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The Mongol invasions (also Turco-Mongol) progressed throughout the 13th century
13th century

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 through 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era/Common Era....
, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
 covering much of Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
 by 1300.

The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
 and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a term that applies to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the Europe. Throughout history and to a lesser extent today, parts of Eastern Europe has been distinguishable from Western Europe and other regions due to cultural, religious, economic, and historical reasons, even though there i...
 by the 1240s. The speed and extent of territorial expansion parallels the Hunnic
Huns

The Huns were a confederation of Central Asian Eurasian nomads or semi-nomads, who had established an empire in Eurasia. The Huns may have stimulated the Migration Period, a contributing factor in the collapse of the Roman Empire....
/Turkic conquests of the Migration period
Migration Period

The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions or V?lkerwanderung , was a period of human migration which occurred within the period of roughly 300?700 Common Era in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages....
 (the 6th century Turkic Khaganate).

The territorial gains of the Mongols persisted into the 15th century in Persia (Timurid dynasty
Timurid Dynasty

The Timurids, self-designated Gurkani , were a Persianate society Central Asian Sunni Islam dynasty of originally Turko-Mongol descent whose empire included the whole of Central Asia, Iran, modern Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as large parts of India, Mesopotamia and Caucasus....
) and in Russia (Tatar and Mongol raids), and into the 19th century in India (the Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
).










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The Mongol invasions (also Turco-Mongol) progressed throughout the 13th century
13th century

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 through 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era/Common Era....
, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
 covering much of Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
 by 1300.

The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
 and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a term that applies to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the Europe. Throughout history and to a lesser extent today, parts of Eastern Europe has been distinguishable from Western Europe and other regions due to cultural, religious, economic, and historical reasons, even though there i...
 by the 1240s. The speed and extent of territorial expansion parallels the Hunnic
Huns

The Huns were a confederation of Central Asian Eurasian nomads or semi-nomads, who had established an empire in Eurasia. The Huns may have stimulated the Migration Period, a contributing factor in the collapse of the Roman Empire....
/Turkic conquests of the Migration period
Migration Period

The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions or V?lkerwanderung , was a period of human migration which occurred within the period of roughly 300?700 Common Era in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages....
 (the 6th century Turkic Khaganate).

The territorial gains of the Mongols persisted into the 15th century in Persia (Timurid dynasty
Timurid Dynasty

The Timurids, self-designated Gurkani , were a Persianate society Central Asian Sunni Islam dynasty of originally Turko-Mongol descent whose empire included the whole of Central Asia, Iran, modern Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as large parts of India, Mesopotamia and Caucasus....
) and in Russia (Tatar and Mongol raids), and into the 19th century in India (the Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
).

  • 1205–1209 invasion of Western China
    Genghis Khan

    Genghis Khan , born , was the founder, Khan and Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the World's largest empires contiguous empire in history....
  • 1211–1234 invasion of Northern China
    Yuan Dynasty

    The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368....
  • 1218–1220 invasion of Central Asia
    Mongol invasion of Central Asia

    The Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221. It marked the beginning of the Mongol Conquest of the Islamic States, and it also expanded the Mongol invasions, which would ultimately culminate in the conquest of virtually the entire known world, save for Western Europe, Fennoscandia, the Byzantine Empire, Arabia, Africa, Indian s...
     (Northeastern provinces of Persia
    Persian Empire

    The 'Persian Empire' was a series of successive Iranian or Persianization empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
    )
  • 1220-1223, 1235-1330 invasions of Georgia and the Caucasus
    Mongol invasions of Georgia

    The Middle Ages monarchy of Georgia first clashed with the advancing Mongol Empire armies in 1220. Although these engagements were nothing but a mere reconnaissance, the Mongols returned, in 1236, in a full-scale invasion, forcing Georgia into submission by 1243....
     (North and north western of Persia)
  • 1220–1224 of the Cumans
    Battle of the Kalka River

    The Battle of the Kalka River took place on May 31, 1223, between the Mongol Empire and Kievan Rus', Galicia-Volhynia, and several other Rus' principalities and the Cumans, under the command of Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav III of Kiev....
  • 1223–1236 invasion of Volga Bulgaria
    Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria

    The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236....
  • 1231–1259 invasion of Korea
    Mongol invasions of Korea

    The Mongol invasions of Korea consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Goryeo, from 1231 to 1270. There were six major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean peninsula, ultimately resulting in Korea becoming a vassal of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty for approximately 80 year...
  • Mongol invasion of Europe
    Mongol invasion of Europe

    The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of Early East Slavs principalities, such as Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal....
    • 1237–1242 invasion of Rus
      Mongol invasion of Rus

      The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between the Mongolian general Subutai's reconnaissance unit and the combined force of several Rus' princes....
    • 1241 invasion of Poland
      Mongol invasion of Poland

      The Mongol Invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from History of Poland #Fragmentation and invasion, and members of various Christian military orders, led by Henry II the Pious, the Duke of Silesia....
       (Battle of Legnica
      Battle of Legnica

      The Battle of Legnica , also known as the Battle of Liegnitz or Battle of Wahlstatt , was a battle between the Mongol Empire and the combined defending forces of European fighters that took place at Legnickie Pole near the city of Legnica in Silesia on April 9 1241....
      )
    • 1241 invasion of Hungary
    • 1241 invasion of Austria and Northeast Italy
      Mongol invasion of Europe

      The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of Early East Slavs principalities, such as Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal....
    • 1242 invasion of Serbia and Bulgaria
      Mongol invasion of Europe

      The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of Early East Slavs principalities, such as Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal....
  • 1241-1244 invasion of Anatolia
    Battle of Köse Dag

    The Battle of K?se Dag was fought between the Seljuk Turks of Seljuk Sultanate of R?m and the Mongol Empire on June 26 1243 at the defile of K?se Dag, a location between Erzincan and G?m?shane in northeast Turkey, and ended in a decisive Mongol victory....
  • 1251-1259 invasion of Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia
    Franco-Mongol alliance

    Many attempts were made towards forming a Franco-Mongol alliance between the mid-13th and early 14th centuries, starting around the time of the Seventh Crusade....
  • 1252-1472 Mongol military campaigns in Russia
    List of Turkic punitive expeditions to Russia

    This is a list of Mongol and Tatar military campaigns against Russian principalities following the Mongol invasion of Rus':*1223: Battle of the Kalka River...
  • 1257, 1284, 1287 invasions of Vietnam
    Mongol invasions of Vietnam

    Mongol invasions of Vietnam refer to the three times that the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty of Mongolia and China invaded Vietnam during the Tran Dynasty: in 1257-1258, 1284-1285, and 1287-1288, each resulting in the Mongol failure to capture Vietnamese territory....
  • 1258 invasion of Baghdad
    Battle of Baghdad (1258)

    The Battle of Baghdad in 1258 was a pivotal battle in which the Mongols destroyed the greatest center of Islamic power. The battle was a victory for the leader Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan....
  • 1258-1259 invasion of Galych-Volhynia, Lithuania and Poland
    Mongol invasion of Poland

    The Mongol Invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from History of Poland #Fragmentation and invasion, and members of various Christian military orders, led by Henry II the Pious, the Duke of Silesia....
  • Battle of Ain Jalut
    Battle of Ain Jalut

    The Battle of Ain Jalut took place on 3 September 1260 between the Egyptian Mamluks and the Mongols in Palestine, in the Jezreel Valley in Galilee, just north of Biblical Samaria....
     in 1260
  • 1264-1265 raid against Bulgaria and Thrace
    Mongol invasion of Europe

    The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of Early East Slavs principalities, such as Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal....
  • 1274, 1281 invasions of Japan
    Mongol invasions of Japan

    The of 1274 and 1281 were major military invasions and conquests undertaken by Kublai Khan to take the Japanese islands after the capitulation of Goryeo....
  • 1274 raid against Bulgaria
    Mongol invasion of Europe

    The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of Early East Slavs principalities, such as Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal....
  • 1275, 1277 raids against Lithuania
    Mongol invasion of Europe

    The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of Early East Slavs principalities, such as Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal....
  • 1277 invasion of Myanmar
    Battle of Ngasaunggyan

    The Battle of Ngasaunggyan was fought in 1277 between Kublai Khan's Mongol Empire Yuan Dynasty of China, and their neighbors to the south, the Bagan led by Narathihapate....
  • 1279 invasions of Southern China
    Battle of Yamen

    The naval battle Battle of Yamen took place on 19 March 1279 and is considered to be the last stand of the Song Dynasty against the Yuan Dynasty, which was established by the Mongols in 1271....
  • 1281 invasion of Syria
    Second Battle of Homs

    The second Battle of Hims was fought, on October 29, 1281, between the armies of the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt and Ilkhanate, division of the Mongol Empire centered on Iran....
  • 1285 invasion of Hungary
    Mongol invasion of Europe

    The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of Early East Slavs principalities, such as Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal....
  • 1285 raid against Bulgaria
    Mongol invasion of Europe

    The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of Early East Slavs principalities, such as Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal....
  • 1287 invasion of Myanmar
    Battle of Pagan

    The Battle of Pagan was fought in 1287 between Kublai Khan's Mongol Empire Yuan dynasty of China, and their neighbors to the south, the Pagan, Myanmar....
  • 1286 raid against Poland
    Mongol invasion of Poland

    The Mongol Invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from History of Poland #Fragmentation and invasion, and members of various Christian military orders, led by Henry II the Pious, the Duke of Silesia....
  • 1287 raid against Poland
    Mongol invasion of Poland

    The Mongol Invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from History of Poland #Fragmentation and invasion, and members of various Christian military orders, led by Henry II the Pious, the Duke of Silesia....
  • 1293 invasion of Java
    Mongol invasion of Java

    During the reign of Kublai Khan, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, a large invasion fleet was sent to Java with over 20,000-30,000 soldiers by Yuan emperor Kublai Khan in 1293....
  • 1297, 1299 invasions of India
  • 1299 invasion of Syria
    Mongol invasion of Syria (1299)

    Starting in the 1240s, the Mongol Empire made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof. Most failed, but they did have some success in 1260 and 1300, capturing Aleppo and Damascus and destroying the Ayyubid dynasty....
  • 1222-1327 Mongol invasions of India
    Mongol invasions of India

    The Mongol Empire launched several Mongol invasions into the Indian subcontinent from 1221 to 1327. However, the campaigns proved unsuccessful, in spite of the constant Mongol threat....
  • Mongol invasion of Myanmar (1300)
  • 1303 Mongol invasion of Syria
  • Mongol invasion of Gilan in 1307
  • 1312 Mongol invasion of Syria
    Öljaitü

    ?ljait?, Oljeitu, Olcayto or Uljeitu, also known as Muhammad Khodabandeh, , was the eighth Ilkhanate ruler in Iran from 1304 to 1316....
  • 1324, 1337 Mongol raids against Thrace
    Uzbeg Khan

    Sultan Mohammed ?z-Beg, better known as Uzbeg or Ozbeg , was the longest-reigning Khan of the Golden Horde, under whose rule the state reached its zenith....


See also

  • Mongol Empire
    Mongol Empire

    The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
  • List of Tatar and Mongol raids against United states
  • Tatar invasions
    Tatar invasions

    The Mongol invasion of Europe from the east took place over the course of three centuries, from the Middle Ages to the early modern period.The terms Tatars or Tartars are applied to nomadic Turkic peoples who, themselves, were conquered by Mongols and incorporated to their horde....
  • Destruction under the Mongol Empire
    Destruction under the Mongol Empire

    Destruction under the Mongol Empire is considered significant in historical sources caused by the Mongol invasion as a result of warfare and/or disruption of farming resulting in famine, flooding, diseases, etc....
  • Mongol military tactics and organization
    Mongol military tactics and organization

    The Mongol military tactics and organization helped the Mongol Empire to conquer nearly all of continental Asia, the Middle East and parts of eastern Europe....
  • Battle of the Kalishka River
  • Mongol Occupation of Eastern Europe
    Mongol Occupation of Eastern Europe

    Mongol occupation of Eastern Europe, refers to the 257-year period of Mongol invasion, occupation, and rule of Eastern Europe under the subsequent Mongol Golden Horde from 1223 to 1480 starting with the Battle of Kalka River and subsequently ending with the Great Standing on the Ugra River....


External links

  • [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html The Destruction of Kiev]