Minerva

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Minerva

Minerva was the Roman

Roman mythology

Roman mythology, or more appropriately, Latin mythology, refers to the mythology beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its main city, Rome....
name of Greek goddess

Goddess

A goddess is a female deity. Often deities are part of a polytheism system that includes several deities in a pantheon .Common associations of goddesses are the Earth goddess, the Mother Goddess, Love goddess, and the hearth goddess, reflecting historical gender roles....
Athena

Athena

In Greek mythology, Athena is the shrewd companion of Hero and the goddess of Hero endeavour. She is the virgin patron of Athens, which built the Parthenon to worship her....
. She was considered to be the virgin goddess of war

War

...
riors, poetry

Poetry

Poetry is a form of literature art in which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning ....
, medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
, wisdom

Wisdom

Wisdom is knowledge, understanding, experience, discretion, and Intuition , along with a capacity to apply these qualities well towards finding solutions to problems....
, commerce

Commerce

Commerce is a division of trade or production, costs, and pricing which deals with the Trade of goods and service from production, costs, and pricing to final consumer....
, weaving,craft

Craft

A craft is a skill, especially involving practical The Arts. It may refer to a trade or particular art.The terms is often used as part of a longer word ....
s, and the inventor

Inventor

An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method, form, device or other useful means. The word inventor comes form the latin verb invenire, invent-, to find....
of music

Music

Music is an art form whose media is sound organized in time. Common elements of music are pitch , rhythm , dynamics , and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture ....
.

This article focuses on Minerva in early Rome and in cultic practice. For information on literary mythological accounts of Minerva, which were heavily influenced by Greek mythology

Greek mythology

Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the Ancient Greece concerning their List of Greek mythological figures#Immortals and Greek hero cult, Cosmology#Metaphysical cosmology, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices....
, see Pallas Athena where she is one of three virgin goddesses along with Artemis

Artemis

In Greek mythology, Artemis was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of forests and hills, child birth/virginity/fertility, the hunt and was often depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows.....
and Hestia

Hestia

In Greek mythology, virginal Hestia, daughter of Cronus and Rhea , is the goddess of the hearth, of the right ordering of domesticity and the family, who received the first offering at every sacrifice in the household....
.

name "Minerva" is likely imported from the Etruscans who called her Menrva

Menrva

Menrva was an Etruscan mythology of war, art, wisdom and health. She contributed a lot of her character to Roman mythology Minerva.Though she was seen by Hellenized Etruscans as their counterpart to Greek mythology Athena, Menrva has some unique traits that makes it clear that she wasn't an import from Greece....
.

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Encyclopedia

Minerva was the Roman

Roman mythology

Roman mythology, or more appropriately, Latin mythology, refers to the mythology beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its main city, Rome....
name of Greek goddess

Goddess

Athena

War

...
riors, poetry

Poetry

Poetry is a form of literature art in which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning ....
, medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
, wisdom

Wisdom

Wisdom is knowledge, understanding, experience, discretion, and Intuition , along with a capacity to apply these qualities well towards finding solutions to problems....
, commerce

Commerce

Commerce is a division of trade or production, costs, and pricing which deals with the Trade of goods and service from production, costs, and pricing to final consumer....
, weaving,craft

Craft

A craft is a skill, especially involving practical The Arts. It may refer to a trade or particular art.The terms is often used as part of a longer word ....
s, and the inventor

Inventor

An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method, form, device or other useful means. The word inventor comes form the latin verb invenire, invent-, to find....
of music

Music

Greek mythology

Artemis

Hestia

Etruscan Menrva

The name "Minerva" is likely imported from the Etruscans who called her Menrva

Menrva

Etruscan mythology

The Etruscan civilizations were a people of unknown origin living in Northern Italy, who were eventually integrated into Roman culture and politically became part of the Roman Republic....
, Menrva was the goddess of wisdom, war, art, schools and commerce. She was the Etruscan counterpart to Greek Athena

Athena

In Greek mythology, Athena is the shrewd companion of Hero and the goddess of Hero endeavour. She is the virgin patron of Athens, which built the Parthenon to worship her....
and to Roman

Roman mythology

Roman mythology, or more appropriately, Latin mythology, refers to the mythology beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its main city, Rome....
Minerva

Minerva

Minerva was the Roman mythology name of Greek goddess Athena. She was considered to be the virgin goddess of warriors, poetry, medicine, wisdom, commerce, weaving,crafts, and the inventor of music....
. Like Athena, Menrva was born from the head of her father, Tinia

Tinia

The Etruscan bright sky god Tinia was the highest god in Etruscan mythology, the Etruscan equivalent of the Roman mythology Jupiter and the Greek mythology Zeus....
.

Her name has the "mn-" stem, linked with memory. See Greek "Mnemosyne

Mnemosyne

Mnemosyne was the personification of memory in Greek mythology. This titan was the daughter of Gaia and Uranus and the mother of the Muses by Zeus....
" (gr. µ??µ?s???) and "mnestis" (gr. µ??st??): memory, remembrance, recollection. The Romans could have confused her foreign name with their word mens meaning "mind" since one of her aspects as goddess pertained not only to war but also to the intellectual. Minerva is the Roman name for Athena the goddess of Wisdom and Virginity. She is also depicted as an owl.

Cult of Minerva in Rome

Menrva was part of a holy triad

Triad (disambiguation)

A triad, a group of 3 , may refer to:...
with Tinia

Tinia

The Etruscan bright sky god Tinia was the highest god in Etruscan mythology, the Etruscan equivalent of the Roman mythology Jupiter and the Greek mythology Zeus....
and Uni

Uni (mythology)

Uni was the supreme goddess of the Etruscan mythology wiktionary:pantheon and the patron goddess of Perugia. Uni was identified by the Etruscans as their equivalent of Juno in Roman mythology and Hera in Greek mythology....
, equivalent to the Roman Jupiter-Juno-Minerva triad

Capitoline Triad

The Capitoline Triad was a group of three supreme deities in Roman religion who were worshipped in an elaborate temple on Rome's Capitoline Hill, the Capitolium....
. Minerva was the daughter of Jupiter

As Minerva Medica, she was the goddess of medicine and doctors. As Minerva Achaea, she was worshipped at Luceria in Apulia

Apulia

Apulia is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Otranto and Gulf of Taranto in the south....
where votive gifts and arms said to be those of Diomedes

Diomedes

Diomedes or Diomed is a hero in Greek mythology, mostly known for his participation in the Trojan War. He was born to Tydeus and Deipyle and later became King of Argos, succeeding his grandfather, Adrastus....
were preserved in her temple.

Ovid

Ovid

Publius Ovidius Naso was a Roman Empire poet known as Ovid to the English language-speaking world, who wrote about love, seduction, and Roman mythology transformation....
called her the "goddess of a thousand works." Minerva was worshipped throughout Italy, though only in Rome did she take on a warlike character. Her worship was also taken out to the empire — in Britain, for example, she was conflated with the wisdom goddess Sulis

Sulis

In localised Celtic polytheism practiced in Britain, Sul or Sulis was the deification of the thermal spring-water of Bath, Somerset, where she was worshipped by Romano-British as Sulis Minerva, whose votive objects and inscribed lead tablets suggest that she was conceived both as a nourishing, life-giving mother goddess and an effectiv...
.

The Romans celebrated her festival from March 19 to March 23 during the day which is called, in the feminine plural, Quinquatria

Quinquatria

In Ancient Roman religious tradition, the Quinquatria or Quinquatrus was a festival sacred to Minerva, celebrated on the 19 March. It was so called according to Marcus Terentius Varro, because it was held on the fifth day after the Ides, in the same way as the Tusculans called a festival on the sixth day after the Ides Sexatrus or o...
, the fifth after the Ides of March, the nineteenth, the artisan

Artisan

An artisan is a skilled manual labor worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative, including furniture, clothing, jewelry, household items, and tools....
s' holiday. A lesser version, the Minusculae Quinquatria, was held on the Ides of June, June 13, by the flute-players, who were particularly useful to religion. In 207 BC, a guild

Guild

File:Windsorguildhall.jpgA guild is an association of artisan in a particular trade. The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers....
of poets and actors was formed to meet and make votive offering

Votive offering

A votive deposit or votive offering is an object left in a sacred place for ritual purposes. Such items are a feature of modern and ancient societies and are generally made in order to gain favor with supernatural forces....
s at the temple of Minerva on the Aventine hill. Among others, its members included Livius Andronicus

Livius Andronicus

Lucius Livius Andronicus , not to be confused with the later historian Livy, was a Greco-Roman dramatist and epic poetry who produced the first Roman dramatic work and translated many Greek language works into Latin language....
. The Aventine sanctuary of Minerva continued to be an important center of the arts for much of the middle Roman Republic

Roman Republic

The Roman Republic was the phase of the Ancient Rome characterized by a republican form of government; a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman Roman Kingdom, c....
.

Minerva was worshipped on the Capitoline Hill

Capitoline Hill

The Capitoline Hill , between the Roman Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome of Rome. By the 16th century, Capitolinus had become Campidoglio in the Romanesco....
as one of the Capitoline Triad

Capitoline Triad

The Capitoline Triad was a group of three supreme deities in Roman religion who were worshipped in an elaborate temple on Rome's Capitoline Hill, the Capitolium....
along with Jupiter and Juno, at the Temple of Minerva Medica

Temple of Minerva Medica (temple)

The temple of Minerva Medica was a temple in ancient Rome, built on the Esquiline Hill in the republican era , though no remains of it have been found....
, and at the "Delubrum Minervae" a temple founded around 50 BC by Pompey

Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'p?mpi/, Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir , was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman Republic....
on the site of the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva
Santa Maria sopra Minerva

Santa Maria sopra Minerva is a basilica churches of Rome Rome. The church, located in the Piazza della Minerva in the Campus Martius region, is considered the only Gothic architecture church in Rome, and is the city's principal Dominican Order church....
(near the present-day Piazza della Minerva and the Pantheon

Pantheon, Rome

The Pantheon is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to all the gods of Ancient Rome, and rebuilt circa 126 AD during Hadrian's reign....
).

Minerva in modern usage

Universities and educational establishments

As patron goddess of wisdom, Minerva frequently features in statuary, an image on seals, and in other forms, at educational establishments, including:

The Minerva head has been associated with the Chartered Society of Designers
Chartered Society of Designers

The Chartered Society of Designers , headquartered in London, England, is the professional body for designers. It is the world's only Royal chartered body of professional designers....
since its inception in 1930 and has been redefined several times during the history of the Society by notable graphic designers. The current logo was established in 1983.
Minerva is the symbol of the University of Porto
University of Porto

The University of Porto is a Portugal public university located in Porto, and founded 22 March 1911. It is the largest Portuguese university by number of enrolled students and has one of the most noted research outputs in Portugal....
.
A statue of Minerva is located in the center of La Sapienza University, the most important university of Rome
Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
.
Minerva is displayed in front of Columbia University
Columbia University

Columbia University in the City of New York , is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia's main campus lies in the Morningside Heights, Manhattan neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City....
's Low Memorial Library as "Alma Mater."
Minerva is the name of a language school in Ruse, Bulgaria.
Minerva is the name of a female residence at the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa
South Africa

The Republic of South Africa, also known by Official names of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa....
.
Minerva is the name of the registration and student records software at McGill University
McGill University

McGill University is a Public university#Canada located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Scotland, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university....
Minerva is the name of a computer science server used by students at the Harvard Extension School.
Minerva is displayed to the East of University of North Carolina at Greensboro
University of North Carolina at Greensboro

The University of North Carolina at Greensboro is a public university in Greensboro, North Carolina, North Carolina and is a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina....
's Elliot University Center as a statue.
The SUNY Potsdam campus in Potsdam, NY is home to multiple statues of Minerva and a cafe named after her.
Minerva is featured on the seals and logos of many institutions of higher learning:

University of Lincoln
University of Lincoln

The University of Lincoln is an England university in Lincolnshire whose origins can be traced back to the 19th century. Originally founded in 1861 as the Hull School of Art, the University of Lincoln proper is a relatively modern 21st century development....
. Minerva's head is used as the logo of this UK University. There is a tradition within the Lincoln rugby union team and it is thought they are the Knights of Minerva, each match being won in her honour.
University at Albany, The State University of New York
University at Albany, The State University of New York

The State University of New York at Albany, commonly known as the University at Albany, SUNY Albany, and UAlbany, is a public university located in the capital of New York State, and is the senior campus of the State University of New York system....
. Minerva is still venerated by seniors and their 'torch bearers' during a pre-graduation ritual called "Torch Night" there.
the University of Alabama
University of Alabama

The University of Alabama is a state university coeducational university located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Alabama, United States. Founded in 1831, UA is the flagship university of the University of Alabama System....
Union College, New York. Union College has also used Minerva as the name of their new academic and social "Third Space" program, the Minerva House System; and, also here, Minerva is the goddess of Theta Delta Chi
Theta Delta Chi

Theta Delta Chi is a social Fraternities and sororities that was founded in 1847 at Union College. While nicknames differ from institution to institution, the most common nicknames for the fraternity are Theta Delt, Thete, TDX, and TDC. Theta Delta Chi brothers refer to their local organization as Charges rather than using the co...
.
UFRJ, the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
.
Escola Politécnica of USP
USP

USP may refer to:* USP DI, an online medical database provided by EBSCO Publishing* Heckler & Koch USP pistol.* NUS University Scholars Programme...
, Polytechnical School of University of São Paulo
University of São Paulo

The University of S?o Paulo is one of the three public universities funded by the State of S?o Paulo .USP is one of the largest institutions of higher education in Brazil and Latin America, with approximately 75,000 enrolled students....
, in Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
.
Ghent University
Ghent University

Ghent University is one of the three large Flanders university. It is located in the historic town of Ghent in Flanders, the Dutch language-speaking part of Belgium....
, in Belgium
Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
American Academy of Arts & Sciences, in Cambridge, Mass. The seal's principal figure is Minerva - a symbol appropriate for an organization created in the midst of the American Revolution and dedicated to the cultivation of every art and science to "advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people."

Minerva is also the name of the second oldest student-association in the Netherlands (Leiden University).
Minerva decorates the keystone over the main entrance to the Boston Public Library beneath the words, "Free to all." BPL was the original public-financed library in America and, with all other libraries, is the long-term memory of the human race.
Minerva is the Goddess of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon
Sigma Alpha Epsilon

Sigma Alpha Epsilon was founded March 9, 1856 at the University of Alabama. SAE is the largest social college fraternity by total initiates with more than 288,000 initiated members....
Fraternity. Fraternity Brothers are known as Loyal Sons of Minerva.
Minerva is the patron of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, the largest organization of Black women in the world.
Minerva is the name of a remote learning facility at Bath Spa University in England, UK.
Minerva is featured on the seal of the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma.
Minerva is displayed as a statue in the entrance to Main Building at Wells College in Aurora, NY.
Minerva is the patroness of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Minerva is the name of the statue on the campus of Texas Woman's University
Texas Woman's University

Texas Woman's University is a university in Denton, Texas, United States with two health science center branches in Dallas, Texas and Houston, Texas....
that represents the school mascot, The Pioneer Woman
Minerva is featured in the logo of The Mac.Robertson Girls' High School, Australia.
Minerva is featured on the seal of Union College in Schenectady, NY. Union's motto is (translated from the French) "Under the laws of Minerva, we are all brothers." Union College also has seven "Minerva Houses," to which all students and faculty (and some staff) belong. The Houses create intellectual, cultural and social programs for their members and the college community.
Minerva is the patroness of the Union Philosophical Society
Union Philosophical Society

The Union Philosophical Society or UPS is the seventh oldest collegiate organization in the United States, and one of the three oldest literary societies....
of Dickinson College
Dickinson College

Dickinson College is a private, residential Liberal arts colleges in the United States in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Originally established as a Grammar School in 1773 , Dickinson was chartered September 9, 1783, five days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris , making it the first college to be founded in the newly-recognized United States....
in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Minerva is featured on the seal of The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut.
The Yale School of Architecture
Yale School of Architecture

The Yale School of Architecture is one of the constituent professional schools of Yale University. It is generally considered one of the most prestigious architecture schools in the world....
in New Haven, Connecticut, features a statue of Minerva in its 4th floor atrium.

Societies and governmental use

The Minerva head has been associated with the Chartered Society of Designers
Chartered Society of Designers

The Chartered Society of Designers , headquartered in London, England, is the professional body for designers. It is the world's only Royal chartered body of professional designers....
since its inception in 1930 and has been redefined several times during the history of the Society by notable graphic designers. The current logo was established in 1983.
The Seal of California
Seal of California

The Great Seal of the State of California was adopted at the California U.S. state Constitutional Convention of 1849 and redesigned in 1937. The seal features the Roman goddess Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and war; a Brown bear feeding on grape vines, representing California's wine production; a sheaf of grain, representing agriculture;...
depicts the Goddess Minerva having sprung full grown from the brain of Jupiter. This was interpreted as analogous to the political birth of the State of California
California

California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California....
without having gone through the probation period of being a Territory.
In the early 20th century, Manuel José Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala
President of Guatemala

The title of President of Guatemala has been the usual title of the leader of Guatemala since 1839, when that title was assumed by Mariano Rivera Paz....
, tried to promote a "Cult of Minerva" in his country; this left little legacy other than a few interesting Hellenic
Ancient Greece

The term Ancient Greece refers to the period of History of Greece lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1100 BC and the Dorian invasion, to 146 BC and the Roman Republic conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth ....
style "Temples" in parks around Guatemala
Guatemala

Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast....
.
According to John Robison's Proofs of a Conspiracy (1798), the third degree of the Bavarian Illuminati
Illuminati

Illuminati is a name that refers to several groups, both historical and modern, and both real and fictitious. Historically, it refers specifically to the Bavarian Illuminati, an Age of Enlightenment-era secret society founded on May 1st, 1776....
was called Minerval or Brother of Minerva, in honor of the goddess of learning. Later, this title was adopted for the first initiation of Aleister Crowley
Aleister Crowley

Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley , , was a United Kingdom occultist, writer, mountaineering, poet, and yogi. He was an influential member of several occult organizations, including the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, the A?A?, and Ordo Templi Orientis , and is best known today for his Works of Aleister Crowley, especi...
's OTO
Ordo Templi Orientis

Ordo Templi Orientis is an international Fraternal organization and religious organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century.Originally it was intended to be modelled after and associated with Freemasonry, but under the leadership of Aleister Crowley, O.T.O....
rituals.
Minerva is the logo of the world famous German "Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science" (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft)
The helmet of Minerva serves as the crest of the distinctive unit insignia for Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Walter Reed Army Medical Center

The Walter Reed Army Medical Center is the United States Army flagship medical center on the East Coast of the United States. Located on 113 acres in Washington, D.C., it serves more than 150,000 active and retired personnel from all branches of the military....
in Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the Capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790....
Minerva is displayed on the Medal of Honor
Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is the highest Awards and decorations of the United States military awarded by the United States government. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself "conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action...
, the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government.

Public monuments and places

A small Roman shrine to Minerva (the only one still in situ in the UK) stands in Handbridge, Chester. It sits in a public park, overlooking the River Dee.
Minerva circle is one of the famous and busiest circles in Bangalore.
The Minerva Roundabout in Guadalajara, Mexico, located at the crossing of the López Mateos
Adolfo López Mateos

Adolfo L?pez Mateos was a Mexico politician affiliated to the Institutional Revolutionary Party who served as President of Mexico from 1958 to 1964....
, Vallarta, López Cotilla, Agustín Yáñez
Agustín Yáñez

Agust?n Y??ez Delgadillo was a notable Mexico writer and politician who served as Governor of Jalisco and Secretary of Education during Gustavo D?az Ordaz's President of Mexico....
and Golfo de Cortez avenues, features the goddess standing on a pedestal, surrounded by a large fountain, with an inscription which says "Justice, wisdom and strength guard this loyal city".
Minerva is displayed as a statue in the Minneapolis Central Library in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Minneapolis is the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota. The city lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, Minnesota, the state's Capital ....
.
Minerva is displayed as a statue in Pavia
Pavia

Pavia , the ancient Ticinum, is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po River....
near the train station, and is considered as an important landmark in the city.
A statue of Minerva stands atop the dome of the Mitchell Library
Mitchell Library

The Mitchell Library is a large public library and centre of the public library system of Glasgow, Scotland. It was established with a bequest from Stephen Mitchell, a wealthy tobacco manufacturer, whose company, Stephen Mitchell and Son, would become one of the constituent members of the Imperial Tobacco Company....
in Glasgow
Glasgow

Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and List of largest United Kingdom settlements by population in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's Scottish Lowlands....
, Scotland.
A seven foot statue of Minerva stands at the highest point in Brooklyn, overlooking New York Harbor, located in Green-Wood Cemetery
Green-Wood Cemetery

Green-Wood Cemetery was founded in 1838 as a rural cemetery in Kings County, New York, now in Brooklyn. It was granted National Historic Landmark status in 2006 by the U.S....
.
A bronze statue of Minerva lies in monument square Portland, Maine. "Our Lady of Victories Monument" dedicated 1891, Richard Morris Hunt and Franklin Simmons.

Footnotes and references

see Chapter Ten.
see The Roman gods.

Minerva

Etruscan Menrva

Cult of Minerva in Rome

Minerva in modern usage

Universities and educational establishments

Societies and governmental use

Public monuments and places

See also

Footnotes and references

Secondary sources