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Microcar
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A microcar is an uncommonly small automobile. They were popularly referred to as cyclecars in the 1910s and 1920s and bubblecars in the 1950s and 1960s. Older ones were often three wheeled.
definition of a microcar has varied considerably in different countries.
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Encyclopedia
A microcar is an uncommonly small automobile. They were popularly referred to as cyclecars in the 1910s and 1920s and bubblecars in the 1950s and 1960s. Older ones were often three wheeled.
Definition
The definition of a microcar has varied considerably in different countries. Since there are usually tax and/or licensing advantages to the classification, multiple restrictions are often imposed, starting with engine size. The Register of Unusual Microcars in the UK says: "economy vehicles with either three or four wheels, powered by petrol engines of no more than 700cc or battery electric propulsion, and manufactured since 1945". The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum (the world's largest collection of Microcars) says "Engine sizes of 700cc and less and 2 doors or less" and the US-based simply defines it as 1000cc or less.
A typical microcar will often have the following features:
- seats only the driver and a single passenger
- a 1 cylinder 49cc - 200cc engine
- 1 wheel drive
- cable operated brakes on 2 or 4 wheels
- crude suspension (e.g. rubber band)
- 6" - 8" roadwheels
- light enough to be parked by picking up one end of the vehicle to move it
Many, but far from all, microcars also have:
- only three wheels.
- no doors
- less than 3m in length (sometimes less than 8', 2.440m).
- less than 85 cubic feet/2400 litres interior volume".
Another name for microcar is Station Car, where the intended use is to travel from a suburban home to an interurban transit station or Park and Ride lot where the vehicle remains until the operator returns from the commute to and from the workplace. In some locations electric vehicle recharging is provided to encourage the use of electric vehicles. NEVs (Neighborhood Electric Vehicles) may also be used as station cars where the roadway speed limits permit such use. These vehicles are also referred to as Autoette (or Auto-ette) in some vehicle regulations, such as those of the city of Avalon, California on Catalina Island.
There are also a variety of microcar trucks, usually of the "forward control" or van style to provide more cargo room. These might be used for local deliveries on narrow streets where standard small pickup trucks would be inconvenient, and full-sized delivery trucks would be impossible.
History
Microcars built in Europe immediately after World War I were often motorcycle based and were referred to as cyclecars. These included, but were not limited to, the Amilcar and Bédélia from France and the GN and Morgan from the United Kingdom.
Many microcar designs flourished in post-World War II Europe, particularly in Germany, where prominent microcar makers were former military aircraft manufacturers such as Messerschmitt and Heinkel. The Messerschmitt KR175, KR200 and TG500 even had aircraft-style bubble canopies, giving rise to the term bubble car to refer to all these post-war microcars. Isettas and others also had bubble-like appearance.
In the 1960s, the smallest car ever, the Peel P50 was made.
France also produced large numbers of similar tiny vehicles called voiturettes, but unlike the German makes, these were rarely sold abroad.
Very small cars have also been popular in Japan, where again they attract various tax and insurance benefits when compared to other vehicles. These are known as kei cars and differ from most of the European microcars in that they are typically designed and built as scaled-down versions of very traditional car configurations, while European microcar designs tend to be unorthodox and sometimes bizarre.
The Smart (model Fortwo) launched in 1998 could be seen as a successful re-invention of the microcar (or at least the city car) principle. Like the Japanese kei cars, it is of relatively conventional design. There is also the Tata Nano car in India that is scheduled to enter production soon.
Legal position
The economy of operating such a small car (mostly in fuel and tires) has also often been helped by three-wheeled microcars or cars with very small engines being treated as motorcycles for tax and insurance purposes (quadricycle).
In some countries, microcars with a certain maximum weight are considered motorcycles and therefore no car driving licence is needed (Austria, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy). This assures a certain market for elder people who do not want to pass a car driving licence. More negatively, at least in Austria and France, such cars are sometimes derided as a solution for people who had their licence revoked because of drunk driving.
In some European countries, taxes used to depend on engine displacement and/or insurance on power. This has given rise to names of such cars as Citroën 2CV and Renault 4CV. This favourable treatment by governments is based on the benefits to a society of reducing use of such resources as minerals, parking space and foreign exchange, reduced noise and chemical pollution, reduced hazard to others (they are slow vehicles) etc. Reduced global warming from carbon dioxide emission has now been added to this list.
Another advantage is the ease of parking. Some microcars can be parked perpendicular, where other cars park parallel, or be lifted by hand, like a motor scooter, to get into a tight spot. The Isetta and some others had forward entry, to facilitate perpendicular parking close to other vehicles. The Myers Motors NmG (originally called the Corbin Sparrow) is licensed as a motorcycle and parked in motorcycle spaces in California, and probably in other places.
The small size improves handling by reducing the angular inertia. The Messerschmitt and Spatz have been described as much better than ordinary cars on snow and ice. Spare room on the road and ease of missing obstacles are also improved.
For the performance oriented, who prefer more than two wheels and a roof, the scaling laws show that one need not give up acceleration until the curb weight comes down to around the driver's weight, because power per weight of the car itself improves with small size, in an otherwise similar design. Top speed is lost with small scale, due to the decreased Reynolds number, but this is a small effect. The Messerschmitt TG500 had about a 142 km/h (90 mph) top speed with 15 kW (20 horsepower) and excellent aerodynamics.
The UK operates a classification for three wheelers weighing less than 8 hundredweight (c. 400 kg, allowing a much bigger engine than most micro-cars) intended to be directly equivalent to a motorcycle and sidecar. The last major manufacturer, Reliant, ceased production of these vehicles in 1998.
Electric microcars
Some examples of battery electric microcars are:
The obstacle to adaptation of such vehicles in the United States is less technical than cultural and political. The mandates by regulatory powers that such vehicles meet full U.S. safety regulations ensures the unavailability of vehicles suitable for use in the mixed traffic conditions that predominate in U.S. suburban areas.
- The French company SECMA produces the so called scootcar FUN-ELEC.
- The TWIKE is possibly the most efficient and versatile microcar because it is pedal assisted.
- Electrocar is a small freight transporter typically used in enterprises or rail stations
Microcars by country of origin
Microcar makers
See the Kei car article for Kei car makers.
- Aixam
- Bellier
- Casalini
- Chatenet : Barooder S2, Barooder X2 MUST Barooder Sport (diesel, 4 kW), Barooder X4 and Speedino (gasoline, 15 kW).
- CQ Motors
- Grecav : Eke (berlina, pickup, van and SW) and Porter (truck). It also sells agriculture vehicles.
- Ligier
- Microcar make.
- Micro-Vett (Ydea electric).
- Mitsuoka
- Peel Engineering Company maker of the smallest car ever, the Peel P50
- Piaggio
- Simpa-JDM : Albizia basic, club and confort.
- Smart
- Takeoka
- Toyota Auto Body
- Townlife
- SECMA
See also
External links
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- - homepage on Peel Microcars
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