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In the military science
Military science

Military science is the process of translating national defence policy to produce military capability by employing military scientists, including: theorists, researchers, experimental scientists, applied scientists, designers, engineers, test technicians, and military personnel responsible for prototyping....
s, a military campaign is a term applied to large scale
Scale (spatial)

Spatial scale provides a "shorthand" form for discussing relative lengths, areas, distances and sizes. A microclimate, for instance, is one which might occur in a mountain valley or near a lakeshore, whereas a megatrend is one which involves the whole planet....
, long duration, significant military strategy
Military strategy

Military strategy is a policy implemented by military organizations to pursue desired Strategic goal s. Derived from the Greek language strategos, strategy when it appeared in use during the 18th century, was seen in its narrow sense as the "art of the general", 'the art of arrangement' of troops....
 plan
Military plan

A military operation plan is a formal plan for military armed forces, their military organisations and military unit to conduct Military_operations#Military_operations, as drawn up by commanders within the combat operations process in achieving objectives before or during a war....
 incorporating a series of inter-related military operation
Military operation

This article describes three distinct, but related terms: military operations, Operations as military events, and operational level of war....
s or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war
War

...
. The term derives from the plain of Campania
Campania

Campania is a Regions of Italy of southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5.8 million people, making it the second-most-populous region of Italy, its total area of 13,595 km? makes it the most densely populated region in the country....
 when it was a place of annual wartime operations by the armies of the Roman Republic.

litary campaign denotes the time during which a given military force
Armed forces

The armed forces of a country are its government-sponsored defense, fighting forces, and organizations. They exist to further the foreign and domestic policies of their governing body, and to defend that body and the nation it represents from external and internal aggressors....
 conducts combat operations in a given area (often referred to as AO, area of operation
Area of operation

In U.S. military parlence, an area of operations is an operational area defined by the force commander for land, air and naval forces conduct of combat and non-combat activities....
).






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In the military science
Military science

Military science is the process of translating national defence policy to produce military capability by employing military scientists, including: theorists, researchers, experimental scientists, applied scientists, designers, engineers, test technicians, and military personnel responsible for prototyping....
s, a military campaign is a term applied to large scale
Scale (spatial)

Spatial scale provides a "shorthand" form for discussing relative lengths, areas, distances and sizes. A microclimate, for instance, is one which might occur in a mountain valley or near a lakeshore, whereas a megatrend is one which involves the whole planet....
, long duration, significant military strategy
Military strategy

Military strategy is a policy implemented by military organizations to pursue desired Strategic goal s. Derived from the Greek language strategos, strategy when it appeared in use during the 18th century, was seen in its narrow sense as the "art of the general", 'the art of arrangement' of troops....
 plan
Military plan

A military operation plan is a formal plan for military armed forces, their military organisations and military unit to conduct Military_operations#Military_operations, as drawn up by commanders within the combat operations process in achieving objectives before or during a war....
 incorporating a series of inter-related military operation
Military operation

This article describes three distinct, but related terms: military operations, Operations as military events, and operational level of war....
s or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war
War

...
. The term derives from the plain of Campania
Campania

Campania is a Regions of Italy of southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5.8 million people, making it the second-most-populous region of Italy, its total area of 13,595 km? makes it the most densely populated region in the country....
 when it was a place of annual wartime operations by the armies of the Roman Republic.

Definition

A military campaign denotes the time during which a given military force
Armed forces

The armed forces of a country are its government-sponsored defense, fighting forces, and organizations. They exist to further the foreign and domestic policies of their governing body, and to defend that body and the nation it represents from external and internal aggressors....
 conducts combat operations in a given area (often referred to as AO, area of operation
Area of operation

In U.S. military parlence, an area of operations is an operational area defined by the force commander for land, air and naval forces conduct of combat and non-combat activities....
). A military campaign may be executed by either a single Armed Service
Armed Services

Armed Services is a collective term that refers to the major organisational entities of national armed forces, so named because they service a combat need in a specific combat environment....
, or as a combined services campaign conducted by land
Army

An army , in the broadest sense, is the land-based armed forces of a nation. It may also include other branches of the military such as an air force....
, naval
Navy

A navy is the branch of a nation's military forces principally designated for naval warfare and amphibious warfare; namely, lake- or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions....
, air
Air force

An air force, also known in some countries as an air army or historically an army air corps , is in the broadest sense, the national armed force or armed service that primarily conducts aerial warfare....
 and space forces.

A military campaign is conducted with the purpose of achieving a particular desired resolution of a military conflict as its strategic goal
Strategic planning

Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people....
, usually within a clearly defined resource, geographic and time limited criteria. Although the duration of a campaign may be as short as a few weeks, due to the nature of campaign goals, they usually last several months, or even a year as defined by Trevor N. Dupuy
Trevor N. Dupuy

Trevor Nevitt Dupuy , soldier and noted military historian, was born in New York on May 3, 1916. Died 1995....
.
A campaign is a phase of a war involving a series of operations related in time and space and aimed towards a single, specific, strategic objective or result in the war. A campaign may include a single battle, but more often it comprises a number of battles over a protracted period of time or a considerable distance, but within a single theatre of operations or delimited area. A campaign may last only a few weeks, but usually lasts several months or even a year.


Conduct of campaigns

Like all military operations, the military campaigns are conducted as large military projects that include the phases:
  • Initiating – clear idea of the campaign's military, political, economic, social or environmental goal
    Goal

    Goal may refer to:* An objective or desired outcome** Goal , a desired state of affairs of a person or of a system** Goal in systemics and cognition engineering, a state of the domain of activity of an intelligent entity which she/he/it try to achieve;...
    s
  • Planning – where the General Staff define objectives, time
    Project management

    Project management is the List of academic disciplines of planning, organizing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives....
    , scope
    Project management

    Project management is the List of academic disciplines of planning, organizing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives....
     and cost
    Project management

    Project management is the List of academic disciplines of planning, organizing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives....
     of the campaign
  • Executing – the coordination of forces and resources in logistic and combat operations
  • Controlling – the monitoring of the progress of the campaign when compared to its baseline plan
    Project management

    Project management is the List of academic disciplines of planning, organizing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives....
  • Concluding – acceptance or rejection of the campaign outcomes by the directing command structure


Many historical campaigns are so named as misnomer
Misnomer

A misnomer is a term which suggests an interpretation that is known to be untrue. Such incorrect terms sometimes derived their names because of the form, action, or origin of the subject?becoming named popularly or widely referenced?long before their true natures were known....
s to increase or reduce the perception of operations for other than military reasons.

Campaign evaluation

The success of a military campaign is evaluated based on the degree of achievement of planned goals and objectives through combat and noncombat operations. This is determined when one of the belligerent military forces defeats the opposing military force within the constraints of the planned resource, time and cost allocations. The manner in which a force terminates its operations often influences the public perception
Perception management

Perception management is a term originated by the U. S. military. The United States Department of Defense gives this definition:Actions to convey and/or deny selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, and objective reasoning as well as to intelligence systems and leaders at all levels to i...
 of the campaign's success. A campaign may end in conquest, and be followed by the transition of military authority to a civil authority and the redeployment of forces, or a permanent installation
Military occupation

Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a belligerent....
 of a military authority in the occupied area.

Military campaigns, inside and outside of defined wars, may exceed the original or even revised planning parameters of scope, time and cost. Such stalled campaigns, for example the western front
Western Front

Western Front was a term used during the World War I and World War II world war to describe the "contested armed frontier" between lands controlled by Germany to the East and the Allies to the West....
 in World War I, were formerly called "stalemate
Stalemate

Stalemate is a situation in chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal moves. One of the rules of chess is that stalemate ends the game, with the result a draw ....
s" but in the late 20th century the metaphor
Metaphor

Metaphor is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects. It is a figure of speech that compares two or more things without using the words "like" or "as." More generally, a metaphor describes a first subject as being or equal to a second object in some way....
 of a quagmire
Swamp

A swamp is a wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land, by shallow bodies of water. A swamp generally has a substantial number of hammock , or dry-land protrusions, covered by aquatic vegetation, or vegetation that tolerates periodical inundation....
 was often applied. Such a situation may arise of various factors such as:
  • a small hope for victory
  • poorly-defined objectives
  • no clear exit strategy
    Exit strategy

    An exit strategy is a means of escaping one's current situation, typically an unfavourable situation. An organization or individual without an exit strategy may be in a wiktionary:quagmire....


See also


General
  • Military operations other than war
    Military operations other than war

    Military operations other than war is a concept in Military of the United States military doctrine that refers to the use of military capabilities across a range of operations that fall short of outright war....
     - concept that encompass the use of military capabilities across the range of military operations short of war.
  • Campaign desk
    Campaign desk

    A Campaign desk is an antique desk of normal size which was used by officers and their staffs in rear areas during a military campaign.The campaign desk was usually the private property of the officer, as was his uniform and other military implements....
     - used by officers and their staffs in rear areas during a military campaign.
  • Military strategy
    Military strategy

    Military strategy is a policy implemented by military organizations to pursue desired Strategic goal s. Derived from the Greek language strategos, strategy when it appeared in use during the 18th century, was seen in its narrow sense as the "art of the general", 'the art of arrangement' of troops....
     - collective name for planning the conduct of warfare.
  • War cycles
    War cycles

    The theory of war cycles holds that wars happen in social cycle theorys....
     - the theory that war
    War

    ...
    s happen in cycles.


Military decorations
  • Campaign medal
    Campaign medal

    A campaign medal is a military decoration which is awarded to a member of the military who serves in a Military operation or performs duty in a geographical theater....
     - a military decoration which is awarded to a member of the military who serves in a designated military operation or performs duty in a geographical theater.
  • Campaign clasp - an attachment to a military award consisting of a metal bar which is pinned to the upper cloth portion of an award medal.
  • Campaign streamer
    Campaign streamer

    A campaign streamer is a long streamer attached to the headpiece of a military flag, denoting participation of that military service in a particular battle, campaign, or theatre of war ....
     - a long streamer attached to the headpiece of a military flag, denoting participation of that military service in a particular campaign.


Lists and examples
  • List of wars
    List of wars

    This is a listing of lists of wars, sorted by country, date, region, and type of conflict.This list is incomplete and, quite possibly, will never be completed....
     - contains military campaigns.
  • List of battles
    List of battles

    This is an index to articles listing battles. List of battles gives a global list....
     - part of larger military campaigns.
  • List of sieges
    List of sieges

    A siege is a prolonged military assault and blockade on a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition. What follows is a chronological list of sieges....
     - part of larger military campaigns.


Sources

  • Dupuy, T.N., Understanding war: History and Theory of Combat, Leo Cooper, London, 1992