CLI Languages are computer programming languages that are used to produce libraries and programs that conform to the
Common Language InfrastructureThe Common Language Infrastructure is an open specification developed by Microsoft that describes the executable code and runtime environment that form the core of the Microsoft .NET Framework and the free and open source implementations Mono and Portable.NET...
specifications. With some notable exceptions, most CLI languages compile entirely to the
Common Intermediate LanguageCommon Intermediate Language is the lowest-level human-readable programming language in the Common Language Infrastructure and in the .NET Framework. Languages which target the .NET Framework compile to CIL, which is assembled into bytecode...
(CIL), an intermediate language that can be executed using an implementation of CLI such as the
Common Language RuntimeThe Common Language Runtime is a core component of Microsoft's .NET initiative. It is Microsoft's implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure standard, which defines an execution environment for program code...
, a part of the
MicrosoftMicrosoft Corporation is a multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices...
.NET FrameworkThe Microsoft .NET Framework is a software framework that can be installed on computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a large library of coded solutions to common programming problems and a virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically for...
,
MonoMono is a free and open source project led by Novell to create an Ecma standard compliant, .NET-compatible set of tools, including among others a C# compiler and a Common Language Runtime...
, or
Portable.NETPart of the DotGNU project, Portable.NET is a free software and open source software initiative aiming to build a portable toolchain and runtime for Common Language Infrastructure applications. The project focuses on compatibility with the ECMA-334 and ECMA-335 standards and support for .NET's...
.
As the program is being executed by the CLR, the CIL code is compiled and cached,
just in timeIn computing, just-in-time compilation , also known as dynamic translation, is a technique for improving the runtime performance of a computer program. JIT builds upon two earlier ideas in run-time environments: bytecode compilation and dynamic compilation...
, to the machine code appropriate for the architecture on which the program is running.
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CLI Languages are computer programming languages that are used to produce libraries and programs that conform to the
Common Language InfrastructureThe Common Language Infrastructure is an open specification developed by Microsoft that describes the executable code and runtime environment that form the core of the Microsoft .NET Framework and the free and open source implementations Mono and Portable.NET...
specifications. With some notable exceptions, most CLI languages compile entirely to the
Common Intermediate LanguageCommon Intermediate Language is the lowest-level human-readable programming language in the Common Language Infrastructure and in the .NET Framework. Languages which target the .NET Framework compile to CIL, which is assembled into bytecode...
(CIL), an intermediate language that can be executed using an implementation of CLI such as the
Common Language RuntimeThe Common Language Runtime is a core component of Microsoft's .NET initiative. It is Microsoft's implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure standard, which defines an execution environment for program code...
, a part of the
MicrosoftMicrosoft Corporation is a multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices...
.NET FrameworkThe Microsoft .NET Framework is a software framework that can be installed on computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a large library of coded solutions to common programming problems and a virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically for...
,
MonoMono is a free and open source project led by Novell to create an Ecma standard compliant, .NET-compatible set of tools, including among others a C# compiler and a Common Language Runtime...
, or
Portable.NETPart of the DotGNU project, Portable.NET is a free software and open source software initiative aiming to build a portable toolchain and runtime for Common Language Infrastructure applications. The project focuses on compatibility with the ECMA-334 and ECMA-335 standards and support for .NET's...
.
As the program is being executed by the CLR, the CIL code is compiled and cached,
just in timeIn computing, just-in-time compilation , also known as dynamic translation, is a technique for improving the runtime performance of a computer program. JIT builds upon two earlier ideas in run-time environments: bytecode compilation and dynamic compilation...
, to the machine code appropriate for the architecture on which the program is running. This last set can be shortcut manually and cached at an earlier stage using an "ahead of time" compiler such as Microsoft's ngen.exe and Mono's "-aot" option.
CLI languages
Common CLI Languages
- C#: Most widely used CLI language, bearing similarities to C++
C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features...
and JavaJava is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
. Implementations provided by .NET FrameworkThe Microsoft .NET Framework is a software framework that can be installed on computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a large library of coded solutions to common programming problems and a virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically for...
, Portable.NETPart of the DotGNU project, Portable.NET is a free software and open source software initiative aiming to build a portable toolchain and runtime for Common Language Infrastructure applications. The project focuses on compatibility with the ECMA-334 and ECMA-335 standards and support for .NET's...
and MonoMono is a free and open source project led by Novell to create an Ecma standard compliant, .NET-compatible set of tools, including among others a C# compiler and a Common Language Runtime...
.
- C++/CLI
C++/CLI is Microsoft's language specification intended to supersede Managed Extensions for C++. Completely revised to simplify the older Managed C++ syntax , it provides much more clarity and code readability than Managed C++. C++/CLI is standardized by Ecma as ECMA-372...
: A version of C++C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features...
including extensions for using CLRThe Common Language Runtime is a core component of Microsoft's .NET initiative. It is Microsoft's implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure standard, which defines an execution environment for program code...
objects. Implementation provided only .NET FrameworkThe Microsoft .NET Framework is a software framework that can be installed on computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a large library of coded solutions to common programming problems and a virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically for...
. Can produce either CILCommon Intermediate Language is the lowest-level human-readable programming language in the Common Language Infrastructure and in the .NET Framework. Languages which target the .NET Framework compile to CIL, which is assembled into bytecode...
-based managed codeManaged code is computer program code that executes under the management of a virtual machine, unlike unmanaged code, which is executed directly by the computer's CPU. The benefits of managed code include programmer convenience and enhanced security guarantees.Programs in any programming language...
or mixed-mode code that mixes both managed codeManaged code is computer program code that executes under the management of a virtual machine, unlike unmanaged code, which is executed directly by the computer's CPU. The benefits of managed code include programmer convenience and enhanced security guarantees.Programs in any programming language...
as well as native code. The compiler is provided by Microsoft.
- F#: A multi-paradigm CLI language
Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.-Paradigm summaries:A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.Dataflow : forced recalculation of formulas when data values change...
supporting functional programmingIn computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. It emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast to the imperative programming style, which emphasizes changes in state...
as well as imperativeIn computer science, imperative programming is a programming paradigm that describes computation in terms of statements that change a program state...
object-oriented programmingObject-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" – data structures consisting of datafields and methods together with their interactions – to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as information hiding, data...
disciplines. Variant of ML and is largely compatible with OCamlObjective Caml, or OCaml is the main implementation of the Caml programming language, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy and others in 1996...
. The compiler provided by Microsoft.
- J#
The J# programming language is a transitional language for programmers of Sun's Java and Microsoft's Visual J++ languages, so they may use their existing knowledge and applications on Microsoft's .NET platform...
: A CLS-compliant implementation of JavaJava is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
. The compiler is provided by Microsoft. Microsoft has announced that J# will be discontinued.
- Windows PowerShell
Windows PowerShell is an extensible automation engine, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language from Microsoft...
: An object-oriented command-line shellA shell is a piece of software that provides an interface for users. Typically, the term refers to an operating system shell which provides access to the services of a kernel...
. PowerShell can dynamically load .NET assemblies that were written in any CLI language. PowerShell itself uses a unique scripting syntax, uses curly-braces, similar to other C-based languages.
- JScript .NET
JScript .NET is a .NET programming language developed by Microsoft as a natural successor to Microsoft's Active Scripting language JScript.Both JScript and JScript .NET are languages whose syntax is based on that of the C language. JScript began as Microsoft's implementation ECMAScript, which is...
: A CLI implementation of ECMAScriptECMAScript is a scripting language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification and ISO/IEC 16262. The language is widely used on the web, especially in the form of its three best-known dialects, JavaScript, ActionScript, and JScript.-History:JavaScript was originally developed...
version 3, compatible with JScriptJScript is the Microsoft dialect of the ECMAScript scripting language specification.JScript is implemented as a Windows Script engine. JScript was first supported in Internet Explorer 3.0 browser released in August 1996...
. Contains extensions for static typingIn computer science, a type system may be defined as "a tractable syntactic method for proving the absence of certain program behaviors by classifying phrases according to the kinds of values they compute."...
. Deprecated in favor of Managed JScript.
- IronPython
IronPython is an implementation of the Python programming language targeting the .NET Framework and Mono, created by Jim Hugunin. Version 1.0 was released on September 5, 2006. Version 2.0 was released on December 10, 2008...
: An open-source CLI implementation of PythonPython is a general-purpose high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to "[combine] remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive...
, built on top of the DLRThe Dynamic Language Runtime from Microsoft is an ongoing effort to bring a set of services that run on top of the Common Language Runtime and provides language services for several different dynamic languages...
.
- IronRuby
IronRuby is an upcoming implementation of the Ruby programming language targeting Microsoft .NET framework. It is implemented on top of the Dynamic Language Runtime, a library running on top of CLR 2.0 that provides dynamic typing and dynamic method dispatch, among other things, for dynamic...
: An open-source CLI implementation of RubyRuby is a dynamic, reflective, general purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s and was initially developed and designed by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto...
, built on top of the DLRThe Dynamic Language Runtime from Microsoft is an ongoing effort to bring a set of services that run on top of the Common Language Runtime and provides language services for several different dynamic languages...
.
- Managed Extensions for C++
Managed Extensions for C++ or just Managed C++ is Microsoft's set of deviations from C++, including grammatical and syntactic extensions, keywords and attributes, to bring the C++ syntax and language to the .NET Framework...
: A version of C++C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features...
targeting the CLRThe Common Language Runtime is a core component of Microsoft's .NET initiative. It is Microsoft's implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure standard, which defines an execution environment for program code...
. Deprecated in favor of C++/CLIC++/CLI is Microsoft's language specification intended to supersede Managed Extensions for C++. Completely revised to simplify the older Managed C++ syntax , it provides much more clarity and code readability than Managed C++. C++/CLI is standardized by Ecma as ECMA-372...
.
- Managed JScript: A CLI implementation of JScript
JScript is the Microsoft dialect of the ECMAScript scripting language specification.JScript is implemented as a Windows Script engine. JScript was first supported in Internet Explorer 3.0 browser released in August 1996...
built on top of the DLRThe Dynamic Language Runtime from Microsoft is an ongoing effort to bring a set of services that run on top of the Common Language Runtime and provides language services for several different dynamic languages...
. Conforms to ECMAScriptECMAScript is a scripting language, standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification and ISO/IEC 16262. The language is widely used on the web, especially in the form of its three best-known dialects, JavaScript, ActionScript, and JScript.-History:JavaScript was originally developed...
version 3.
- VBx
Visual Basic .NET is an object-oriented computer programming language that can be viewed as an evolution of Microsoft's Visual Basic which is implemented on the Microsoft .NET Framework.-Versions of Visual Basic .NET:...
: A dynamicIn computer science, a type system may be defined as "a tractable syntactic method for proving the absence of certain program behaviors by classifying phrases according to the kinds of values they compute."...
version of VB.NETVisual Basic .NET is an object-oriented computer programming language that can be viewed as an evolution of Microsoft's Visual Basic which is implemented on the Microsoft .NET Framework.-Versions of Visual Basic .NET:...
built on top of the DLRThe Dynamic Language Runtime from Microsoft is an ongoing effort to bring a set of services that run on top of the Common Language Runtime and provides language services for several different dynamic languages...
. See VBScriptVBScript is an Active Scripting language, developed by Microsoft, which uses the Component Object Model to access elements of the environment within which it is running...
and VBAVisual Basic for Applications is an implementation of Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6, and associated integrated development environment , which is built into most Microsoft Office applications. By embedding the VBA IDE into their applications, developers can build...
as this could be thought of being used like a Managed VBScript (though so far this name has not been applied to this) and could be used to replace VBA as well.
- VB.NET
Visual Basic .NET is an object-oriented computer programming language that can be viewed as an evolution of Microsoft's Visual Basic which is implemented on the Microsoft .NET Framework.-Versions of Visual Basic .NET:...
: A redesigned, object-oriented dialect of Visual BasicVisual Basic is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment ' from Microsoft for its COM programming model...
. Implementations provided by .NET FrameworkThe Microsoft .NET Framework is a software framework that can be installed on computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a large library of coded solutions to common programming problems and a virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically for...
and MonoMono is a free and open source project led by Novell to create an Ecma standard compliant, .NET-compatible set of tools, including among others a C# compiler and a Common Language Runtime...
.
- A#
A# is a port of the Ada programming language to the Microsoft .NET platform. A# is freely distributed by the Department of Computer Science at the United States Air Force Academy as a service to the Ada community under the terms of the GNU General Public License.AdaCore has taken over this...
: CLI implementation of AdaAda is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages...
.
- Boo: A statically typed
In computer science, a type system may be defined as "a tractable syntactic method for proving the absence of certain program behaviors by classifying phrases according to the kinds of values they compute."...
CLI language, inspired by PythonPython is a general-purpose high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to "[combine] remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive...
.
- Cobra
Cobra is an object-oriented programming language produced by Cobra Language LLC. Cobra is designed by Chuck Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono frameworks. It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C and other programming languages. It supports both static and...
: A CLI language with both staticIn computer science, a type system may be defined as "a tractable syntactic method for proving the absence of certain program behaviors by classifying phrases according to the kinds of values they compute."...
as well as dynamic typingIn computer science, a type system may be defined as "a tractable syntactic method for proving the absence of certain program behaviors by classifying phrases according to the kinds of values they compute."...
.
- Component Pascal
Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Niklaus Wirth's Pascal, Modula-2, Oberon and Oberon-2. It bears the name of the Pascal programming language but is incompatible with it. Instead, it is a minor variant and refinement of Oberon-2, designed and supported by a small ETH...
: A CLI-compliant OberonOberon is a programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth and his associates at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. It was developed as part of the implementation of the Oberon operating system...
dialect. It is a strongly typed language in the heritage of Pascal and Modula-2 but with powerful object-oriented extensions.
- IronLisp
IronLisp was an implementation of the Lisp programming language targeting the Microsoft .NET framework. It was announced by Xacc.ide on July 23, 2007. It was superseded by IronScheme November 5, 2007 while still in beta...
: A CLI implementation of Lisp. Deprecated in favor of IronSchemeIronScheme is an upcoming implementation of the Scheme programming language targeting the Microsoft .NET framework. IronScheme will be a complete rewrite of IronLisp incorporating lessons learnt while developing IronLisp.....
.
- L#
L# .NET is a dynamic computer programming language intended to be compiled and executed on the Ecma-334 and Ecma-335 Common Language Infrastructure...
: A CLI implementation of Lisp.
- Mondrian
The Mondrian programming language is a scripting language developed by Utrecht University for use with Internet applications. It is considered as a mixture of Haskell and Java.-Hello World!:
package demo.hello;import mondrian.lang.*;...
: A CLI based functional language designed to provide an easy way of scripting components.
- Nemerle
Nemerle is a high-level statically typed programming language for the .NET platform. It offers functional, object-oriented and imperative features. It has a simple C#-like syntax and a powerful metaprogramming system....
: A multiparadigm (hybrid of functional, imperative, object oriented, meta-programming, generic-programming) language similar to C#, OCamlObjective Caml, or OCaml is the main implementation of the Caml programming language, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy and others in 1996...
and Lisp.
- Oxygene: An Object Pascal
Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Delphi. Pascal compilers, including those for Object Pascal, generally run very fast while producing highly optimized code....
-based CLI language.
- P#
P# is a Prolog interpreter written for the Common Language Infrastructure.Features:* Languages extensions allow concurrency in Prolog.* Prolog programs can create any .NET object....
: A CLI implementation of PrologProlog is a general purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.Prolog has its roots in formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is declarative: The program logic is expressed in terms of relations, represented as...
- Phalanger
Phalanger is a project which was started at Charles University in Prague and was supported by Microsoft. It compiles source code written in the PHP scripting language into CIL byte-code. It handles the beginning of a compiling process which is completed by the JIT compiler component of the .NET...
: An implementation of PHPPHP, or PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development, to produce dynamic web pages. It can be embedded into HTML and generally runs on a web server, which needs to be configured to process PHP code and create web...
with extensions for ASP.NETASP.NET is a web application framework developed and marketed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services. It was first released in January 2002 with version 1.0 of the .NET Framework, and is the successor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages ...
- Phrogram: A custom CLI language for beginners and intermediate users produced by The Phrogram Company
- PowerBuilder
PowerBuilder, sometimes abbreviated as PB, is an IDE originally created by Powersoft and later purchased by Sybase, in which the Wall Street Journal deemed "the second-largest software aquisition" at the time amounting to nearly $1B USD...
: Can target CIL since version 11.1.
Other CLI languages
- #S - A CLI language that implements Scheme (a port of Peter Norvig
Peter Norvig is an American computer scientist. He is currently the Director of Research at Google Inc.-Educational Background:...
's Jscheme).
- #Smalltalk - a CLI implementation of Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist...
- AVR.NET - a CLI implementation of RPG
- Active Oberon - a CLI implementation of Oberon
Oberon is a programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth and his associates at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. It was developed as part of the implementation of the Oberon operating system...
- APLNext - a CLI implementation of APL
- Common Larceny- a CLI implementation of Scheme
- Delphi.NET - a CLI language implementation of the Delphi language.
- Delta Forth .NET - a CLI implementation of Forth from Dataman
- DotLisp - a CLI language inspired by Lisp
- dylan.NET - A language targeting the CLR with close relations to MSIL.
- EiffelEnvision - a CLI implementation of Eiffel
Eiffel is an ISO-standardized, object-oriented programming language designed to enable programmers to efficiently develop extensible, reusable, reliable software. Eiffel is used in academia as a language for teaching computer-programming principles. Eiffel is used in the finance, aerospace,...
- Fortran .NET: Fortran
Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing...
compiling to .NET
- Gardens Point Modula-2/CLR - an implementation of Modula-2
Modula-2 is a computer programming language invented by Niklaus Wirth at ETH, around 1978, as a successor to his intermediate language Modula. Modula-2 was implemented in 1980 for the Lilith computer, which was commercialized in 1982 by startup company DISER as MC1 and MC2. DISER sold 120 units...
that can target CIL
- Haskell for .NET - a CLI language inspired by Haskell
Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is named after logician Haskell Curry.- History :...
- Haskell.net - an upcoming CLI language inspired by Haskell
Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is named after logician Haskell Curry.- History :...
- Hugs for .NET - a CLI language inspired by Haskell
Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is named after logician Haskell Curry.- History :...
- IronScheme
IronScheme is an upcoming implementation of the Scheme programming language targeting the Microsoft .NET framework. IronScheme will be a complete rewrite of IronLisp incorporating lessons learnt while developing IronLisp.....
- a R6RS-compliant Scheme implementation built on top of the DLRThe Dynamic Language Runtime from Microsoft is an ongoing effort to bring a set of services that run on top of the Common Language Runtime and provides language services for several different dynamic languages...
- Ja.NET - an open source implementation of a Java 5 JDK (Java
Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
development tools and runtime) for .NET
- Lexico: A didactic in Spanish object-oriented language.
- LOLCode.NET - a CLI implementation of LOLCODE
LOLCODE is an esoteric programming language inspired by the language expressed in examples of the lolcat Internet meme. The language was created in 2007 by Adam Lindsay, researcher at the Computing Department of Lancaster University....
- Lua.NET - a CLR
The Common Language Runtime is a core component of Microsoft's .NET initiative. It is Microsoft's implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure standard, which defines an execution environment for program code...
implementation of Lua. There is also Nua for DLRThe Dynamic Language Runtime from Microsoft is an ongoing effort to bring a set of services that run on top of the Common Language Runtime and provides language services for several different dynamic languages...
.
- Mercury on .NET - an implementation of Mercury that can target CIL
- Net Express - a CLI implementation of COBOL
COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments....
- NetCOBOL - a CLI implementation of COBOL
COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments....
- OxygenScheme - a CLI implementation of Scheme
- S# - a CLI implementation of Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist...
- IoNET - a CLI implementation of Io
Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript. Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and class. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and...
- PL/IL - a CLI implementation of PL/I
PL/I is an imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications. It has been used by various academic, commercial and industrial users since it was introduced in the early 1960s, and is still actively used .PL/I's principal domain is data...
- sml.net - a CLI implementation of Standard ML
Standard ML is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. It is popular among compiler writers and programming language researchers, as well as in the development of theorem provers.SML is a modern descendant of the ML...
- Wildcat Cobol - a CLI implementation of COBOL
COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments....
- X# - a CLI implementation of ASM
Assembly languages are a family of low-level languages for programming computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits. They implement a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture...
developed for CosmosCosmos is an open source operating system written in C#. It also encompasses a compiler for converting Common Intermediate Language bytecode into native instructions. The operating system is compiled together with a user program and associated libraries using IL2CPU to create a bootable...
. X# was also the codename for the XML-capabilities of Cω.
- Zonnon
Zonnon is a general purpose programming language in the Pascal, Modula-2 and Oberon family. Its conceptual model is based on objects, definitions, implementations and modules. Its computing model is concurrent, based on active objects which interact via syntax controlled dialogs.The language is...
Yet another CLI-compliant OberonOberon is a programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth and his associates at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. It was developed as part of the implementation of the Oberon operating system...
dialect.
Related
- IKVM.NET
IKVM.NET is an implementation of Java for Mono and the Microsoft .NET Framework. IKVM is free software, distributed under a permissive free software licence.IKVM includes the following components:* A Java Virtual Machine implemented in .NET...
: A CLRThe Common Language Runtime is a core component of Microsoft's .NET initiative. It is Microsoft's implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure standard, which defines an execution environment for program code...
-based compiler for Java bytecodeJava bytecode is the form of instructions that the Java virtual machine executes. Each bytecode opcode is one byte in length, although some require parameters, resulting in some multi-byte instructions. Not all of the possible 256 opcodes are used...
. Can be used to run JavaJava is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
and Groovy programs on the CLR.
External links