Miguel I (
Miguel Maria do Patrocínio João Carlos Francisco de Assis Xavier de Paula Pedro de Alcântara António Rafael Gabriel Joaquim José Gonzaga Evaristo de Bragança e Bourbon; 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866) was the 30th (or 31st according to some historians) King of
PortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east...
and the
AlgarveThe Algarve from the Arabic word meaning "the west" is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. It has an area of 5,412 square kilometres with approximately 410,000 permanent inhabitants, and incorporates 16 municipalities...
s between 1828 and 1834, during the Portuguese civil war.
He was born in
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
the second son of King
John VI of PortugalJohn VI, born Don John Mary Joseph Francis Javier of Paula Louis Anthony Dominic Raphael of Braganza , the Clement John VI, born Don John Mary Joseph Francis Javier of Paula Louis Anthony Dominic Raphael of Braganza (in Portuguese:Dom João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos...
and
Charlotte of SpainCarlota Joaquina of Spain was a Queen consort of Portugal...
.
Miguel I (
Miguel Maria do Patrocínio João Carlos Francisco de Assis Xavier de Paula Pedro de Alcântara António Rafael Gabriel Joaquim José Gonzaga Evaristo de Bragança e Bourbon; 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866) was the 30th (or 31st according to some historians) King of
PortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east...
and the
AlgarveThe Algarve from the Arabic word meaning "the west" is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. It has an area of 5,412 square kilometres with approximately 410,000 permanent inhabitants, and incorporates 16 municipalities...
s between 1828 and 1834, during the Portuguese civil war.
Early life and reign
He was born in
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
the second son of King
John VI of PortugalJohn VI, born Don John Mary Joseph Francis Javier of Paula Louis Anthony Dominic Raphael of Braganza , the Clement John VI, born Don John Mary Joseph Francis Javier of Paula Louis Anthony Dominic Raphael of Braganza (in Portuguese:Dom João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos...
and
Charlotte of SpainCarlota Joaquina of Spain was a Queen consort of Portugal...
. He was given the Lordship of Infantado as his appanage.
Miguel was an avowed conservative and admirer of the
Austrian EmpireThe Austrian Empire was a modern era successor empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire centered on what is today's Austria that officially lasted from 1804 to 1867...
under the guidance of
Klemens Wenzel von MetternichKlemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich was a German-Austrian politician and statesman and was one of the most important diplomats of his era. He was a major figure in the negotiations before and during the Congress of Vienna and is considered both a paradigm of foreign-policy management and a...
. He led two revolts against his father in the 1820s, earning himself a sentence of
exileExile means to be away from one's home , while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return...
at one point. In 1826 he was betrothed to his young niece Maria II. Miguel subsequently proclaimed himself
regentA regent, from the Latin regens "reigning", is a person selected to act as head of state because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated. Thus, the common use is for an acting deputy governor....
(26 February 1828) and then took the throne as sole monarch (23 June 1828) at which time he overthrew his brother Pedro IV's constitution.
Miguel sought to gain international backing for his regime, but the government of
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of WellingtonField Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS , was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman, and one of the leading military and political figures of the nineteenth century....
in the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927...
fell in 1830 just before it could afford formal recognition. In 1831 Miguel's brother Pedro abdicated the throne of
BrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean...
and occupied the
AzoresThe Azores is a Portuguese archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about from Lisbon and about from the east coast of North America. The two westernmost Azorean islands actually lie on the North American plate...
from which he launched naval attacks on Portugal. After a
three-year civil warThe Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers, or Miguelite War, was a war between progressive constitutionalists and authoritarian absolutists in Portugal over royal succession that lasted from 1828 to 1834...
, Miguel was forced to abdicate at
Évora MonteÉvora Monte is a civil parish in the municipality of Estremoz in the Alentejo region of Portugal.It is the site of a castle founded in 1160 and which itself was the site of the signing on 26 May 1834 of the peace treaty/armistice known as the "Concession [or Convention] of Évora Monte" which ended...
(26 May 1834) and was sent into exile by the victorious Pedro.
Exile
The last Monarchic Constitution of 1838, in its article 98, categorically excluded the collateral line of the king Miguel of Portugal and all his descendants.
Miguel lived the rest of his life in exile. He eventually died in
KarlsruheKarlsruhe is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border....
,
GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
on 14 November 1866.
Also Spain, by law of Cortes on 15 January 1837 in midst of the
First Carlist WarThe First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1839.-Historical background:At the beginning of the 18th century, Philip V, the first Bourbon king of Spain, promulgated the Salic Law, which declared illegal the inheritance of the Spanish crown by women...
(1833-39), excluded Miguel from the Spanish succession, on grounds of him being with the rebellion of his maternal uncle don Carlos, the first Carlist pretender of Spain. Miguel's eldest sister
TeresaInfanta Maria Teresa of Portugal was a Portuguese princess and heir to the throne of Portugal between 1793 and 1795, until her younger brother António Pio was...
, and his nephews (three sons of late infanta Francisca, and Sebastian, son of Teresa) were so excluded.
Marriages and descendants
In 1851, when already 48, he married Princess
Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-RosenbergPrincess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg was the wife of King Miguel of Portugal but only following his deposition...
, by whom he had six daughters and a son. In a similar fashion to Queen Victoria, he would become known as the
grandfather of Europe, however this occurred after his own death. His widow succeeded in securing advantageous marriages for their daughters.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|
| By Adelheid of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (3 April 1831 – 16 December 1909; married in 1851) |
| Maria das Neves Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal was the eldest child and daughter of Miguel of Portugal and his wife Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg...
|
5 August 1852 |
15 February 1941 |
Married Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San JaimeAlfonso Carlos de Bourbon, Duke of San Jaime was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Alfonso Carlos I and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France under the name Alphonse-Charles IHe was the second son of Juan of Bourbon and Archduchess Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este...
, InfanteInfante or infanta , also anglicised as infant, was the title and rank given in the European kingdoms of Spain and Portugal to a son or daughter of the king, or to a grandson or granddaughter in the male line of a reigning monarch Infante (masculine) or infanta (feminine), also anglicised as...
of SpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
. Pretender to the Spanish Throne (See: CarlismCarlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on the Spanish throne. This line descended from Carlos V and was founded due to widespread dissatisfaction with the Alfonsine line of the House of Bourbon...
) |
Miguel (II)Miguel II of Braganza was the Miguelist claimant to the throne of Portugal from 1866 to 1920...
|
19 September 1853 |
11 October 1927 |
Duke of Braganza The title Duke of Braganza in the House of Braganza is one of the most important titles in the peerage of Portugal, as the ancient Duchy of Braganza , is one of the oldest and most important dukedoms in Portugal...
. Grandfather of the present day throne claimant Duarte Pio, Duke of BraganzaDom Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza , is the 24th Duke of Braganza and a claimant to the throne of Portugal.-Birth and education:...
. |
Maria TeresaInfanta Maria Theresa of Portugal was a Princess of the House of Braganza. She became by marriage an Archduchess of Austria and the sister-in-law of Emperor Francis Joseph.-Early life:...
|
24 August 1855 |
12 February 1944 |
Married Archduke Carl Ludwig of AustriaArchduke Karl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria was the younger brother of Franz Joseph I of Austria and the father of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , whose assassination ignited the start of World War I.-Biography:He was born at Schönbrunn in Vienna, the son of Archduke Franz Karl of Austria ...
as his third wife. |
| Maria José |
19 March 1857 |
11 March 1943 |
Married Duke Karl-Theodor in Bavaria Duke Karl-Theodor in Bavaria was a member of the House of Wittelsbach and a well-known ophthalmologist. He was the brother of the Empress Elisabeth of Austria.-Life:...
(brother of Empress Elisabeth of AustriaElisabeth of Bavaria was Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as spouse of Francis Joseph I...
) as his second wife. |
| Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães Infanta Adelgundes of Portugal, Duchess of Guimarães Infanta Adelgundes of Portugal, Duchess of Guimarães (Portuguese: Adelgundes de Jesus Maria Francisca de Assis e de Paula Adelaide Eulália Leopoldina Carlota Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga Inês Isabel Avelina Ana Estanislau Sofia Bernardina,...
|
10 November 1858 |
15 April 1946 |
Married Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi was the youngest son and child of Charles III, Duke of Parma and his wife Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France, the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry and Princess Caroline Ferdinande Louise of the Two Sicilies.Henry was thus a...
, son of Charles III of Parma. |
Maria AnaInfanta Maria Ana of Portugal , Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, was a Portuguese infanta and Grand Duchess consort of Luxembourg and its Regent...
|
13 July 1861 |
31 July 1942 |
Married Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of LuxembourgWilliam IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg was the eldest child of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. He became Grand Duke of Luxembourg and titular Duke of Nassau on the death of his father on 17 November 1905.William IV was a Protestant, the religion of the House of Nassau...
. |
| Maria Antónia |
28 November 1862 |
14 May 1959 |
Married Robert I, Duke of ParmaRobert I was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, until the duchy was annexed to Italy...
as his second wife. |
| Illegitimate offspring |
| Maria da Assunção do Carmo de Bragança |
March 1831 |
BrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean...
, 18 November 1910 |
Natural daughter from a relationship with a Lady of the Portuguese nobility living in Rome named Dona Antónia Francisca Ribeiro do Carmo, daughter of the Duke of Algarve. Recognized as his child in 1839, thereby being semi-legitimized. According to public records, she died in Minas Gerais State, Brazil in 1910. Offspring unknown. |
Ancestors
Miguel's ancestors in three generations
| Miguel I of Portugal |
Father:
John VI of PortugalJohn VI, born Don John Mary Joseph Francis Javier of Paula Louis Anthony Dominic Raphael of Braganza , the Clement John VI, born Don John Mary Joseph Francis Javier of Paula Louis Anthony Dominic Raphael of Braganza (in Portuguese:Dom João Maria José Francisco Xavier de Paula Luís António Domingos...
|
Paternal Grandfather:
Peter III of PortugalPedro III or Peter III became King of the Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves by the accession of his wife and niece Queen Maria I in 1777, and co-reigned alongside her until his death....
|
Father's Paternal Grandfather:
John V of Portugalalign=right|-|Fidelíssimus John V the Magnanimous , 24th king of Portugal and the Algarves, was born John-Francis-Anthony in Lisbon and succeeded his father Peter II in December 1706, and was proclaimed on January 1, 1707.His father had long suffered...
|
Father's Paternal Grandmother:
Mary Anne of AustriaMaria Anna of Austria was an Archduchess of Austria and later Queen consort and regent of Portugal.-Biography:...
|
Paternal Grandmother:
Maria I of PortugalMaria I was Queen of Portugal and the Algarves from 1777 until her death. Known as Maria the Pious, Maria the Mad, she was the first undisputed Queen regnant of Portugal...
|
Father's Maternal Grandfather:
Joseph I of Portugal{|align=right|-|Joseph I , the Reformer , 25th King of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves, was born in Lisbon, on June 6, 1714. He was the third child of King John V of Portugal and his wife Mary Anne Josepha of Austria...
|
Father's Maternal Grandmother:
Mariana Victoria of SpainInfanta Mariana Victoria of Spain, Queen Consort of Portugal and the Algarves was Queen Consort of Portugal and the Algarves due to her marriage to Joseph I...
|
Mother:
Charlotte of SpainCarlota Joaquina of Spain was a Queen consort of Portugal...
|
Maternal Grandfather:
Charles IV of SpainCharles IV was King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808.-Early life:...
|
Mother's Paternal Grandfather:
Charles III of SpainCharles III was the King of Spain and the Spanish Indies from 1759 to his death in 1788.Eldest son of Philip V of Spain and his second wife, Princess Elisabeth of Parma, he became the Duke of Parma and Piacenza under the name of Charles I ; later on in 1734 while Duke of Parma he conquered...
|
Mother's Paternal Grandmother:
Maria Amalia of SaxonyMaria Amalia of Saxony, Queen Consort of Spain was a German princess from the House of Wettin and was the wife of Charles III of Spain; she was the Queen Consort of Naples and Sicily from 1738 till 1759 and then Queen Consort of Spain from 1759 till her death in 1760...
|
Maternal Grandmother:
Maria Luisa of ParmaMaria Luisa of Parma, Queen of Spain was Queen Consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 as the wife of King Charles IV of Spain. She was the youngest daughter of Duke Philip I of Parma and his wife, Louise-Élisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV...
|
Mother's Maternal Grandfather:
Philip, Duke of ParmaPhilip of Spain, Duke of Parma, Plasencia and Guastalla was duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the House of Bourbon-Parma .-Life:...
|
Mother's Maternal Grandmother:
Louise-Elisabeth of France |