving this diploma to complete the full six-year curriculum and receive the Master's degree
.
The complete course of education at MIPT takes six years to complete, just like an American Bachelor's degree
followed by a Master's degree
. However, MIPT graduates usually view their training as effectively higher than an American M.S. in Physics. The MIPT curriculum is, indeed, considerably more extensive compared to an average American college. In addition, American M.S. programs usually focus more on classroom education and less on research. There is an opinion that an MIPT specialist/Master's diploma may be roughly equivalent to an American Ph.D.
in physics—possibly an undue generalization which, however, may be true in some cases.
Traditional university rankings are based on the universities' research output and prizes won by faculty. In contrast, many distinguished professors teaching at MIPT are officially on staff at the base institutes (see above) rather than MIPT itself. Student research work is also typically carried out outside of MIPT, and published research results do not mention MIPT. In effect, many MIPT professors are not considered as such for the rankings, and student research is not earning any ranking points for MIPT.
and nearly the same are from Moscow region
; the rest come from all over the former Soviet Union. Most out-of-town students live in the dormitory on campus for at least the first 4 years. Many senior students move to another dormitory in Moscow
, while some either move to base institute dormitories or rent apartments.
The student population is almost exclusively male, with the female/male ratio in a department rarely exceeding 15% (seeing 2-3 women in a class of 80 is not uncommon). Although in recent years this situation has changed and in 2009 more than 20% of first year students were females.
There are no reliable statistics on the careers of MIPT graduates. Prior to the collapse of Soviet Union, most MIPT graduates continued research at their base institutes or found jobs in OKB
s. Nowadays, many graduates become business people or software engineers. Some, especially high-performing students of prestigious departments (e.g. DGAP, DCAM), go on to get post-graduate degrees from foreign universities. In the past, some students were known to have been admitted into Ph.D. programs of American universities as early as after their 3rd year of education. Many MIPT alumni hold faculty positions in the world's top Universities, including Harvard, MIT, Columbia
, Stanford, Brown
, and University of Chicago
.
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n university, originally established in the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
. It prepares specialists in theoretical
Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena...
and applied physics
Applied physics
Applied physics is a general term for physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use.It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering....
, applied mathematics, and related disciplines. It is sometimes referred to as "the Russian MIT."
MIPT is famous in the countries of the former Soviet Union, but is less known abroad. This is largely due to the specifics of the MIPT educational process (see "Phystech System" below). University rankings such as The Times Higher Education Supplement
The Times Higher Education Supplement
The Times Higher Education , formerly Times Higher Education Supplement , is a weekly British magazine based in London reporting specifically on news and other issues related to higher education...
are based primarily on publications and citations. With its emphasis on practical research in the educational process, MIPT "outsources" education and research beyond the first two or three years to institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences consists of the national academy of Russia and a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation as well as auxiliary scientific and social units like libraries, publishers and hospitals....
. MIPT's own faculty is relatively small, and many of its distinguished lecturers are visiting professors from those institutions. Student research is typically performed outside of MIPT, and research papers do not identify the authors as MIPT students. This effectively hides MIPT from the academic radar, an effect not unwelcome during the Cold War
Cold War
The Cold War was the continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World—primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies—and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States...
era when leading scientists and engineers of the Soviet arms and space programs studied there.
The word "phystech," without the capital P, is also used in Russian
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
to refer to Phystech students and graduates.
The main MIPT campus is located in Dolgoprudny
Dolgoprudny
Dolgoprudny is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located about north of Moscow city center. The town's name is derived from Russian "" —a long and narrow pond situated in the northeastern part of the town. The town's name is sometimes colloquially shortened as Dolgopa. Population:...
, a northern suburb of Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
. However the Aeromechanics Faculty is based in Zhukovsky
Zhukovsky (city)
Zhukovsky is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Moskva River, southeast of Moscow. Population: The urban-type settlement of Stakhanovo was founded in 1935 from the dacha settlement Otdykh . It was named after Alexey Stakhanov - a famous Soviet miner...
, a suburb south-east of Moscow.
History
In late 1945 and early 1946, a group of prominent Soviet scientists, including in particular the future Nobel Prize winner Pyotr Kapitsa, lobbied the government for the creation of a higher educational institution radically different from the type established in the Soviet system of higher education. Applicants, carefully selected by challenging examinations and personal interviews, would be taught by, and work together with, prominent scientists. Each student would follow a personalized curriculum created to match his or her particular areas of interest and specialization. This system would later become known as the Phystech System.In a letter to Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
in February 1946, Kapitsa argued for the need for such a school, which he tentatively called the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, to better maintain and develop the country's defense potential. The institute would follow the principles outlined above, and was supposed to be governed by a board of directors of the leading research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. On March 10, 1946, the government issued a decree mandating the establishment of a "College of Physics and Technology" .
Moscow State University
Lomonosov Moscow State University , previously known as Lomonosov University or MSU , is the largest university in Russia. Founded in 1755, it also claims to be one of the oldest university in Russia and to have the tallest educational building in the world. Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy...
. November 25 is celebrated as the date of MIPT's founding.
As Kapitsa expected, the special status of the new school with its different "rules of engagement" caused much consternation and resistance within the university. The immediate cult status that Phystech gained among talented young people, drawn by the challenge and romanticism of working on the forefront of science and technology, and on projects of "government importance," many of them classified, made it an untouchable rival of every other school in the country, including MSU's own Department of Physics. At the same time, the increasing disfavor of Kapitsa with the government (in 1950 he was essentially under house arrest), and anti-semitic repressions of the late 40's made Phystech an easy target of intrigues and accusations of "elitism" and "rootless cosmopolitanism." In the summer of 1951, the Phystech department at MSU was shut down.
A group of academicians, backed by Air Force general Ivan Fedorovich Petrov, who was a Phystech supporter influential enough to secure Stalin's personal approval on the issue, succeeded in re-establishing Phystech as an independent institute. On September 17, 1951, a government decree re-established Phystech as the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
Apart from Kapitsa, other prominent scientists who taught at MIPT in the years that followed included Nobel prize winners Nikolay Semyonov
Nikolay Semyonov
Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov was a Russian/Soviet physicist and chemist. Semyonov was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the mechanism of chemical transformation.-Life:...
, Lev Landau
Lev Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau was a prominent Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics...
, Alexandr Prokhorov
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
Alexander Mikhaylovich Prokhorov was a Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov....
, Vitaly Ginzburg
Vitaly Ginzburg
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg ForMemRS was a Soviet theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and one of the fathers of Soviet hydrogen bomb...
; and Academy of Sciences members Sergey Khristianovich
Sergey Alekseyevich Khristianovich
Sergey Alekseyevich Khristianovich was a mechanics scientist from the Soviet Union. He was a co-founder of Novosibirsk State University.-External links:*http://www.prometeus.nsc.ru/eng/science/schools/xristian/...
, Mikhail Lavrentiev, Mstislav Keldysh
Mstislav Keldysh
Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh was a Soviet scientist in the field of mathematics and mechanics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences , President of the USSR Academy of Sciences , three times Hero of Socialist Labor , fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . He was one of the key figures...
, Sergey Korolyov
Sergey Korolyov
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev ; died 14 January 1966 in Moscow, Russia) was the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s...
, and Boris Rauschenbach
Boris Rauschenbach
Boris Viktorovich Rauschenbach was a prominent Soviet physicist and rocket engineer, who developed the theory and instruments for interplanetary flight control and navigation in 1955-1960s...
. MIPT alumni include Andre Geim
Andre Geim
Andre Konstantin Geim, FRS is a Dutch-Russian-British physicist working at the University of Manchester. Geim was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Konstantin Novoselov for his work on graphene...
and Konstantin Novoselov
Konstantin Novoselov
Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov FRS is a Russo-British physicist, most notably known for his works on graphene together with Andre Geim, which earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010. Novoselov is currently a member of the mesoscopic physics research group at the University of Manchester as...
, the 2010 winners of the Nobel Prize for Physics.
The Phystech System
The following is a summary of the key principles of the Phystech System, as outlined by Kapitsa in his 1946 letter arguing for the founding of MIPT:- Rigorous selection of gifted and creative young individuals.
- Involving leading scientists in student education, in close contact with them in their creative environment.
- An individualized approach to encourage the cultivation of students' creative drive, and to avoid overloading them with unnecessary subjects and rote learning common in other schools and necessitated by mass education.
- Conducting their education in an atmosphere of research and creative engineering, using the best existing laboratories in the country.
In its implementation, the Phystech System combines highly competitive admissions, extensive fundamental education in mathematics, as well as theoretical and experimental physics in the undergraduate years, and immersion in research work at leading research institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences consists of the national academy of Russia and a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation as well as auxiliary scientific and social units like libraries, publishers and hospitals....
starting as early as the second or third year.
Departments
The institute has eleven departments, ten of them with an average of 80 students admitted annually into each.- Radio Engineering and Cybernetics
- General and Applied Physics
- Aerophysics and Space Research
- Molecular and Biological Physics
- Physical and Quantum Electronics
- Aeromechanics and Flight Engineering
- Applied Mathematics and Management
- Problems of Physics and Power Engineering
- Innovation and High Technology
- Nano-, Bio-, Information and Cognitive Technologies
The eleventh faculty, Information Business Systems, offers only a Master's programme and accepts students with Bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years, but can range anywhere from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
s from other faculties or other institutes.
Admissions
Most students apply to MIPT immediately after graduating from high school at the age of 17. Child prodigies are occasionally admitted at a younger age after skipping grades in school. Because admission is competitive, some of those who are not admitted reapply in subsequent years.Traditionally, applicants were required to take written and oral exams in both mathematics and physics, write an essay, and have an interview with the faculty. The interview has always been an important part of the selection process. Sometimes an applicant with lower exam grades could be admitted, and one with higher grades rejected, based solely on the interview results.
In recent years, oral exams have been eliminated, but the interview remains an important part of the selection process.
The strongest performers in national physics and mathematics competitions and IMO/IPhO participants are granted admission without exams, subject only to the interview.
In accordance with the traditions of the Soviet education system
Education in the Soviet Union
Education in the Soviet Union was organized in a highly centralized government-run system. Its advantages were total access for all citizens and post-education employment...
, education at MIPT is free for most students. Further, students receive small scholarships (as of 2009, $75–$90 per month, depending on the student's performance), and effectively free housing on campus, which allows them to study full time.
Education
MIPT follows a semester system. Each semester includes 15 weeks of instruction, two weeks of finals, and then three weeks of oral and written exams on the most important subjects covered in the preceding semester.
Starting with the third year, the curriculum matches each student's area of specialization, and also includes more elective courses. Most importantly, starting with the third year, students begin work at base institutes (or "base organizations," usually simply called bases). The bases are the core of the Phystech system. Most of them are research institutes, usually belonging to the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences consists of the national academy of Russia and a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation as well as auxiliary scientific and social units like libraries, publishers and hospitals....
. At the time of enrollment, each student is assigned to a base that matches his or her interests. Starting with the third year, a student begins to commute to their base regularly, becoming essentially a part-time employee. During the last two years, a student spends 4–5 days a week at their base institute, and only one day at MIPT.
The base organization idea is somewhat similar to an internship in that students participate in "real work." However, the similarity ends there. All base organizations also have a curriculum for visiting students, and besides their work, the students are required to take those classes and pass exams. In other words, a base organization is an extension of MIPT, specializing in each particular student's area of interests.
While working at the base organization, a student prepares a thesis
Thesis
A dissertation or thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings...
based on his or her research work and presents ("defends") it before the Qualification Committee consisting of both MIPT faculty and the base organization staff. Defending the thesis is a requirement for graduation.
Base organizations
As of 2005, MIPT had 103 base organizations. The following list of institutes is currently far from being complete:- Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS
- Institute for Physical ProblemsInstitute for Physical ProblemsP.L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Institute was founded in 1934. The founder of the Institute, Prof. Kapitsa served as its head for many years. The head of the theoretical division of the Institute was Prof. Landau. The primary direction of...
- Institute for Problems in Mechanics RAS
- Institute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of SciencesInstitute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of SciencesThe Institute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of Sciences is a Russian research institution located in Troitsk, Moscow region. ISAN educational activity includes a program for Diploma Students, Ph.D. and Doctorals for science, R&D and industry...
- Institute for Theoretical and Experimental PhysicsInstitute for Theoretical and Experimental PhysicsThe Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics is located in Moscow, Russia as a MinAtom physical institute....
- Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology
- Institute of Molecular Genetics RAS
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics RAS
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS
- Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS
- Joint Institute for Nuclear ResearchJoint Institute for Nuclear ResearchThe Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR , in Dubna, Moscow Oblast , Russia, is an international research centre for nuclear sciences, with 5500 staff members, 1200 researchers including 1000 Ph.D.s from eighteen member states The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR , in Dubna, Moscow...
- Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials RAS
- Institute for High Energy PhysicsInstitute for High Energy PhysicsThe Institute for High Energy Physics was opened in 1965 in Protvino near Moscow, Russia. The institute is known for the particle accelerator U-70 synchrotron launched in 1967, which was the largest in the world for five years. The first director of the institute 1963—1974) was Anatoli Logunov.-...
- Kurchatov InstituteKurchatov InstituteThe Kurchatov Institute is Russia's leading research and development institution in the field of nuclear energy. In the Soviet Union it was known as I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy , abbreviated KIAE . It is named after Igor Kurchatov....
(formerly Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy) - Lebedev Institute of Physics RASLebedev Physical InstituteThe Lebedev Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , situated in Moscow, is one of the leading Russian research institutes specializing in physics. It is also one of the oldest research institutions in Russia: its history dates back to a collection of physics equipment established by...
(FIAN) - Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer EngineeringLebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer EngineeringLebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering is a Russian research institution. It used to be a Soviet Academy of Sciences organization in Soviet times...
- Landau Institute for Theoretical PhysicsLandau Institute for Theoretical PhysicsThe L. D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a research institution, located in the small town of Chernogolovka near Moscow...
- N.N. Andreyev Acoustics Institute
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, RAS
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography RAS
- Space Research Institute RAS
- Steklov Institute of MathematicsSteklov Institute of MathematicsSteklov Institute of Mathematics or Steklov Mathematical Institute is a research institute based in Moscow, specialized in mathematics, and a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was established April 24, 1934 by the decision of the General Assembly of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in...
- Gromov Flight Research InstituteGromov Flight Research InstituteM. M. Gromov Flight Research Institute or LII for short is an important Russian aircraft test base, scientific research center located in Zhukovsky, 40 km south-east of Moscow.It has one of the longest runways in Europe at 5,403 m...
- Zhukovsky Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute
- Nuclear Safety Institute of RAS (IBRAE)
- and a number of OKBOKBOKB is a transliteration of the Russian acronym for "Опытное конструкторское бюро" - Opytnoe Konstructorskoe Byuro, meaning Experimental Design Bureau...
s (experimental design bureaux)
In addition, a number of Russian and Western companies act as base organizations of MIPT. These include:
- 1C Company1C Company1C Company is one of the largest independent Russian software developers and publishers. Its headquarters are in Moscow, Russia. It is best known outside of the former Soviet Union as a video game developer whose presence has come to dominate events like the KRI, and whose products have begun to...
- ABBYYABBYYABBYY is a Russian software company, headquartered in Moscow, that provides optical character recognition, document capture and language software for both PC and mobile devices.-History:ABBYY was founded in 1989 by David Yang...
- Competentum Group or Physicon
- NPMP "Concept Consulting"
- Intel
- IPG Photonics
- Kraftway
- MetaSythesis
- Paragon Software GroupParagon Software GroupParagon Software Group produces hard drive management tools, such as partition managers, boot managers, back up software and system duplication software. Paragon products are available in personal or corporate versions, for use on PCs, servers or networks...
- S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation EnergiaS.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation EnergiaOAO S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia , also known as RKK Energiya, is a Russian manufacturer of spacecraft and space station components...
- SWsoftSWsoftSWsoft was a privately held server automation and virtualization software company and the parent company of Parallels, Inc. SWsoft developed software for running data centers, particularly for web-hosting services companies, application service providers, and managed service providers...
- YandexYandexYandex is a Russian IT company which operates the largest search engine in Russia and develops a number of Internet-based services and products. Yandex is ranked as 5-th world largest search engine...
Degrees and reputation
Before 1998, students could graduate only after completing the full six-year curriculum and defending their thesis. Upon successful graduation, they were awarded a specialist degreeSpecialist degree
-The Specialist degree in the Commonwealth of Independent States:The specialist degree was the only first degree in the former Soviet Union and currently is being phased out by the bakalvr's - magister's degrees....
in Applied Mathematics and Physics and, beginning in the early 90s, a Master's degree
Master's degree
A master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...
in Physics.
Since 1998, students have been awarded a Bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years, but can range anywhere from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
diploma after four years of study and the defense of a Bachelor's "qualification work" (effectively a smaller and less involved version of the Master's thesis
Thesis
A dissertation or thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings...
). An estimated 90% of students continue their education after receiving this diploma to complete the full six-year curriculum and receive the Master's degree
Master's degree
A master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...
.
The complete course of education at MIPT takes six years to complete, just like an American Bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years, but can range anywhere from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
followed by a Master's degree
Master's degree
A master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...
. However, MIPT graduates usually view their training as effectively higher than an American M.S. in Physics. The MIPT curriculum is, indeed, considerably more extensive compared to an average American college. In addition, American M.S. programs usually focus more on classroom education and less on research. There is an opinion that an MIPT specialist/Master's diploma may be roughly equivalent to an American Ph.D.
Ph.D.
A Ph.D. is a Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree.Ph.D. may also refer to:* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip*PhD: Phantasy Degree, a Korean comic series* PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
in physics—possibly an undue generalization which, however, may be true in some cases.
Traditional university rankings are based on the universities' research output and prizes won by faculty. In contrast, many distinguished professors teaching at MIPT are officially on staff at the base institutes (see above) rather than MIPT itself. Student research work is also typically carried out outside of MIPT, and published research results do not mention MIPT. In effect, many MIPT professors are not considered as such for the rankings, and student research is not earning any ranking points for MIPT.
Demographics
About 15% of all students are residents of MoscowMoscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
and nearly the same are from Moscow region
Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast , or Podmoskovye , is a federal subject of Russia . Its area, at , is relatively small compared to other federal subjects, but it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country and, with the 2010 population of 7,092,941, is the second most populous federal subject...
; the rest come from all over the former Soviet Union. Most out-of-town students live in the dormitory on campus for at least the first 4 years. Many senior students move to another dormitory in Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, while some either move to base institute dormitories or rent apartments.
The student population is almost exclusively male, with the female/male ratio in a department rarely exceeding 15% (seeing 2-3 women in a class of 80 is not uncommon). Although in recent years this situation has changed and in 2009 more than 20% of first year students were females.
There are no reliable statistics on the careers of MIPT graduates. Prior to the collapse of Soviet Union, most MIPT graduates continued research at their base institutes or found jobs in OKB
OKB
OKB is a transliteration of the Russian acronym for "Опытное конструкторское бюро" - Opytnoe Konstructorskoe Byuro, meaning Experimental Design Bureau...
s. Nowadays, many graduates become business people or software engineers. Some, especially high-performing students of prestigious departments (e.g. DGAP, DCAM), go on to get post-graduate degrees from foreign universities. In the past, some students were known to have been admitted into Ph.D. programs of American universities as early as after their 3rd year of education. Many MIPT alumni hold faculty positions in the world's top Universities, including Harvard, MIT, Columbia
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
, Stanford, Brown
Brown University
Brown University is a private, Ivy League university located in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. Founded in 1764 prior to American independence from the British Empire as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations early in the reign of King George III ,...
, and University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
.
Famous faculty and alumni
- Alexander AbramovAlexander AbramovAlexander Abramov is a former scientist who became an industrial magnate as head of EvrazHolding, Russia's largest steel producer. Beginning in 1998, he has amassed the largest steel and iron empire in Russia, which employs 125,000 people, controls about 22 percent of the country's total steel...
- founder of Evraz GroupEvraz GroupEvraz Group is one of the world's biggest vertically integrated steel production and mining businesses, with operations mainly in Russia. In 2008, Evraz Group produced 17.7 million tonnes of crude steel.-Overview:...
, #137 on the Forbes list - Boris Aleshin - deputy prime minister in Russian government (2003–2004), president of AvtoVAZAvtoVAZAvtoVAZ is the Russian automobile manufacturer formerly known as VAZ: Volzhsky Avtomobilny Zavod , but better known to the world under the trade name Lada. The company was established in the late 1960s in collaboration with Fiat...
(2007–2009), general director of TsAGITsAGITsAGI is a transliteration of the Russian abbreviation for Центра́льный аэрогидродинами́ческий институ́т or "Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut", the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute....
(2009-) - Boris BabaianBoris BabaianBoris Artashesovich Babayan is an Armenian supercomputer architect, notable as the pioneering creator of supercomputers in the Soviet Union....
- a pioneer of Russian supercomputerElbrus (computer)The Elbrus is a line of Soviet and Russian computer systems developed by Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering.In 1992 a spin-off company Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies was created and continued development....
s, an Intel Fellow 2004 and software architect - Yuri BaturinYuri BaturinYuri Mikhailovich Baturin , is a Russian cosmonaut and former politician.Baturin graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1973, and is the former head of National Security; he is also an author in constitutional law....
- former Russian head of national security, cosmonaut (1998 and 2001 missions) - Oleg Belotserkovsky - rector of MIPT (1962–1987), prominent mathematician and mechanician
- Andrei Bolibrukh - a mathematician who solved Hilbert's twenty-first problemHilbert's twenty-first problemThe twenty-first problem of the 23 Hilbert problems, from the celebrated list put forth in 1900 by David Hilbert, was phrased like this ....
in 1989 - Nikolai Borisovich DeloneNikolai Borisovich DeloneNikolai Borisovich Delone , was a Soviet physicist born in Leningrad, USSR .-Life:Delone was born in Leningrad on 22 May 1922. He is the son of Boris Delone, a mathematician...
- a physicist who discovered multiphoton ionization. - Alexander V FrolovAlexander V FrolovAlexander V Frolov is the CEO and Chairman of the Board of Evraz Group, one of the largest steel producers. Frolov is listed as #390 on the Forbes list of billionaires for 2007.-Career:...
- CEO of Evraz GroupEvraz GroupEvraz Group is one of the world's biggest vertically integrated steel production and mining businesses, with operations mainly in Russia. In 2008, Evraz Group produced 17.7 million tonnes of crude steel.-Overview:...
, #390 on the Forbes list - Andrey GeimAndre GeimAndre Konstantin Geim, FRS is a Dutch-Russian-British physicist working at the University of Manchester. Geim was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Konstantin Novoselov for his work on graphene...
- discoverer of grapheneGrapheneGraphene is an allotrope of carbon, whose structure is one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. The term graphene was coined as a combination of graphite and the suffix -ene by Hanns-Peter Boehm, who described single-layer...
, gecko tapeGecko tapeGecko tape is a new material still at the development stage. Directional adhesion refers to the ability of an adhesive material to grip a load in one direction and to release its grip when the direction is reversed....
, and levitating frogs; Fellow of the Royal Society, Nobel PrizeNobel PrizeThe Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
in physics, 2010 - Konstantin NovoselovKonstantin NovoselovKonstantin Sergeevich Novoselov FRS is a Russo-British physicist, most notably known for his works on graphene together with Andre Geim, which earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010. Novoselov is currently a member of the mesoscopic physics research group at the University of Manchester as...
- Nobel PrizeNobel PrizeThe Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
in physics for graphene research, 2010 - Vitaly GinzburgVitaly GinzburgVitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg ForMemRS was a Soviet theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and one of the fathers of Soviet hydrogen bomb...
- prominent physicist, Nobel PrizeNobel PrizeThe Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
2003, co-developer of the Soviet H-bomb - Yurij Ionov - discovered genomeGenomeIn modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
instability as a mechanism in colonic carcinogenesisColorectal cancerColorectal cancer, commonly known as bowel cancer, is a cancer caused by uncontrolled cell growth , in the colon, rectum, or vermiform appendix. Colorectal cancer is clinically distinct from anal cancer, which affects the anus.... - Aleksandr Kaleri - cosmonaut, spent 609 days on the MirMirMir was a space station operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, at first by the Soviet Union and then by Russia. Assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996, Mir was the first modular space station and had a greater mass than that of any previous spacecraft, holding the record for the...
and ISSISSThe ISS is the International Space Station.ISS may also refer to:* I See Stars, an American electronic rock band* ISS A/S, a Danish service company* Idea Star Singer, a Malayalam music reality show by Asianet TV...
space stations - Pyotr KapitsaPyotr KapitsaPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was a prominent Soviet/Russian physicist and Nobel laureate.-Biography:Kapitsa was born in the city of Kronstadt and graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute in 1918. He worked for over ten years with Ernest Rutherford in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge...
- discovered superfluidity, Nobel PrizeNobel PrizeThe Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
1978 - Leonid KhachiyanLeonid KhachiyanLeonid Genrikhovich Khachiyan was a Soviet mathematician of Armenian descent who taught Computer Science at Rutgers University. He was most famous for his Ellipsoid algorithm for linear programming, which was the first such algorithm known to have a polynomial running time...
- famous for his Ellipsoid methodEllipsoid methodIn mathematical optimization, the ellipsoid method is an iterative method for minimizing convex functions. When specialized to solving feasible linear optimization problems with rational data, the ellipsoid method is an algorithm, which finds an optimal solution in a finite number of steps.The...
for linear programmingLinear programmingLinear programming is a mathematical method for determining a way to achieve the best outcome in a given mathematical model for some list of requirements represented as linear relationships...
, Fulkerson PrizeFulkerson PrizeThe Fulkerson Prize for outstanding papers in the area of discrete mathematics is sponsored jointly by the Mathematical Programming Society and the American Mathematical Society . Up to three awards of $1500 each are presented at each International Symposium of the MPS...
(1982) - Mikhail Kirpichnikov - RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n Science & Technology Minister (1998–2000), dean of Biology at MSUMoscow State UniversityLomonosov Moscow State University , previously known as Lomonosov University or MSU , is the largest university in Russia. Founded in 1755, it also claims to be one of the oldest university in Russia and to have the tallest educational building in the world. Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy...
(2006-) - Alex KonanykhinAlex KonanykhinAlex Konanykhin is a Russian entrepreneur, former banker, former oligarch and past member of Russian President Boris Yeltsin’s inner circle....
- Entrepreneur, former banker, former Russian oligarch, with political asylum in USA. - Nikolay KudryavtsevNikolay Kudryavtsev-Career:Nikolay Kudryavtsev graduated from the of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1973. He received his Ph.D. in physics and mathematics from the same institute in 1977. Dr. Kudryavtsev worked at MIPT in various positions including Molecular Physics Chair and dean of the...
- rector of MIPT (1997-), director of SchlumbergerSchlumbergerSchlumberger Limited is the world's largest oilfield services company. Schlumberger employs over 110,000 people of more than 140 nationalities working in approximately 80 countries...
(2007-) - Lev LandauLev LandauLev Davidovich Landau was a prominent Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics...
- prominent Russian physicist, Nobel PrizeNobel PrizeThe Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
1962 - Sergei LebedevSergei Alekseyevich LebedevSergey Alexeyevich Lebedev was a Soviet scientist in the fields of electrical engineering and computer science, and designer of the first Soviet computers....
- invented MESM (1950) and BESMBESMBESM is the name of a series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950-1960s. The name is an acronym for "Bolshaya Elektronno-Schetnaya Mashina" , literally "Large Electronically Computing Machine". The series began as a successor to MESM...
(1953) mainframe computers - Alexander Migdal - defined 2D quantum gravityQuantum gravityQuantum gravity is the field of theoretical physics which attempts to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics with general relativity...
, 2D/3D visualization software and internet entrepreneur - Sergey Nikolsky - prominent Russian mathematician
- Alexander Polyakov - quantum field theoryQuantum field theoryQuantum field theory provides a theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of systems classically parametrized by an infinite number of dynamical degrees of freedom, that is, fields and many-body systems. It is the natural and quantitative language of particle physics and...
classics, Dirac'86 and LorentzLorentz MedalLorentz Medal is a prize awarded every four years by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. It was established in 1925 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the doctorate of Hendrik Lorentz. This solid gold medal is given for important contributions to theoretical physics, though...
'94 Medals - Alexandr ProkhorovAleksandr Mikhailovich ProkhorovAlexander Mikhaylovich Prokhorov was a Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov....
- a co-inventor of the laserLaserA laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation...
, Nobel PrizeNobel PrizeThe Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
1964 - Boris RauschenbachBoris RauschenbachBoris Viktorovich Rauschenbach was a prominent Soviet physicist and rocket engineer, who developed the theory and instruments for interplanetary flight control and navigation in 1955-1960s...
- rocket scientistAerospace engineeringAerospace engineering is the primary branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction and science of aircraft and spacecraft. It is divided into two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering...
in control engineeringControl engineeringControl engineering or Control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with predictable behaviors...
, responsible for the first photographs of the far side of the MoonFar side of the MoonThe far side of the Moon is the lunar hemisphere that is permanently turned away, and is not visible from the surface of the Earth. The far hemisphere was first photographed by the Soviet Luna 3 probe in 1959, and was first directly observed by human eyes when the Apollo 8 mission orbited the Moon...
(1959) - Boris Saltykov - RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n Minister of Science and Technology (1991–1996) - Aleksandr SerebrovAleksandr SerebrovAleksandr Aleksandrovich Serebrov is a former Soviet cosmonaut. He was born in Moscow, on February 15, 1944, graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , and was selected as a cosmonaut on December 1, 1978. He retired on May 10, 1995...
- cosmonaut, 373 days in outer space (four flights) - Nikolay SemyonovNikolay SemyonovNikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov was a Russian/Soviet physicist and chemist. Semyonov was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the mechanism of chemical transformation.-Life:...
- best known for his work on chain reactionChain reactionA chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events....
s, Nobel PrizeNobel PrizeThe Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
1956 in chemistry - Natan SharanskyNatan SharanskyNatan Sharansky was born in Stalino, Soviet Union on 20 January 1948 to a Jewish family. He graduated with a degree in applied mathematics from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. As a child, he was a chess prodigy. He performed in simultaneous and blindfold displays, usually against...
- IsraelIsraelThe State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
i CabinetCabinet (government)A Cabinet is a body of high ranking government officials, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers, an Executive Council, or an Executive Committee.- Overview :...
Minister (1996–2005), US Congressional Gold Medal (1986) - Mikhail ShifmanMikhail Shifman-External links:*****...
- non-perturbative QCDQuantum chromodynamicsIn theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics is a theory of the strong interaction , a fundamental force describing the interactions of the quarks and gluons making up hadrons . It is the study of the SU Yang–Mills theory of color-charged fermions...
classics, Sakurai PrizeSakurai PrizeThe J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics, is presented by the American Physical Society at its annual "April Meeting", and honors outstanding achievement in particle physics theory...
(1999), Lilienfeld PrizeLilienfeld PrizeThe Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society, to remember Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, has been awarded annually, since 1989. . The purpose of the Prize is to recognize outstanding contributions to physics....
(2006) - Volodymyr Shkidchenko - Defense Minister of UkraineUkraineUkraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
(2003–2004), four-star general of the Army - Rashid SunyaevRashid SunyaevRashid Alievich Sunyaev was born in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, on March 1, 1943 to a Tatar family, and educated at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and Moscow State University . He became a professor at MIPT in 1974...
- an author of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effectSunyaev-Zel'dovich effectThe Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect is the result of high energy electrons distorting the cosmic microwave background radiation through inverse Compton scattering, in which the low energy CMB photons receive energy boost during collision with the high energy cluster electrons...
and a model of black holeBlack holeA black hole is a region of spacetime from which nothing, not even light, can escape. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole. Around a black hole there is a mathematically defined surface called an event horizon that...
s - Victor VeselagoVictor VeselagoVictor Georgievich Veselago is a Russian physicist. In 1967, he was the first to publish a theoretical analysis of materials with negative permittivity, ε, and permeability μ....
- put forward a theory for metamaterials of the 21st century in 1967 - Alexander ZamolodchikovAlexander ZamolodchikovAlexander Borissowitsch Zamolodchikov is a Russian physicist, known for his contributions to condensed matter physics and string theory.Born near Dubna,...
- quantum field theory classics - Dmitry ZeleninDmitry ZeleninDmitry Vadimovich Zelenin , born 27 November 1962 in Moscow is the governor of Tver Oblast, Russia.-Biography:Zelenin graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1986 and worked in the electronics industry until 1990 when he became commercial director of Resurs Bank and chief...
- governor of Tverskaya Oblast (2004–2011)